Toxicity of ammonia to three marine fish and three marine invertebrates

Laboratory toxicity tests were performed to obtain more data on the toxicity of ammonia to saltwater organisms. The standards for in-stream ammonia limits in marine environments presently are based on toxicity tests involving both freshwater and saltwater organisms. Acute tests (48 and 96 h) were performed at 20 degrees C, and chronic tests (7 days) were performed at 25 degrees C. Synthetic seawater and natural seawater from the Chesapeake Bay were used and compared. Included among the organisms tested were sheepshead minnow (14 days old), summer flounder (2 months old), Atlantic silverside (14 days old), mysid shrimp (less than 2 days old), ghost shrimp (10 days old), and quahog clam (9 months old). Based on these results, it seems the chronic criterion for ammonia in marine environments could be increased from 0.035 to 0.081 mg/L un-ionized ammonia, which would, of course, increase the chronic limit for total ammonia under typical saltwater conditions by a factor of 2.31. No difference was observed in the toxicity of ammonia in natural water compared to synthetic water for both the summer flounder and Atlantic silverside. Furthermore, the Atlantic silverside became more sensitive to ammonia as the salinity was increased from 14 to 22 ppt, but exhibited no change in toxicity response from 22 to 30 ppt.     

Aquatic toxicology of cypermethrin. I. Acute toxicity to some freshwater fish and invertebrates in laboratory tests

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid. Its acute toxicity to ten freshwater invertebrates (Daphnia magna, Asellus aquaticus, Gammarus pulex, Cloeon dipterum, Gyrinus natator, Chironomus thummi, Aedes aegypti Cheoborus crystallinus, Corixa punctata, and Piona carnea) was determined in the laboratory using 24-h static water tests. The 24-h EC₅₀ values (based on reduced motility) ranged from 0.02 μg·l^?1for A. aquaticus and P. carnea to 2 μg·l^?1 for D. magna, and for seven of the species the EC₅₀ values were < 0.1 fig μg·l^?1 The 24-h LC₅₀values for G. natator, C. thummi, and C. punctata were > 5 μg·l^?1 For the seven more susceptible species the 24-h LC₅₀values ranged from 2 μg·l^?1 to 0.05 μg·l^?1The acute toxicity of cypermethrin to some species of fish (Cyprinus carpio. Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta and Tilapia nilotica) was determined using 96-h continuous-flow tests. The 96-h LC₅₀ values obtained were within the range 0.4–2.2 μg·l^?1.The solubility of cypermethrin within the range of test temperatures (15–25°C was estimated to be in the range 5–10 μg·l^?1.     

Estimation of toxicity to marine species with structure-activity models developed to estimate toxicity to freshwater fish

Structure-activity models which were developed to estimate toxicity of chemicals to freshwater fish were tested for use with an estuarine fish (Cyprinodon variegatus) and mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). Significant linear and polynomial relationships that correlated well existed between reported 96-h LC₅₀ values for each marine species and log P (log octanol/water partition coefficient). Good linear relationships were obtained when the 96-h LC₅₀ values for C. variegatus and M. bahia were regressed on water solubility (μmol/l). These models were compared to models developed for freshwater fish using log P and log S. Models using log P to estimate acute toxicity for two freshwater fish produced 96-h LC₅₀ values similar to those measured for C. variegatus and M. bahia, whereas, those models developed with water solubility produced 96-h LC₅₀ values similar to those for C. variegatus, but not for M. bahia. The data indicated that models developed with log P for freshwater fish can be used to estimate toxicity to C. variegatus for a minimum of 58% of the chemicals, whereas models using water solubility estimated toxicity to C. variegatus for a minimum of 77% of the chemicals within an order of magnitude for screening purposes. The calculated 96-h LC₅₀ values were compared to the measured values for each marine species and those measured for Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and Poecilia reticulata (guppy). Tests indicated generally that calculated 96-h LC₅₀ values were overestimates of the measured 96-h LC₅₀ values when models for freshwater fish were used to estimate toxicity to each marine species. More data are required for marine species to determine if highly significant relationships between marine and freshwater fish exist with comparisons using larger sample sizes.     

The production of cadmium-binding protein in three species of freshwater fish

Cadmium-binding protein (Cd-BP) was detected in the liver and kidney of stoneloach, Noemacheilus barbatulus, roach, Rutilus rutilus and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri which had been dosed i.p. with 1 mg cadmium (Cd)/kg body weight 168 h previously. The cadmium content (microgram Cd/g wet weight tissue) was much lower in the liver and kidney of trout than in stoneloach and roach, but there was no clear relationship between the amount of Cd-BP detected and the reported sensitivity of each species to cadmium.     

复方敏维糖浆的急性毒性和长期毒性研究

摘 要 目的：为复方敏维糖浆的临床安全使用提供实验依据。方法: 急性毒性实验以小鼠为实验对象,以改良寇氏法计算半数致死量(LD₅₀)。长期毒性实验中给予大鼠高、中、低剂量（650,195 ,65 mg·kg^-1）的复方敏维糖浆,连续给药4周,停药2周后观察其一般状况、体质量、摄食量,测定血液学、血液生化学指标,解剖后裸眼观察主要靶器官( 心、肺、肾、肝) 变化。结果: 急性毒性实验中复方敏维糖浆小鼠的LD₅₀为5 581.8 mg·kg^-1。长期毒性实验中高剂量组大鼠血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总胆固醇（CHOL）均有一定程度升高,且大鼠自发活动减少、有困倦现象,摄食量和体质量均有一定下降。 结论:复方敏维糖浆小鼠的LD₅₀为5 581.8 mg·kg^-1,急性毒性反应与神经系统有关,未见脏器有明显损伤。长期使用高剂量复方敏维糖浆(650 mg·kg^-1) 可引起大鼠AST、ALT、CHOL升高。     

Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine invertebrates

Surface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod (Schizopera knabeni) survival and hatching success assessment. The concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane (organochlorine pesticide), when combined can be accurately assessed because of similar modes of action. Mixture analysis determined the sea urchin fertilization test to exhibit additivity (TU(mix) = 1.13), while the copepod test exhibited a synergistic effect (TU(mix) = 0.22). Mixture toxicity data for the sea urchin embryological test were not conclusive because of the lack of toxicity of the individual chemicals. The synergistic effect to copepods is a concern as it indicates that greater toxic effects may occur when the compounds are present in mixtures. Results from this research suggest that increased toxicity to some categories of organisms should be expected near agricultural and industrial areas where pesticides and other types of compounds may occur simultaneously.     

Comparison of the susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I. (Sub)acute toxicity tests

The relative susceptibility of 22 taxonomically different species (bacteria, algae, protozoans, crustaceans, insects, coelenterates, molluscs, fishes and amphibians) to chemicals was determined by comparing the (sub)acute toxicity data of 15 test substances. Marked differences were observed in the susceptibility among the species with respect to the individual test compounds (up to a factor 9000). In contrast to this, differences were small (less than a factor 7) when the relative susceptibilities based on toxicity data on all compounds were taken into account. This tendency was also shown by comparing the susceptibilities based on quantitative structure-activity relationships. Thus, there is no such thing as the most susceptible species to chemicals. As the susceptibility of the species is highly pollutant-specific, at least a set of tests on different species will be required for toxicity screening. However, results indicated that a standard test combination with representative species of green algae, crustaceans and fishes failed to indicate the full toxic potential of chemicals. Since incorporation of a Microcystis aeruginosa test improved the combination in estimating acute toxic levels of chemicals, it is recommended to include this test in both national and international ecotoxicological testing programmes.     

灵芝冲剂对大鼠的长期毒性实验研究

目的观察连续灌胃灵芝冲剂对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法灵芝冲剂1.5 g.kg-1、3.0 g.kg-1、6.0 g.kg-1连续灌胃26周,给药结束时测试大鼠体重、尿液、血液学常规、血液生化、脏器系数及病理组织学变化。结果各剂量组大鼠发育正常,各项检测结果未见与用药相关的异常变化,主要脏器病理组织学检查未见毒性病变。结论灵芝冲剂给予大鼠长期连续灌胃未见明显毒性反应,长期服用安全。     

蛞蝓胶囊大鼠长期毒性实验研究

目的 观察大鼠对蛞蝓胶囊的长期毒性反应,为临床研究提供依据。方法 按照成人每日用量,将给药组大鼠分为低剂量组175.0 mg·kg^-1、中剂量组553.0 mg·kg^-1、高剂量组1 750.0 mg·kg^-1和对照组。连续灌胃给药26周,停药恢复4周,对一般情况进行观察,对体质量、进食量进行称量比较,对血液学指标、血液生化指标、尿常规进行检测,对脏器进行病理学检查和脏器系数比较。结果 给药组与对照组比较,大鼠的一般状况、行为活动、进食量、体质量变化、外周血象、尿常规指标、血液生化指标、脏器系数以及病理组织学等均无统计学差异。结论 蛞蝓胶囊大鼠长期毒性实验未见毒性反应,提示临床拟用剂量安全。     

肾炎四味片对大鼠的长期毒性试验

目的:观察肾炎四味片长期给药对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法:140只wistar大鼠随机分为4组,低、中剂量组各30只,分别给予肾炎四味片8．0和24．0 g生药·kg-1·d-1,高剂量组40只给予肾炎四味片72．0 g生药·kg-1·d-1,对照组40只给予相同体积的0．5％的羧甲基纤维素钠混悬液。各组连续灌胃给药26周,进行血液学、血液生化、脏器重量系数、组织病理学检查及常规观察。结果:给药组动物各项观察指标和各项检测指标与空白对照组比较均无显著差异(P>0．05)。高剂量组动物脏器组织形态学检查结果与空白对照组比较无明显异常。结论:肾炎四味片对大鼠连续ig 26周的无毒性剂量为72．0 g生药·kg-1·d-1。     

黄马酒长期毒性试验研究

目的观察黄马酒长期连续经皮肤给药对大鼠的毒性反应,为临床用药提供依据。方法采用高、低剂量黄马酒,分别经大鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤每天给药1次,连续30d,观察大鼠一般性状,检测主要血液学指标、血液生化指标及主要脏器病理组织学的变化。结果黄马酒高、低剂量组主要血液生化学指标、主要脏器系数等均在正常范围内,与空白对照组无统计学差异,解剖主要脏器未见病理性改变。结论黄马酒长期连续经皮肤给药,试验大鼠未出现毒性反应,在临床剂量下使用安全。     

Toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroids,permethrin and AC 222, 705 and their accumulation in early life stages of fathead minnows and snails

Early life stages of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to permethrin and AC 222, 705 and snails (Helisoma trivolvis) were exposed to permethrin in continuous flow-through exposures for approximately 30 days. Saturated solutions of each pesticide were used to avoid the use of solvents.Survival of newly hatched larvae and early juveniles was found to be the most sensitive measure of effect on fathead minnows of both pesticides. AC 222, 705 was approximately 20 times more toxic to fathead minnows than permethrin by the end of the test period. Based on the chronic limits, as defined in these tests, the predicted chronic no-effect concentrations for fathead minnows were between 0.66 and 1.4 μ/l for permethrin and 0.03 and 0.07 μ/l for AC 222, 705. The no-effect concentration for permethrin and snails was ≥ 0.33 μg/l. The chronic values for these compounds were approximately one-sixteenth and one-fourth of the corresponding 96-h LC₅₀ values, respectively, for fathead minnows in Lake Superior water.The mean bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for permethrin were 2800 for fathead minnows and 800 for snails. The mean BCF for AC 222, 705 and fathead minnows was 4000. Residue concentrations for both pesticides increased with increased water concentrations.     

Influence of body size and gender on valve movement responses of a freshwater bivalve to uranium

Body size, age, and gender (male or female) are important variables influencing many aspects of the ecology, physiology, and survival of animals. However, no data are available on the influence of these variables on bivalves exposed to sublethal metal concentrations. This study tested whether the valve movement responses (measured in terms of the duration or frequency of valve opening) of the Australian tropical freshwater unionoid bivalve, Velesunio angasi, exposed to sublethal uranium (U) concentrations in a standard synthetic water (pH, 6.0; hardness and alkalinity, 4 mg/L as CaCO(3)) were influenced by body size (shell length, shell breadth, or dry tissue weight), age, and/or gender. The valve movement responses of V. angasi to U were independent of gender; the sensitivity of males to U was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from that of females. In contrast, the valve movement responses of V. angasi to U were size- and age-dependent; smaller and younger individuals (median shell length = 36.8 mm; median age = 0.7 years) were 22% more sensitive (p 相似文献   

A review of the effects of heavy metals on freshwater mussels

The widespread recent decline in the species diversity and population density of freshwater mussels in North America may be partly related to chronic, low-level exposure to toxic metals. As benthic filter-feeding organisms, freshwater mussels are exposed to metals that are dissolved in water, associated with suspended particles and deposited in bottom sediments. Thus, freshwater mussels can bioaccumulate certain metals to concentrations that greatly exceed those dissolved in water. In adult mussels, the most common site of metal uptake is the gill, followed by the mantle and the kidney. The toxic effects of metals on freshwater mussels have been examined in a few acute toxicity tests, but the sublethal effects of long-term exposure to low environmental concentrations are little understood. Sublethal exposure to metals can alter growth, filtration efficiency, enzyme activity and behaviour. Sublethal effects are frequently observed at concentrations that are only half the lethal concentrations. However, few toxicity tests have used environmentally realistic exposure concentrations. Total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn in many oxic surface waters are in the ngl^-1 range, yet many toxicity studies have exposed mussels to concentrations in the gl^-1 or even the mgl^-1 range. An understanding of the processes by which metals affect freshwater mussels would provide insights on the ecotoxicological significance of metal contamination to natural mussel populations and aid in the development of water-quality criteria that adequately protect mussels.     

Toxicity evaluation of trap and skeet shooting targets to aquatic test species

Large quantities of trap and skeet clay targets are used in shooting activities around the United States. For example, the number of targets used since 1970 has averaged approximately 560 million a year. A number of acute and chronic tests were performed to determine the toxicity of Remington Arms Company Blue Rock^® trap and skeet target fragments upon selected freshwater and marine organisms. These studies were undertaken in support of an environmental impact study of trap and skeet shooting activities at a major gun club in the northeast United States. Targets were composed of approximately 67% dolomitic limestone, 32% petroleum pitch and 1% fluorescent aqueous paint (painted targets only). The majority of samples were painted, new targets obtained from the manufacturer and painted and aged targets collected around a shooting range. Additional tests were conducted using non-painted, new targets and leachates prepared from both painted, new and aged targets. Targets were crushed to small fragments and were either directly added to the test vessels at extremely high concentrations ranging from 670 to 600 000 mgl^-1 or used in leachate tests. In direct tests all target materials were essentially non-toxic to marine and freshwater organisms, except for the non-painted new targets which exhibited minimal acute toxicity to Daphnia magna (48 h ec ₅₀=2200 mgl^-1). In leachate tests, the leachate was not-toxic to mysid shrimp, the only organism tested. Additional samples of crushed targets were analysed for the presence of selected priority pollutants (EP toxicity test) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The targets did not exhibit the characteristics of toxicity as determined by the EP toxicity test but did contain substantial amounts of PAHs. However, results from new and aged targets suggest that PAH are tightly bound in the petroleum pitch and limestone matrix and are unlikely to be readily available in the environment. The potential impact of targets on the environment is further discussed.     

益精灵口服液大鼠长期毒性实验研究

目的考察益精灵口服液长期给药对大鼠的影响,为临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法将大鼠随机分为对照组及益精灵口服液低[0.5 mL/（kg·d）]、中[2.5 mL/（kg·d）]、高[5mL/（k·d）]剂量组,分别相当于临床患者每日用量的1,5,10倍,30 d后每组随机处死雌雄大鼠各5只,取尾静脉血进行血常规检查,包括测定血红蛋白（Hb）、白细胞计数（WBC）、红细胞计数（RBC）;血液生化指标检查,包括天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBil）;取大鼠心、肝、肾、肺作组织病理学检查。结果连续给药30 d后,各剂量组动物的体重、血液生化指标、血常规未发生变化。各剂量组动物的心、肝、肾、肺均未见有明显的病理改变。结论益精灵口服液临床用药较安全。     

Toxicity thresholds for juvenile freshwater mussels Echyridella menziesii and crayfish Paranephrops planifrons,after acute or chronic exposure to Microcystis sp

Survival of juvenile freshwater mussels (Echyridella menziesii (Gray, 1843) formerly known as Hyridella menziesi) and crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons, White, 1842) decreased after four days exposure to microcystin‐containing cell‐free extracts (MCFE) of Microcystis sp. at concentrations typical of severe cyanobacterial blooms. Crayfish survival was 100, 80, and 50% in microcystin concentrations of 1339, 2426, and 11146 μg L^?1 respectively, and shade‐ and shelter‐seeking behavior was negatively affected when concentrations were ≥2426 μg L^?1. Mussel survival decreased to 92% and reburial rates decreased to 16% after exposure for 96 h to MCFE containing microcystins at concentrations of 5300 μg L^?1. Crayfish survival was 100% when fed freeze‐dried Microcystis sp. incorporated into an artificial diet (6–100 μg microcystin kg^?1 ww) at dietary doses from 0.03 to 0.55 μg g^?1 body weight d^?1 for 27 days. Specific growth rate was significantly lower in crayfish fed ≥0.15 μg g^?1 body weight day^?1 compared with controls, but not compared with a diet incorporating nontoxic cyanobacteria. Microcystins accumulated preferentially in crayfish hepatopancreas and mussel digesta as MCFE or dietary concentrations increased. These laboratory data indicate that, assuming dissolved oxygen concentrations remain adequate, and no simultaneous exposure to live Microcystis sp. cells, cell‐free microcystins will only be a significant stressor to juvenile crayfish and mussels in severe Microcystis sp. blooms. In contrast, crayfish were negatively affected by relatively low concentrations of microcystins in artificial diets compared with those measured locally in benthic cyanobacterial mats. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 487–502, 2014.     

Acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnids and three amphipods

This study evaluated the acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnid and three gammarid amphipod species. The daphnids, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia pulex, were evaluated in 48-hour static tests and the amphipods, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Gammarus lacustris, and Hyalella azteca, were evaluated in 96-hour static and flow-through tests. Tests resulted in mean LC50's of 1.92, 9.12, 1.82, 3.05, and 1.95 mg/L selenium for C. dubia, D. pulex, G. pseudolimnaeus, G. lacustris, and H. azteca, respectively. The LC50's for the G. pseudolimnaeus tests are more than 30-fold higher than previously reported LC50's for the same or similar species. The explanation for these differing results appears to be partially, but not entirely, explained by differences in ambient pH between the new studies and previous ones. Depending on how the new data are included in U.S. EPA's selenium freshwater quality criterion data set, the selenate acute water quality criterion (i.e., Criterion Maximum Concentration) increases from 12.8 to as high as 583 microg/L selenium.     

野菊花栓的长期毒性试验

目的:观察野菊花栓长期给药对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法:100只wistar大鼠随机分为大、中、小剂量组,赋型剂组及正常对照组,大、中、小剂量组各20只,分别给予野菊花栓浸膏20g原药材/kg、10g原药材/kg和5g原药材/kg,赋型剂组及正常对照组各20只,分别给予相同体积的60%的PEG混悬液和蒸馏水。各组连续直肠给药3个月后进行血液学、血液生化、脏器重量系数、组织病理学检查及常规观察。结果:给药组动物的外观行为,体重,脏器系数,血液学和血液生化学指标,与正常对照组比较,均无明显差异;病理检查未见与药物毒性相关的明显病变,停药后也未见药物延迟性毒性反应。结论:野菊花栓长期用药对大鼠无明显毒性,推断临床拟用剂量应是安全的。     

抗EB病毒口服液对Beagle犬的长期毒性研究

目的评价抗EB病毒口服液的长期毒性作用,为临床实验提供安全性依据。方法将Beagle犬分为抗EB病毒口服液76.41、25.47、8.49g生药/kg3个剂量组及空白对照组,每组6只,♀♂各半,每天灌胃给药1次,每周连续给药6d,共26wk,检查各指标并进行恢复性观察。结果给药期间高剂量组犬出现明显呕吐症状,中剂量组犬也出现相同胃肠道刺激症状,但反应较轻。恢复期高剂量组1只犬出现尿蛋白强阳性,中剂量组1只犬出现尿潜血强阳性。各剂量组犬的体重、体温、食量和心电图、血液学、血液生化学、眼科、骨髓、尿常规、病理组织学检查等均未见与药物有关的明显毒性反应。结论抗EB病毒口服液对Beagle犬的无毒反应剂量为8.49g生药/kg。