亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶和胸苷酸合成酶基因多态与乳腺癌化疗敏感性关系的研究

目的：观察亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因C677T、A1298C多态和胸苷酸合成酶（TS）基因5′-UTR（28bp）、3′-UTR（6bp）多态与乳腺癌患者对化疗敏感性的关系。方法：乳腺癌患者87例，其中新辅助化疗61例，晚期姑息化疗26例。分别接受CAF、AT方案化疗。所有病例化疗前抽静脉血，提取白细胞DNA，用PCR-RFLP技术检测分析MTHFR和TS基因型。结果：87例乳腺癌患者化疗总有效率为69．0％。39例接受CAF方案化疗患者有效率为61．5％，48例接受AT方案化疗患者的有效率为75．0％。MTHFR C677T T／T基因型患者的化疗有效率（87．5％）显著高于C／C基因型患者（52．4％），χ^2=6．24，P=0．01。CAF方案化疗组患者中，MTHFR C677T T／T、T／C基因型患者的化疗有效率（90．0％、68．8％）显著高于C／C基因型患者（30．8％），χ^2=8．74，P=0．011。61例新辅助化疗患者，MTHFR C677TT／T基因型患者的化疗病理反应率（83．3％）显著高于C／C基因患者（35．7％），χ^2=7．619，P=0．006。TS6bp-6／-6基因型患者的化疗病理反应率（80．8％）显著高于-6／＋6基因患者（46．7％），χ^2=6．911，P=0．009。接受AT方案化疗的患者中TS-6／-6基因型患者的化疗病理反应率（92．9％）显著高于-6／＋6基因型患者（45．5％），χ^2=6．866，P=0．009。结论：MTHFR C677T和TS6bp基因多态性对指导乳腺癌临床个体化治疗具有较高的应用价值。     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶多态性与乳腺癌化疗敏感性的相关研究

目的:观察叶酸代谢的关键酶亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因C677T、A1298C多态性与乳腺癌FEC方案化疗敏感性的关系。方法:收集经病理学确诊的初治乳腺癌患者104例,所有病例化疗前抽静脉血,提取DNA,用PCR-RFLP技术检测MTHFR基因型,所有患者行FEC方案新辅助或姑息性化疗2~6周期,比较疗效和基因型之间的关系。结果:104例乳腺癌患者中,MTHFR C677T T/T基因型39例(37.5%)、C/C基因型55例(52.9%)、C/T基因型 10例(9.6%);T/T基因型化疗有效率79.5%(31/39)高于C/C基因型52.7%(29/55)和C/T基因型20.0%(2/10)（P＜0.05）。MTHFR A1298C A/A基因型41例(39.4%),A/C基因型56例(53.8%),C/C基因型7例(6.7%);各基因型化疗有效率之间无统计学关系（P＞0.05）。结论:本研究初步显示MTHFR C677T基因多态性对预测乳腺癌化疗效果具有较好的临床应用价值。     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶和胸苷酸合成酶基因多态预测氟尿嘧啶为基础化疗方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效关系的研究

目的观察亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）（C677T、A1298C）和胸苷酸合成酶（TS3’-UTR）多态与5-FU为基础化疗方案及晚期胃癌敏感性的关系。方法选取173例晚期胃癌患者,所有病例均接受5-FU为基础化疗方案（FOLFOX,FP和DCF方案）化疗。在化疗前获取外周血白细胞DNA。采用PCR—RELP检测基因型。在2个基因中共检测了9种遗传多态。173例中检测了MTHFR（C677T、A1298C）和TS（3＇-TUR）多态。结果所有患者化疗总有效率为35．8％。DCF方案的有效率显著高于FP和FOLFOX方案（55．8％ vs 27．1％,31．1％;P=0．006）。MTHFRC677TT／T基因型患者的有效率显著高于C／C和C／T基因型（73．3％vs28．0％;P=0．000）。在MTHFRA1298C中,A／A基因型患者的有效率显著高于C／C和A／C基因型（41．8％vs21．6％,P=0．011）。在TS 3＇-UTR中,-6／-6bp和-6/＋6bp基因型患者的有效率显著高于＋6／＋6bp基因型（40．3％vs17．6％,P=0．014）。FOLFOX和FP方案中,MTHFR C677T T／T基因型患者的有效率均显著高于C／C和C／T基因型（P=0．008;P=0．000）,但在DCF方案中没有发现差异。在MTHFRC／T和C／C基因型中,DCF方案的有效率显著高于FP和FOLFOX方案（P=0．000）。MTHFR C677T T／T基因型患者的Ⅲ～Ⅳ度呕吐（66．7％）和口腔炎（30．0％）发生率显著高于C／C和C／T基因型（41．3％,9．8％;P=0．011,0．003）。MTHFRA1298CA／A基因型患者的Ⅲ～Ⅳ°度口腔炎（17．2％）和腹泻（13．9％）发生率同样显著高于A／C和C／C基因（3．9％,2．0％;P=0．025,0．026）。TS 3^＋-UTR的不同多态之间没有发现毒性差异。结论检测外周血白细胞DNA中的MTHFR和TS基因多态能预测以5-FU为基础化疗方案治疗晚期胃癌的有效性和化疗相关的毒性反应。     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因 C677T多态性与胃癌患者对 5-FU化疗敏感性的关系

背景和目的:亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶( methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)基因变异影响 MTHFR的活性,以致影响体内 5, 10-MTHF的浓度,从而影响 5-FU的抗瘤活性.本研究旨在观察 MTHFR基因 C677T多态性对预测胃癌患者对 5-FU的敏感性和化疗毒性的影响.方法:收集经病理学确诊的晚期胃癌 75例.所有病例化疗前抽外周静脉血 2 ml,用 PCR-RFLP技术检测研究对象的 MTHFR 基因型.基因型分为野生型纯合子 (C/ C)、杂合子 (C/ T)、变异型纯合子 (T/ T)3种类型.所有患者经含 5-FU为基础的联合化疗方案化疗.结果: 75例晚期胃癌患者中, MTHFR C/ C基因型 24例( 32.0%), MTHFR C/ T基因型 33例( 44.0%), MTHFR T/ T基因型 18例( 24.0%).其中 22例 PR, 29例 NC, 24例 PD,化疗总有效率 29.3%. MTHFR T/ T基因型患者的化疗有效率( 20/24, 83. 3%)明显高于 MTHFR C/ C基因型患者( 2/24, 8. 3%)(χ 2=24. 01, P< 0. 001),同样高于 MTHFR C/ T基因型患者( 5/33, 15. 2%)(χ 2=22. 7, P< 0. 001). MTHFR C/ C基因型患者的化疗有效率与 MTHFR C/ T基因型患者之间无显著性差异(χ 2=0. 6, P=0. 439).非条件多元 Logistic 回归分析(调整性别、年龄、化疗方案、辅助化疗因素的影响)结果显示 C/ C+ C/ T基因型患者对化疗有效的可能性为 T/ T基因型患者的 0. 017倍( 95% CI: 0. 003～ 0. 102,P< 0. 001). T/ T基因型患者的恶心呕吐反应显著高于 C/ C、 C/ T基因型患者(χ 2=12.264,P=0.002).结论: MTHFRC677T基因型对预测以 5-FU为基础化疗方案治疗晚期胃癌的疗效和毒性具有较好的临床意义.     

基因多态性与FOLFOX方案治疗胃肠癌敏感性的关系

目的研究MTHFR C677T和XRCC1 G28152A基因多态性与接受FOLFOX方案的胃肠癌患者化疗敏感性与毒副反应的关系。方法经FOLFOX方案化疗的进展期胃肠癌48例（22例有临床可观察肿瘤病灶）,化疗前抽外周静脉血2 mL,用PCR-RFLP技术检测研究对象的MTHFR C677T和XRCC1 G28152A基因型。化疗两周期后全面评价疗效及毒副反应,并随访观察进展情况。结果 （1）48例胃肠癌患者,MTHFR 677 C/C、C/T、T/T基因型分别为39.6%、37.5%及22.9%。XRCC1 28152 G/G、G/A、A/A基因型分别为52.1%、45.8%及2.1%。22例可观察肿瘤病灶者MTHFR 677 C/C、C/T、T/T基因型疾病控制率分别为14.2%、66.6%和100.0%,T/T基因型明显高于C/C型（P〈0.05）;XRCC1 28152 G/G、G/A＋A/A基因型疾病控制率分别为90.9%、36.4%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）48例患者带有MTHFR677 C/C、C/T、T/T基因型的2年无复发生存率分别为21.1%、36.8%和72.7%,T/T基因型明显高于C/C型（P〈0.05）;XRCC1 28152 G/G、G/A＋A/A基因型2年无复发生存率分别为52.0%和21.7%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（3）患者接受FOLFOX方案化疗后带有MTHFR 677 C/T、T/T患者恶心/呕吐的发生率（77.8%、81.8%）明显高于C/C基因型患者（26.3%）。XRCC1 28152 G/G、G/A＋A/A基因型恶心/呕吐分别为44.0%,78.3%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,其余毒副反应与基因型之间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 MTHFR C677T和XRCC1 G28152A基因多态对胃肠癌接受FOLFOX方案化疗疗效与毒性有良好的提示作用。     

MTHFR多态性对晚期胃癌患者化疗作用的预测研究

目的:研究亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因C677T、A1298C多态与胃癌患者对5-FU为基础的化疗敏感性和毒性的关系。方法:晚期胃癌患者106例,用聚合酶链反应-限定性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测白细胞DNAMTH-FR基因型。所有患者经5-FU为基础的化疗方案治疗。结果:1)在106例晚期胃癌患者中,MTHFRC677TCC、CT、TT基因型分别占31·1%、46·2%和22·6%;MTH-FRA1298CAA、AC、CC基因型者分别为69·8%、29·2%和0·9%;化疗总有效率35·8%。2)MTHFRC677TTT基因型携带者化疗有效率(83·3%)明显高于C677TCT(24·5%;P=0·000)和C677TCC(18·2%;P=0·000)。而MTHFRA1298CAA组有效率(43·2%)亦明显高于A1298CAC CC组(18·8%,P=0·009)。3)在CFL、CFH、LFP方案治疗的患者中,C677T变异子携带者对化疗敏感性更高。对A1298C多态性,患者接受CFL方案化疗时,1298AA纯合子携带者有效率高于1298CT/CC患者。4)MTHFRC677TTT、CT或A1298CAA多态性携带者化疗相关的恶心/呕吐发生率明显高于其他三种多态性者。结论:MTHFR基因多态性的检测可能是晚期胃癌患者接受5-FU为基础化疗疗效和毒副反应的良好预测指标。     

MTHFR基因多态性与结肠癌患者术后FOLFOX4辅助化疗疗效的关系

目的研究亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因(MTHFR)C677T多态性与结肠癌术后患者接受FOLFOX4辅助化疗疗效的关系。方法对行结肠癌根治术后接受FOLFOX4方案化疗6周期的76例患者,采用焦磷酸测序法检测MTHFR C677T 基因多态。结果76例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期结肠癌患者的MTHFR-C677T位点存在3种等位基因型,其基因频率分别为：C/C 47.4%（36/76）,T/C40.8%（31/76）,T/T11.8%（9/76）。C/C 基因型36例中复发11例,T/C基因型31例中复发13例,T/T基因型9例中复发2例,T/T基因型复发比率小于C/C+ T/C基因型（22.2% vs.35.8%）,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.710）。结论MTHFR-C677T基因多态性与结肠癌FOLFOX4辅助化疗疗效无关。     

MTHFR基因多态性与乳腺癌内分泌治疗药物引发子宫内膜病变的相关性分析

目的 探讨MTHFR基因多态性与乳腺癌内分泌治疗药物引发子宫内膜病变的相关性。方法 选取乳腺癌患者80例。采集血液对MTHFR基因C677T、A1298C位点进行测序,比较各基因亚型与子宫内膜厚度、阴道诊刮比例之间的相关性。结果 MTHFR基因CT677T位点各基因型患者间子宫内膜厚度的差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),对于CT677T,在T显性模式下,即C/T、T/T基因型患者子宫内膜厚度均大于C/C基因型患者,C/T基因型子宫内膜厚度大于C/C基因型(P<0.05)。MTHFR基因A1298C位点各基因型患者间子宫内膜厚度的差异,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MTHFR基因CT677T位点各基因型患者间子宫内膜诊刮比例差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中,C/T基因型患者子宫内膜诊刮率高于A/A及C/C基因型(P<0.05)。同一基因型型患者不同药物组间子宫内膜厚度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对于CT677T,C/T基因患者的子宫内膜厚度比C/C和T/T型厚(P<0.05)。结论 内分泌治疗药物相关子宫内膜病变的发生可能与M...     

MTHFR C677T基因多态性与晚期非小细胞肺癌化疗不良反应的关系

背景与目的：亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)是叶酸代谢的关键酶,在DNA甲基化中起重要作用。本研究旨在探讨MTHFR C677T多态性与晚期非小细胞肺癌(nonsmall cell lung cancer,NSCLC)化疗不良反应的关系。方法：收集2007年6月-2009年5月在浙江省肿瘤医院经病理学确诊的晚期NSCLC患者100例。所有患者均接受铂类药物联合吉西他滨的方案化疗。用等位基因特异-PCR技术检测患者MTHFR基因型。结果：100例晚期NSCLC患者中,MTHFR C677T T/T、T/C和C/C基因型频率分别为20%、44%和36%。在血液学不良反应中,C/C基因型血小板减少发生率较T/T、T/C基因型低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.039)。本研究未发现MTHFR各基因型与化疗后恶心、呕吐不良反应相关。结论：MTHFRC677T基因多态性对预测晚期NSCLC含铂类药物方案化疗后不良反应有临床意义。     

MTHFR 677C/T基因多态性与培美曲塞对晚期肺腺癌患者疗效的关系

目的 探索亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)677C/T基因多态性在预测培美曲塞治疗晚期肺腺癌疗效中的作用.方法 39例初治晚期肺腺癌患者入组并行培美曲塞/顺铂方案化疗,37例患者按要求完成治疗并进行随访.通过Taqman MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR方法检测患者MTHFR677 C/T位点的基因多态性,分析基因多态性与化疗客观缓解率(response rate,RR)和无进展生存时间(progressionfree survival,PFS)的关系.结果 MTHFR 677C/T基因频率:CC 40.5％ (15/37),CT 43.2％(16/37),TT16.2％ (6/37),MTHFR CC、CT和TT基因型客观缓解率之间差异无统计学意义(26.7％ vs 31.3％vs50.0％,P=0.582).CC基因型与CT或TT基因型之间PFS差异无统计学意义(4.7月vs 6.9月,P=0.499).结论 MTHFR 677C/T多态性可能与晚期肺腺癌培美曲塞化疗疗效无相关性.     

E-钙粘蛋白及PTEN基因编码蛋白与胃癌浸润转移

目的:观察抑癌基因PTEN蛋白和ECD在胃癌组织中的表达,探讨其与胃癌生物学行为及预后的关系。方法:以兔抗人PTEN多克隆抗体、鼠抗人ECD单克隆抗体,采用SABC免疫组化法,检测100例胃癌手术切除标本中拟测指标的表达。以χ2和Logrank检验对结果做统计学分析。结果:ECD、PTEN蛋白在非癌胃粘膜中均见表达;在胃癌组织中表达下调或缺失。ECD异常表达率为42.0%;弥漫型胃癌异常表达率(48.57%),明显高于肠型胃癌(26.67%),(P<0.05);ECD异常表达与浸润深度有关(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中PTEN蛋白缺失率为59%;弥漫型胃癌缺失率(65.71%)明显高于肠型胃癌(43.33%),(P<0.05);伴淋巴结转移的胃癌缺失率(64.47%)明显高于无淋巴结转移者(41.67%),(P<0.05);PTEN蛋白缺失的患者比阳性表达者预后差(P=0.0066)。65.85%PTEN阳性表达者同时伴ECD正常表达。结论:两种标志物与胃癌浸润转移有关,PTEN表达与胃癌患者预后密切相关。将两种指标联合检测,可作为正确判断胃癌患者预后,指导临床治疗的分子生物学指标。     

Cytologic classification of precancer and cancer of the endometrium and esophagus and of malignant lymphomas

The paper discusses cytological classifications of precancer and cancer of the endometrium, esophagus and malignant lymphomas presented by cytologists from five Soviet research institutes of oncology. The classifications were based on the data of 4400 cases in conformity with WHO histologic classifications.     

世界卫生组织骨质疏松症防治工作报告和防治建议

引 言 作为对第51号综合处理非传染性疾病预防与控制的世界卫生组织决议的反应,1998年7月WHO成立了致力于不断完善对骨质疏松预防和治疗策略的工作小组。小组成员来自世界各国致力于骨质疏松研究的知名专家。Harry K.Genant为本届主席。这一项世界范围内的骨质疏松教育计划旨在通过世界范围的研究,不断改善对骨质疏松的诊断水平和发展并完善对骨质疏松病人的合理治疗。其重点将以发展中国家为主。并为各国政府及其卫生部门和病人群体提供世界性有关骨质疏松症的总体的、完整的指导性资料。该项研究、教育计划的实施将由世界各国的骨质疏松症研究和治疗机构共同完成,并经权威学术机构、政府和非政府组织进行有针对性的回顾研究,最终由WHO审议通过。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers

BACKGROUND: Frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in many observational studies. METHODS: We prospectively investigated the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of colon and rectal cancers in two large cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (88 764 women) and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (47 325 men). Diet was assessed and cumulatively updated in 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1990 among women and in 1986 and 1990 among men. The incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum was ascertained up to June or January of 1996, respectively. Relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated with the use of pooled logistic regression models accounting for various potential confounders. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: With a follow-up including 1 743 645 person-years and 937 cases of colon cancer, we found little association of colon cancer incidence with fruit and vegetable consumption. For women and men combined, a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98-1.05). A difference in vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.03 (95% CI = 0.97-1.09). Similar results were obtained for women and men considered separately. A difference in fruit consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR for colon cancer of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.89-1.03) among women and 1. 08 (95% CI = 1.00-1.16) among men. For rectal cancer (total, 244 cases), a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.02 (95% CI = 0.95-1.09) in men and women combined. None of these associations was modified by vitamin supplement use or smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Although fruits and vegetables may confer protection against some chronic diseases, their frequent consumption does not appear to confer protection from colon or rectal cancer.