我国西南地区辣椒砷污染状况及其影响因素

Objective To determine the distribution and influencing factors(dehydration method, storage time and chili varieties) of arsenic contents in chilies from southwest China, and the relationship between arsenic content and selenium content in chilies. Methods There were 272 dried chili samples, 76 groups of fresh chili samples and its corresponding soil samples, which were collected from the markets and peasant households in 76 counties of 9 regions in southwest China, and 36 dried chilies from other regions in China and abroad as a comparison. Their dehydration methods and storage time were investigated. The chilies were classified by Bailey Criteria. Arsenic content and selenium content in chilies were determined with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Arsenic content in soils were determined with water bath hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrum. Results Their ranges of arsenic content in dried chili and fresh chili were 0.2 - 16 637.3,0.2 - 295.8 μg/kg, respectively. The median of arsenic content in the dried chili was 106.9 μg/kg while it was 0.2 μg/kg (dry weight) in the fresh chili. The chilies median arsenic of different drying methods and storage time, in order were: the furnace-dried stored for more 1 than year( 197.3 μg/kg), the sun-dried stored for more than 1 year (130.7 μg/kg), the furnace-dried stored for less than 1 year(94.1 μg/kg), the sun-dried stored for less than 1 year (55.5 μg/kg). The arsenic content of different kinds of solar-dried chilies and roast chilies were different. In solar-dried chilies, the median of arsenic contents from a order of high to low sequences were cluster chili (101.5 μg/kg), cherry chili (95.6 μg/kg), corn chili (86.8 μg/kg), and long chili (47. 1 μg/kg); in roast chilies, the median of arsenic contents from a order of high to low sequences were cherry chili(275.5 μg/kg), cluster chili (173.0 μg/kg), corn chili( 164.3 μg/kg), and long chili( 136.8 μg/kg). The medians of chilies from other regions of China and Turkey were higher than that of southwest China, their median were 125.8,112.3 μg/kg, respectively;the medians of chilies from America, France, and other countries were lower than that of southwest China, their median were 29.4,54.1,85.3 μg/kg, respectively. There was no significant correlation between fresh chilies and its corresponding soil arsenic(r = 0.010, P ＞ 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of arsenic and selenium in chilies(r = 0.616, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions The arsenic of dried chilies from southwest China was higher than that of fresh chilies. The arsenic of chili was different with different dehydration methods and storage time. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of arsenic and selenium in chilies.     

Effects of low-calorie diet on steatohepatitis in rats with obesity and hyperlipidemia

AIM: To evaluate the effects of low calorie diet (LCD) on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats with obesity and hyperlipidemia.METHODS: 29 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups. The animals in control (n=9) and NASH group (n=10) were fed on standard rat diet and high fat diet respectively for 12 weeks, ten rats in LCD group were fed on high fat diet for 10 weeks and then low calorie diet for 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment, body weight, abdominal adipose content, liver function, and hepatopathological changes were examined to evaluate the effect of different feeding protocols on the experimental animals.RESULTS: There was no death of animal in the experimental period. All rats in the NASH group developed steatohepatitis according to liver histological findings. Compared with the control group, body weight (423.5±65.2 vs 351.1±43.0 g,P＜0.05), abdominal adipose content (14.25±1.86 vs9.54±1.43,P＜0.05), liver index (3.784-±0.533 vs2.957±±0.301%, P＜0.01),total serum cholesterol (1.60±0.41 vs 1.27±0.17 mmol/L, P＜0.05)and free fatty acids (728.2±178.5 vs 429.2±96.7 mmol/L,P＜0.01), serum alanine aminotransferase (1 257.51±671.34vs671.34±118.57 nkat/L, P＜0.05) and aspartic aminotransferse (2 760.51±998.66 vs 1 648.29±414.16 nkat/L, P＜0.01) were significantly increased in the NASH group. Whereas, when rats were fed on LCD protocol, their body weight (329.5±38.4 g,P＜0.01), abdominal adipose content (310.21±1.52 g, P＜0.05),liver index (3.199±0.552 %, P＜0.05), and serum alanine aminotransferase (683.03±245.49 nkat/L, P＜0.05) were significantly decreased, and the degree of hepatic steatosis (P＜0.05) was markedly improved compared with those in the NASH group. However, no significant difference was found in serum lipid variables and hepatic inflammatory changes between the two groups.CONCLUSION: LCD might play a role in the prevention and treatment of obesity and hepatic steatosis in SD rats,but it exerts no significant effects on both serum lipid disorders and hepatic inflammatory changes.     

Diarrhea and acaroid mites： A clinical study

AIM: To explore the characteristics of diarrhea caused by acaroid mites.METHODS: Acaroid mites in fresh stools of 241 patients with diarrhea were separated by flotation in saturated saline.Meanwhile, skin prick test, total IgE and mite-specific IgE were detected in all patients.RESULTS: The total positive rate of mites in stool samples of the patients was 17.01% (41/241), the positive rates of mites in male and female patients were 15.86 % (23/145)and 18.75 % (18/96), respectively, without significant difference (P＞0.05). The percentage of skin prick test as ″+++″″++ ″″+ ″″±″″-″ was″+++, ″++″,″ +″, ″±″ and ″-″was 9.13 % (22/241), 7.47 %(18/241), 5.81% (14/241), 4.98 % (12/241) and 72.61%(175/241), respectively. The serum levels of total IgE, mitespecific IgE in patients with and without mites in stool samples were (165.72±78.55) IU/ml, (132.44±26.80) IU/ml and (145.22±82.47) IU/ml, (67.35±45.28) IU/ml,respectively, with significant difference (P＜0.01). The positive rate of mites in stool samples in staffs working in traditional Chinese medicine storehouses or rice storehouses (experimental group) was 26.74 % (23/86), which was significantly higher than that (11.61%, 18/155) in people engaged in other professions (X2=8.97, P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Acaroid mites cause diarrhea and increase serum levels of total IgE and mite-specific IgE of patients,and the prevalence of diarrhea caused by acaroid mites is associated with occupations rather than the gender of patients.     

Effect of enterokinetic prucalopride on intestinal motility in fast rats

AIM: To evaluate the effects of prucalopride on intestinal prokinetic activity in fast rats and to provide experimental basis for clinical treatrnent of gastrointestinal motility diseases.METHODS: Gastrointestinal propulsion rate was measured by the migration rate of activated charcoal, which reflexes gastrointestinal motility function. 120 Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and received an intravenous injection of physiological saline (served as control), prucalopdde 1 mg/kg, prucalopride 2 mg/kg and cisapride 1 mg/kg,respectively. The gastrointestinal propulsion rate was measured 1, 2 or 4 hours after intravenous injection of the drugs.RESULTS: Significant accelerations of gastrointestinal propulsion rate in prucalopride 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg groups were found compared with control group at 2 and 4 hours (83.2%±5.5%, 81.7%±8.5% vs70.5%±9.2%, P＜0.01;91.2%±2.2%, 91.3%±3.9% vs86.8%±2.6%, P＜0.01).The gastrointestinal propulsion rates at 1, 2 or 4 hours were faster in prucalopride 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg groups than in cisapride group (84.0%±11.7%, 77.1%±11.9% vs 66.3%±13.6%, P＜0.01, P＜0.05; 83.2%±5.5%, 81.7%±8.5% vs75.4%±5.9 %, P＜0.01, P＜0.05; 91.2%±2.2%,91.3%±3.9% vs 88.6%±3.5%,P＜0.05, P＜0.05). No difference of gastrointestinal propulsion rate was found between prucalopride 1 mg/kg group and prucalopride 2 mg/kg group (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: Prucalopride accelerates intestinal motility in fast rats, and has no dose dependent effect.     

慢性氟中毒大鼠脑组织中c-Jun氨基末端激酶表达水平观察

Objective To investigate the expression of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase(JNK) in rat brains with chronic fluorosis and try to reveal the molecular mechanism for the neural impairment induced by the disease.Methods The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, normal control group(drinking water containing less than 0.5 mg/L of sodium fluoride, NaF), lower fluoride exposed group(drinking water containing 5 mg/L NaF) and higher fluoride exposed group(drinking water containing 50 mg/L NaF), 24 in every group. The rats were examined at the sixth month after feeding. The concentration of fluorine in urine and blood was detected by F-ion selective electrode. The expression of JNK in brains was investigated by using Western blotting and immunohitochemistry staining, and analyze the correlation between activating of JNK and the concentration of fluorine in blood. Results The increased concentration of fluorine in urine(control: 0.92 ± 0.30, lower fluoride exposed group: 2.56 ± 0.91,higher fluoride exposed group: 5.73 ± 3.14, P ＜ 0.05) were observed when 6 months after the beginning of the experiment, and the amount of fluorine in blood was also higher in rats with fluorosis(control: 0.12 ± 0.07, lower fluoride exposed group: 0.36 ± 0.14, higher fluoride exposed group: 0.50 ± 0.18, P ＜ 0.05). The expression of phospho-JNK at protein levels were higher in the brains of rats with fluorosis than that of controls (control: 1.00 ± 0.37, lower fluoride exposed group: 1.20 ± 0.28, higher fluoride exposed group: 1.74 ± 0.69, P ＜ 0.05), whereas no change of total-JNK was found(F = 0.046, P ＞ 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of phospho-JNK in the parietal cortex(119.3 ± 14.1), occipital cortex(112.7 ± 5.4), hippocampus CA3(100.6 ± 8.9), dorsal thalamus (117.8 ± 10.4) and olivary nucleus( 112.6 ± 5.9) of rats in higher fluoride exposed group were higher than that in control( 104.1 ± 8.9,106.6 ± 9.6,106.6 ± 9.7,108.9 ± 6.4,100.3 ± 8.4, all P ＜ 0.05) and lower fluoride exposed group(96.7 ± 17.1,102.5 ± 8.3,106.4 ± 6.5,110.2 ± 9.3,102.4 ± 4.7,102.5 ± 9.8, all P＜ 0.05). The positive stained neurons of total-JNK also distributed in the same brain regions of rats, but no difference was detected between the rats with fluorosis and controls(all P ＞ 0.05). The increased level of phospho-JNK was positively correlated with the fluoride contents in blood of the rats with fluorosis (r = 0.677). Conclusions The expression of phospho-JNK in brains of rats with fluorosis was significantly increased with a correlation to fluoride content in blood, which might be connected to the mechanism of neural impairment induced by chronic fluorosis.     

2008年四川省阿坝州大骨节病相对活跃病区硒及T-2毒素水平调查

Objective To investigate the children's body environmental Se and T-2 toxin level in their staple food in Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD)relative active regions in Aba state of Sichuan province in 2008.Methods We took X-ray photograph of the right hand on children aged 7-13 years in 48 villages from 11 counties in Aba state.The relative active regions of KBD were chosen according to the X-ray result and historical status of KBD.The children's urine and hair,drinking water and their staple food werr sampled.Selenium contents in urine,hair,water and food samples were determined by naphthalene fluorescence,and T-2 toxin in staple food samples were detected by ELISA kits.Results In 2145 X-ray films,66 films were positive,and the children's KBD positive rate was 3.08%(66/2145).The KBD positive rate was respectively 10.98%(29/264)and 8.52%(19/223)in Maerkang county,Jinchuan county and it was 0.75%(3/400)in Rangtang county,historically serious endemic area.The selenium content in urine of children aged 7-13 years in Maerkang county,Jinchuan county and Rangtang county was (10.41±4.67), (10.11±3.65), (8.42±2.68)μg/g Cr, respectively, there was no statistical difference among three counties(F=0.901, P>0.05). The selenium content in hair of children aged 7-13 years in Maerkang county[(0.18±0.04)mg/kg] was lower than that in Jinchuan county[(0.21±0.04)mg/kg, P<0.05].The selenium content in water in Jinchuan county [(0.225±0.124 )μg/L ] was lower than that in Maerkang county and Rangtang county[(0.320±0.092), (0.339±0.105)μg/L, all P<0.05]. The selenium content in staple food in Jinchuan county(0.0033 mg/kg) was lower than that in Maerkang county and Rangtang county(0.0258,0.0137mg/kg, Z=-6.146,-3.042, all P<0.017). The T-2 toxin level in flour in three counties was 19.60,17.95,26.25 ng/g,respectively,there was no statistical difference among three counties(X2=5.623, P>0.05).The T-2 toxin level in grain Maerkang county (10.72 ng/g) was higher than that in Jinchuan county and Rangtang county (3.74,3.30 ng/g, Z=-6.315,-4.407,all P<0.017). T-2 toxin contamination in flour was more severe than that in grain (Z=-6.690,-5.493,-3.676, all P<0.05). Conclusions In 3 relative active KBD regions of Aba state,the children's selenium nutritional status and the T-2 toxin contamination level in their staple food is consistent with the distribution of KBD.     

2008年四川省阿坝州大骨节病相对活跃病区硒及T-2毒素水平调查

Objective To investigate the children's body environmental Se and T-2 toxin level in their staple food in Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD)relative active regions in Aba state of Sichuan province in 2008.Methods We took X-ray photograph of the right hand on children aged 7-13 years in 48 villages from 11 counties in Aba state.The relative active regions of KBD were chosen according to the X-ray result and historical status of KBD.The children's urine and hair,drinking water and their staple food werr sampled.Selenium contents in urine,hair,water and food samples were determined by naphthalene fluorescence,and T-2 toxin in staple food samples were detected by ELISA kits.Results In 2145 X-ray films,66 films were positive,and the children's KBD positive rate was 3.08%(66/2145).The KBD positive rate was respectively 10.98%(29/264)and 8.52%(19/223)in Maerkang county,Jinchuan county and it was 0.75%(3/400)in Rangtang county,historically serious endemic area.The selenium content in urine of children aged 7-13 years in Maerkang county,Jinchuan county and Rangtang county was (10.41±4.67), (10.11±3.65), (8.42±2.68)μg/g Cr, respectively, there was no statistical difference among three counties(F=0.901, P>0.05). The selenium content in hair of children aged 7-13 years in Maerkang county[(0.18±0.04)mg/kg] was lower than that in Jinchuan county[(0.21±0.04)mg/kg, P<0.05].The selenium content in water in Jinchuan county [(0.225±0.124 )μg/L ] was lower than that in Maerkang county and Rangtang county[(0.320±0.092), (0.339±0.105)μg/L, all P<0.05]. The selenium content in staple food in Jinchuan county(0.0033 mg/kg) was lower than that in Maerkang county and Rangtang county(0.0258,0.0137mg/kg, Z=-6.146,-3.042, all P<0.017). The T-2 toxin level in flour in three counties was 19.60,17.95,26.25 ng/g,respectively,there was no statistical difference among three counties(X2=5.623, P>0.05).The T-2 toxin level in grain Maerkang county (10.72 ng/g) was higher than that in Jinchuan county and Rangtang county (3.74,3.30 ng/g, Z=-6.315,-4.407,all P<0.017). T-2 toxin contamination in flour was more severe than that in grain (Z=-6.690,-5.493,-3.676, all P<0.05). Conclusions In 3 relative active KBD regions of Aba state,the children's selenium nutritional status and the T-2 toxin contamination level in their staple food is consistent with the distribution of KBD.     

2007-2009年河北省居民户碘盐监测分析

Objective To find out the situation of household consumption of iodized salt in Hebei province so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD). Methods According to the "national iodine deficiency disorders surveillance program (Trial)", the county (city, district) was taken as a unit, township (town) and administrative villages were selected in accordance with the principle of systematic sampling, then households were chosen by random sampling to collect their edible salt in Hebei province from 2007 to 2009. Salt iodine content was detected by direct titration method. Results A total of 48 675, 48 448 and 48 756 salt samples were collected from 2007 to 2009, respectively. The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt from 2007 to 2009 was 91.16%, 91.96% and 96.17%, respectively. There were 24.6%(41/167)and 18.0%(30/167)counties with consumption rate of qualified iodized salt under 90% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The percentage of counties with consumption rate of qualified iodized salt above 90% was 100.0%(167/167) in 2009. In general there was a significant differences in frequency distribution of consumption rates of qualified iodized salt among the three years(H = 10.778, P ＜ 0.01 ), and the difference was found significant between 2007 and 2009 as well as between 2008 and 2009(all P ＜ 0.05), but was not significant between 2007 and 2008(P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt at household level increases annually from 2007 to 2009. By 2009,the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in each county is more than 90%, which has reached the national standard stipulated in "the evaluation programs for fulfilling the goal of eliminating IDD at county level".     

Relationship between expression of CD105 and growth factors in malignant tumors of gastrointestinal tract and its significance

AIM: Angiogenesis is an important step in the growth of solid malignant tumors. A number of angiogenic factors have been found such as transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1)and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However,the roles of TGFβ1 and VEGF in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis are still unclear. This study was to investigate the expressions of TGF-β1 and VEGF in gastrointestinal tract malignant tumors, as well as their association with microvessel density (MVD). At the same time, we also observed the localization of TGF-β1 and its receptor CD105 in gastric malignant tumors.METHODS: The expressions of TGF-β1 and CDL05 were detected in 55 fresh specimens of gastric carcinoma and VEGF and CD105 in 44 fresh specimens of colorectal carcinoma by immunohistochemical staining (S-ABC). TGF-β1 and CD105 in 55 gastric carcinoma tissues on the same slide were detected by using double-stain Tmmunohistochemistry (DS-ABC).RESULTS: Among the 55 cases of gastric carcinoma tissues,30 were positive for TGF-β1 (54.55 %). The MVD of TGF-β1 strong positive group (++～+++ 23.22±5.8) was significantly higher than that of weak positive group (+17.56±7.2) and negative group (- 17.46±3.9) (q=4.5, q=5.3207, respectively,P＜0.01). In the areas of high expression of TGF-β1, MVD and the expression of CD105 were also high. Among the 44 cases of colonic carcinoma tissues, 26 were positive for VEGF (59.1%). The expressions of both VEGF and CD105 (MVD)were related with the depth of invasion (F=5.438, P＜0.05;F=4.168, P=0.05), lymph node metastasis (F=10.311, P＜0.01;F=20.282, P＜0.01) and Dukes stage (F=6.196, P＜0.01;F=10.274, P＜0.01), but not with histological grade (F=0.487,P＞0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expression of VEGF and CD105 (MVD) (r=0.720, P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Over-expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF acts as stimulating factors of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal tumors.CD105, as a receptor of TGF-β1, can regulate the biological effect of TGF-β1 in tumor angiogenesis. MVD marked by CD105 is more suitable for detecting newborn blood vessels.     

2008年黑龙江省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区成人颈动脉粥样硬化病情调查

Objective To investigate the disease situation of adult carotid atherosclerosis in water-related endemic fluorosis areas in Heilongjiang province in 2008 so as to explore the relationship between water-related endemic fluorosis and incidence of carotid atherosclerosis disease. Methods A total of 266 participants over the age of 40 from four villages in Zhaozhou county with water fluoride ≥ 1.0 mg/L in a fluorosis area and 283 residents over the age of 40 from four villages in Tailai county with water fluoride ＜ 1.0 mg/L in a nonfluorosis area were investigated. A portable-type B mode color ultrasound was used to examine the left carotid artery of all participants.The carotid atherosclerosis was diagnosed and graded through the ultrasonograms. Results The prevalence rates of carotid atherosclerosis in the 4 fluorosis villages(Xinfeng, Taipingshan, Baochan and Houzheng villages) were 47.3% (35/74), 63.5%(40/63), 73.3%(33/45) and 60.7%(51/84), respectively, and in the 4 nonfluorosis villages(Hala,Qianxing, Sanjia and Ailin villages) were 32.7% (17/52), 32.9% (24/73), 39.2% (31/79) and 30.4% (24/79),respectively. The prevalence rates of carotid atherosclerosis in every villages standardized by age were 47.3% ,63.5%,73.3% ,60.7% and 34.7% ,36.3% ,43.0% ,41.3%, respectively. Statistic method used was Wilcoxon two sample test and the differences were significant(T = 26, P ＜ 0.05 ). Total carotid atherosclerosis positive rate standardized by age in the 4 fluorosis villages was significantly higher than that in the 4 nonfluorosis villages[57.5%(153/266) ,37.8% (107/283), x2 = 21.36, P ＜ 0.01 ]. After standardized by age, the severity of carotid atherosclerosis was significantly different between fluorosis villages and nonfluorosis villages (x2 = 36.15, P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusion The prevalence rate of carotid atherosclerosis in endemic fluorosis area is higher than that in nonfluorosis area.     

燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区食物干燥方法对玉米和辣椒含氟量的影响

目的 观察燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区不同干燥加工方法对玉米、辣椒含氟量的影响作用,筛选符合粮食干燥质量要求并能有效降低人群总氟摄入量的食物干燥加工方法.方法 将贵州省毕节市地氟病病区农户分为3组:日晒干燥组、密闭烘烤组和敞火烘烤组,每组10户.采集玉米、辣椒鲜品和干燥2周,1、3、6个月的样品,按照<食品中水分的测定>(GB/T 5009.3-2003)和<食品中氟的测定>(GB/T 5009.18-2003)进行水分和含氟量检测,并计算各组成人每人每日总氟摄入量.结果 鲜品及干燥2周,1、3、6个月的玉米日晒干燥组含氟量分别为(1.40±0.16)、(1.56±0.14)、(2.15±0.47)、(2.70±0.64)、(4.06±1.75)mg/kg,密闭烘烤组含氟量分别为(1.41±0.16)、(2.39±0.56)、(4.60±0.97)、(8.46±5.55)、(11.36±3.60)mg/kg,敞火烘烤组含氟量分别为(1.40±0.13)、(4.69±3.97)、(4.47±2.77)、(9.65±6.47)、(26.12±14.52)mg/kg,而辣椒日晒干燥组含氟量分别为(5.41±1.61)、(16.60±7.62)、(32.60±7.88)、(50.26±17.60)、(240.20±272.49)mg/kg,密闭烘烤组含氟量分别为(7.54±2.95)、(32.38±11.50)、(119.18±156.45)、(224.00±196.58)、(495.70±417.29)mg/kg,敞火烘烤组含氟量分别为(4.82±1.25)、(44.30±13.48)、(122.89±66.43)、(334.23±166.05)、(531.01±397.40)mg/kg,随着干燥时间的延长,3种干燥方式的玉米、辣椒含氟量均递增,且组内差异有统计学意义(F值分别为44.77、128.71、126.87,41.61、53.63、170.63,P均＜0.05),以敞火烘烤组增幅最大,日晒干燥组增幅最低.样品淘洗后含氟量明显降低(t值分别为7.93、63.07、5.36,11.98、55.76、7.45,P均＜0.05).病区成人食用经日晒干燥并淘洗后的玉米、辣椒,每人每日总摄氟量为2.57 mg,食用另两种干燥方法并经淘洗的玉米、辣椒,总摄氟量分别为5.92、8.14 mg.结论 在燃煤污染型地氟病病区,应采取针对性的健康教育措施,指导病区群众利用日晒干燥供人食用的玉米和辣椒,并养成烹调前淘洗玉米和辣椒的习惯,能有效降低人群总氟摄入量,达到控制地氟病流行的目的 .     

食前处理方法对燃煤型氟中毒病区粮食氟含量的影响

目的了解云南省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区粮食食用前处理对氟含量的影响,为有效降低病区居民氟摄入量提供科学依据。方法选取鲁甸、富源、镇雄3个县在2005-2007年实施改良炉灶项目,改灶率达到95%以上(包括95%)的病区自然村及对应乡镇,每县抽取5个乡镇,每个乡镇抽取2个自然村作为调查点。采集家庭供人食用的主要食物(大米、玉米、辣椒),分别测定未处理、擦拭和淘洗后的氟含量,了解处理前后各病区粮食氟含量的变化情况。检测方法采用《食品中氟含量测定》(GB/T 5009.18)中的"氟离子选择电极法"。结果病区未处理样品氟含量辣椒>玉米>大米,中位数分别为3.95 mg/kg、0.71 mg/kg、0.36 mg/kg;玉米、辣椒擦拭和淘洗前后差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),可认为擦拭和淘洗均能降低粮食氟含量。结论食用前处理可明显降低燃煤型氟中毒病区粮食氟含量,且淘洗处理降氟效果更好,应指导病区群众养成食用前淘洗粮食的卫生习惯,尽量减少氟的摄入。     

氟铝联合对雄性大鼠性激素的影响

目的 了解氟铝联合对雄性大鼠性激素的影响.方法 选用断乳2周的健康SD雄性大鼠16只,按体质量随机分为4组,每组4只,分别为对照组及铝、氟、氟铝组.对照组和铝组喂饲的玉米饲料68%来自于非病区(含氟、铝各为5.2、6.8 mg/kg),分别给含铝0、90.0 mg/L的饮水;氟组、氟铝组给含68%的燃煤型氟中毒病区煤烘玉米饲料,含氟、铝量为106.0、19.7 mg/kg,并分别给予含铝0、90.0 mg/L的饮水.实验第90天后以出现明显氟斑牙为模型复制成功的判定指标.采集大鼠血样,用时间分辨免疫荧光法进行血清中睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)的测定.结果 大鼠血清T水平氟铝组[(15.994±6.558)μg/L]明显高于对照组[(3.317±0.635)μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),铝组[(8.134±3.134)μg/L]、氟组[(1.868±0.367)μg/L]、氟铝组[(12.687±2.979)μg/L]与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).大鼠血清E2氟组[(0.172±0.030)nmol/L]明显低于对照组[(0.319±0.072)nmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),铝组[(0.282±0.012)nmol/L]、氟铝组[(0.265±0.047)nmol/L]与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).氟和铝两因素存在交互作用(F=9.82,P＜0.05).结论 氟铝联合作用影响雄性大鼠性激素的水平.     

2006年云南省昭通市氟中毒病区居民发氟、砷、硒水平调查

目的 调查云南省昭通市氟中毒病区居民发氟、砷、硒水平,为氟中毒病区居民健康状况的评价及氟中毒防治提供参考依据.方法 在昭通市氟中毒病区县(镇雄、威信县)采集居民发样65份.其中41份发样采自6个病区乡镇的中、重度氟斑牙患者,24份发样采自作为对照的1个非病区乡,发样含氟量用高温燃烧水解一氟离子选择电极法测定,含砷、硒量用原子荧光法测定.结果 氟中毒患者的41份发样中,氟、砷、硒的平均水平分别为(19.09±18.36)、(1.50±1.04)、(2.87±3.12)mg/kg;对照居民的24份发样中.氟、砷、硒平均水平分别为(17.02±16.63)、(0.29±0.22)、(1.28±0.73)mg/kg.氟中毒患者与对照居民发氟水平比较.差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而发砷、硒水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 昭通市氟中毒病区存在轻度砷污染,可能会加重病区氟中毒的发生与流行.高氟混煤烘烤后的粮食在给居民造成氟中毒的同时.可能也带来了硒元素的补充.     

地方性砷中毒对机体氧化应激和免疫功能的远期影响

目的 观察地方性砷中毒(简称地砷病)对机体氧化应激及免疫功能的远期影响,为地砷病病区居民的预防和治疗提供科学依据.方法 2009年,在改水5年的地砷病病区(山西省山阴县古城镇四里庄村、大营村、古城村)选取轻、中、重度病例作为轻、中、重度病例组,在当地选择健康人群作为内对照组,另选取非病区(合盛堡乡杨庄村)健康人群作为外对照组.采集观察对象血样,检测氧化应激指标[采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,采用二硫代二硝基苯甲酸分光光度法检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、采用硫代巴比妥酸分光光度法检测丙二醛(MDA)水平]和免疫功能指标[采用放射免疫(RIA)法检测免疫球蛋白G(IgG),采用比浊法检测血清溶菌酶].结果 本次共调查了252人,外对照组,内对照组,轻、中、重度病例组分别为56、57、49、44、46人.5组血清SOD活力分别为(72.19±11.75)、(66.96±12.02)、(49.79±11.07)、(48.54±10.56)、(47.68±10.68)kU/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=52.42,P＜0.01),外对照组明显高于其他组别(P均＜0.05),内对照组高于3个病例组(P均＜0.05),病例组组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);5组血清GSH-Px活力分别为(197.41±38.54)、(195.02±31.93)、(187.26±28.22)、(187.24±25.40)、(186.88±21.84)U/mg,组间比较差异无统计学意义(H=4.21,P＞0.05);5组血清MDA水平分别为(4.51±2.14)、(5.88±2.00)、(6.44±2.83)、(5.89±2.57)、(5.88±2.40)μmol/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=3.36,P＜0.05),外对照组明显低于其他组别(P均＜0.05),其他组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);5组血清IgG水平分别为(11.16±2.08)、(8.15±1.44)、(8.77±2.54)、(9.19±1.97)、(8.44±2.52)g/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(H=52.92,P＜0.01),外对照组明显高于其他组别(P均＜0.05),其他组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);5组血清溶菌酶水平分别为(13.57±5.16)、(10.05±3.96)、(8.78±3.35)、(8.72±3.76)、(9.38±4.26)mg/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(H=35.00,P＜0.01),外对照组明显高于其他组别(P均＜0.05),其他组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 地砷病患者饮用低砷水5年后,砷对机体的氧化应激反应及免疫功能影响仍然存在,地砷病病区在加大除砷改水力度的同时,应加强居民身体状况的监测.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the long-term effect of endemic arsenism on oxidative stress and immune function, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of the disease in the areas. Methods In 2009, Using cluster sampling and typical investigation, the cross-sectional study was completed. The patient groups and the internal control group were selected in the arsenism areas after 5 years quality improvement of drinking water(Silizhuang village, Daying village and Gucheng village in Shanyin county, Gucheng city, Shanxi province) and they were divided into mild, moderate, severe case and internal control groups, respectively. The external control group was selected in a non-arsenism area(Yangzhuang village in Heshengbu city). The Oxidative stress indicators were determined and analyzed [serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined with xanthine oxidase method, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity was determined with 2-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid method, and mmuuity malondisldohyde(MDA) levels was determined with thiobarbituric acid method]. The immune function was determined and analyzed [immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined with radioimmunoassay method, and serum lysozyme was determined with turbidimetric method]. Results A total of 252 people were surveyed, in which the external control group, the internal control group, mild, moderate and severe patient groups were 56, 57, 49,44 and 46, respectively. Serum SOD activities were (72.19 ± 11.75), (66.96 ± 12.02), (49.79±11.07), (48.54 ±10.56) and (47.68 ± 10.68)kU/L, respectively. The difference of serum SOD activities between the groups was statistically significant(F = 52.42, P ＜ 0.01 ). Serum SOD activities in the external control group were significantly higher than other groups (all P ＜ 0.05). The value in the internal control group was significantly higher than the 3patient groups (all P ＜ 0.05). There were no significant differences between the case groups (P ＞ 0.05). Serum GSH-Px activities of the five groups were (197.41 ± 38.54), (195.02 ± 31.93), (187.26 ± 28.22), (187.24 ± 25.40),(186.88 ± 21.84)U/mg, respectively, and the difference between the groups was not significant(H = 4.21, P ＞0.05). Serum MDA levels of the five groups were (4.51 ± 2.14), (5.88 ± 2.00), (6.44 ± 2.83), (5.89 ± 2.57),(5.88 ± 2.40)μ mol/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(F = 3.36,P ＜ 0.05). The external control group was significantly lower than other groups(all P ＜ 0.05). No significant difference was observed between other groups(all P ＞ 0.05). Serum IgG levels were(11.16 ± 2.08), (8.15 ± 1.44), (8.77 ±2.54), (9.19 ± 1.97), (8.44 ± 2.52)g/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(H = 52.92, P ＜ 0.01 ). The external control group was significantly higher than other groups(all P ＜0.05). No significant difference was observed between other groups(all P ＞ 0.05). Serum lysozyme levels were (13.57 ± 5.16), (10.05 ± 3.96), (8.78 ± 3.35), (8.72 ± 3.76), (9.38 ± 4.26)mg/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (H = 35.00, P ＜ 0.01 ). The external control group was significantly higher than other groups(all P ＜ 0.05). No significant difference was observed between other groups(all P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions The effect of arsenic on the body's oxidative stress response and immune function persists after 5 years of drinking low arsenic water. In addition to intensify arsenic removal from drinking water, it should also strengthen the monitoring of population's health in the diseased areas.     

慢性氟中毒大鼠脑组织中c-Jun氨基末端激酶表达水平观察

目的 观察慢性氟中毒大鼠脑组织中c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)信号转导激酶表达变化,进一步揭示慢性氟中毒神经损伤的分子机制.方法 SD大鼠随机分为3组:对照组、低氟组、高氟组,每组24只,饮用水含氟量分别为＜0.5和5.0、50.0 mg/L,实验期为6个月.用氟离子选择电极法测定大鼠尿氟及血氟,用Western blotting和免疫组织化学方法检测脑组织中JNK信号转导激酶的表达和分布,并分析血氟与活化的JNK激酶的相关关系.结果低氟组和高氟组大鼠尿氟[(2.56±0.91)、(5.73±3.14)mg/L]和血氟[(0.36±0.14)、(0.50±0.18)mg/L]均较对照组[(0.92±0.30)、(0.12±0.07)mg/L]升高(P均＜0.05).高氟组(1.74±0.69)脑组织phospho-JNK表达高于对照组(1.00±0.37)和低氟组(1.20±0.28,P均＜0.05);total-JNK蛋白表达水平3组间比较,差异无统计学意义(F=0.046,P＞0.05).phospho-JNK、total-JNK阳性表达神经元主要集中在皮质、海马和背侧丘脑,其中高氟组大鼠phospho-JNK在顶叶皮质(119.3±14.1)、枕叶皮质(112.7±5.4)、海马CA3区(100.6±8.9)、背侧丘脑(117.8±10.4)及橄榄核(112.6±5.9)中阳性表达较对照组(104.1±8.9、106.6±9.6、106.6±9.7、108.9±6.4、100.3±8.4)和低氟组(96.7±17.1、102.5±8.3、106.4±6.5、110.2±9.3、102.4±4.7、102.5±9.8)明显增高(P均＜0.05),而total-JNK在各组大鼠脑组织中阳性表达分布未见明显改变(P均＞0.05).相关分析结果发现,随大鼠血氟升高,脑组织中phospho-JNK表达呈增高趋势,二者存在正相关关系(r=0.677).结论慢性氟中毒导致脑组织中磷酸化JNK表达改变,并与机体中氟蓄积量存在相关关系,这些改变可能与慢性氟中毒导致的神经损伤有关系.     

骨形态发生蛋白-2和骨形态发生蛋白-7在氟中毒大鼠膝关节滑膜中的表达

目的 探讨氟中毒大鼠膝关节滑膜中骨形态发生蛋白-2(BMP-2)和骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)的表达及二者与氟中毒性关节病发病机制的关系.方法 断乳2周的SD大鼠32只,按体质量随机分为4组(对照组、低氟组、中氟组和高氟组),每组8只.对照组食用正常饲料;低、中、高氟组分别食用含25%、35%、68%贵州省氟中毒病区玉米(含氟量为148.00 mg/kg)的配方饲料,复制燃煤型氟中毒大鼠模型.染氟第140天,用免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠滑膜组织中BMP-2和BMP-7蛋白的表达,图像分析系统分析吸光度值:HE染色观察各组滑膜组织的形态变化,根据病理分级标准,计算各组滑膜病理学总积分.结果 对照组大鼠滑膜组织中BMP-2(32.50±2.73)和BMP-7(38.90±2.56)蛋白少量散在表达;与对照组比较,低、中、高氟组大鼠滑膜组织中BMP-2(59.43±5.12、79.82±6.41、101.76±7.56)和BMP-7(55.10±4.82、78.42±5.61、98.46±6.05)蛋白表达增加(P＜0.05),且随染氟剂量的上升而明显增加(P＜0.05).滑膜病理学总积分,低、中、高氟组(1.04±0.98、4.69±1.28、8.60±2.07)较对照组(0.54±0.21)显著升高(P＜0.05).BMP-2和BMP-7蛋白表达与滑膜病理学总积分呈高度正相关(r值分别为0.98、0.99,P＜0.05).结论 BMP-2和BMP-7在氟中毒性关节病的发生发展中具有重要的作用,可能是通过调控成骨过程而发挥作用.     

云南省昭通市氟中毒病区烘干玉米敞口存放及脱皮对玉米含氟量的影响

目的 了解玉米烘干后敞口存放、食用前再脱皮对玉米含氟量的影响,为燃煤型氟中毒的防治提供依据.方法 2006年10月,在云南省昭通市镇雄县燃煤污染型氟中毒病区,采集农户家中用当地煤火刚烘干的玉米34份,3个月后再次采集上述农户家中敞口保存的玉米并脱皮,采用高温燃烧水解-氟离子选择电极法测定玉米含氟量.结果 氟中毒区农户刚烘干玉米含氟量为(4.29±1.87)mg/kg,敞口存放3个月后含氟量升至(6.64±2.64)mg/kg,平均增加幅度高达54.74%;脱皮后玉米含氟量为(5.03±2.04)mg/kg,平均降低幅度约为24.25%.结论 在燃煤污染型氟中毒区,应采取密闭、防潮等措施合理存放烘干玉米,尽可能的食用脱皮后的玉米,可在一定程度上降低氟中毒病区居民的摄氟量,减轻燃煤型氟中毒的危害.     

硒对高氟所致兔血管内皮损伤及动脉硬化影响的病理形态学研究

目的 研究硒对高氟所致兔动脉血管内皮细胞损伤和动脉硬化病理形态学变化的影响作用.方法 20只健康雄性新西兰白兔,体质量(2.0±0.5)kg,按体质量随机分对照组(饮去离子水,饲基础饲料)、加氟组(饮含氟离子100mg/L去离子水,饲基础饲料)、加硒组(饮含硒1 mg/L去离子水,饲基础饲料)、加氟加硒组(饮含氟离子100 mg/L、含硒1 mg/L去离子水,饲基础饲料),每组5只,实验期6个月.于实验第0、3、6个月取血测定血清含氟量和含硒量;实验终末取胸主动脉,观察主动脉病理及超微结构变化.结果实验第3、6个月时,加氟组和加氟加硒组血清氟[(0.589±0.146)、(0.772±0.175)mg/L和(0.502±0.094)、(0.693±0.158)mg/L]显著高于对照组[(0.174±0.002)、(0.208±0.031)mg/L,P均＜0.01];加氟组第6个月血清氟显著高于第3个月(P＜0.05).实验第3、6个月时,加硒组和加氟加硒组血清硒[(0.252±0.022)、(0.319±0.052)mg/L和(0.239±0.016)、(0.294±0.018)mg/L]显著高于对照组[(0.135±0.014)、(0.167±0.019)mg/L,P均＜0.01];加硒组第6个月血清硒显著高于第3个月(P＜0.05).对照组、加氟组、加硒组、加氟加硒组内皮细胞凋亡指数分别为(4.92±1.32)%、(30.30±6.80)%、(6.57±2.14)%和(14.29±2.99)%,氟与硒各自的主效应有统计学意义(F值分别为106.833、20.082,P均＜0.01),高氟与适硒之间存在显著的拮抗作用(F=30.402,P＜0.01).病理观察加氟组主动脉内皮有红细胞及纤维蛋白沉着,细胞走向及结构发生改变,血管受损严重;加氟加硒组减少内皮细胞凋亡,附着的纤维蛋白以及红细胞数量减少,内皮细胞结构基本正常,血管受损程度和范围明显减轻.结论适量硒抑制高氟引起的内皮细胞凋亡,减轻高氟所致主动脉结构破坏,保持内皮细胞的完整性,以此拮抗高氟对血管的损伤和促动脉粥样硬化作用.     

青海省大骨节病病区换粮、补硒防治儿童大骨节病效果观察

目的 观察换粮、补硒对青海省儿童大骨节病的防治效果.方法 2008年对病区7～12岁儿童进行流行病学、临床及右手X线拍片检查,检出X线阳性患者,以村为单位分成3组,贵德县新建坪村为对照组、斜马浪村为换粮组,兴海县上、下鹿圈村为补硒组.防治前和防治后1年对每个观察对象拍摄右手X线片(包括腕骨),同时采集儿童枕部发样,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定发硒.结果 经过1年防治,对照组X线检出率由4.88%(2/41)升至12.20%(5/41),换粮组X线检出率由17.54%(10/57)降至5.26%(3/57),补硒组X线检出率由13.51%(10/74)降至5.41%(4/74).换粮组10例病人,有7例痊愈,2例稳定,1例进展,无新发病人;补硒组10例病人,有7例痊愈,3例稳定,1例干骺端新发病人;对照组除原有2例病人病情稳定外,有2例干骺端和1例骨端新发病人.换粮组、补硒组防治效果与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为5.49、4.14,P均＜0.05).对照组、换粮组发硒值防治前为(107.15±42.30)、(125.30±40.30)μg/kg,防治1年后为(108.32±35.67)、(135.38±65.24)μg/kg,升高不明显(t值分别为0.01、0.68,P均＞0.05);补硒组发硒值由防治前的(95.62±43.42)μg/kg明显升高至防治1年后的(197.64±97.08)μg/kg(t=5.41,P＜0.05).结论 换粮、补硒对防治儿童大骨节病有效.