2009年青海省湟源县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省湟源县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果.方法 2009年将湟源县所有地方性氟中毒病区村按改水前水含氟量分为轻、中两类,分别抽取1、2个病区村作为监测点,共抽取3个监测村;每村采集出厂水和末梢水水样进行水氟测定;对监测村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄组采集儿童尿样进行尿氟测定;对监测村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,并采集20人份的尿样,检测尿氟;在3个监测村中选择1个村进行X线氟骨症检查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟,尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996),氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS 192-2008).结果 共检测12份水样,水氟为(0.35 ±0.43)mg/L.共检查8～12岁儿童122名,氟斑牙检出率为34.43%(42/122);检测96例儿童尿样,尿氟几何均数为0.89 mg/L.对834名16岁及以上成人进行氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为47.72%(398/834):检测65例成人尿样,尿氟几何均数为1.10 mg/L;对甘沟村35名成人进行了X线氟骨症检查,检出率为31.4%(11/35).结论 湟源县的3个监测村饮用水含氟量正常,但氟中毒病情仍然很严重,应密切监测,分析原因,改进防治措施.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence change of drinking water type of endemic fluorosis and the effect of control measures implemented in Huangyuan county of Qinghai province. Methods In 2009, all the endemic fluorosis villages in Huangyuan county were divided into two degrees, light and medium, according to the water fluorosis content before implementing the improving water project, 1 to 2 villages were selected from each degree village, respectively,as monitoring sites, and a total of 3 villages were selected. Source water and tap water samples were collected from each village and water fluoride concentration was determined. Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 of monitoring villages was examined, and urine samples were collected by age group of children for determination of urinary fluoride. Clinical skeletal fluorosis of adults over 16 years of age was examined, and 20 copies of adults urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride. One village was selected in the 3 villages monitored to conduct X-rays examination of skeletal fluorosis. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Non-metallic Targets Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.6-2006); urinary fluoride was tested by fluoride ion-selective electrode method (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean method;adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2008). Results Twelve water samples were assayed, water fluoride was (0.35 ± 0.43) mg/L. The detectable rate of dental fluorosis of 122 children aged 8-12 was 34.43%(42/122) and the geometric mean urinary fluoride was 0.89 mg/L of the 96 children. Of the 834 adults aged 16 and over, clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 47.72% (398/836) and geometric mean urinary fluoride was 1.10 mg/L of the 65 cases of adult urine samples assayed, detection rate of X-rays was 31.4% (11/35) in Gangou village of the 35 adults examined.Conclusions In Huangyuan county, water fluoride of the 3 surveyed villages are normal but the endemic fluorosis is still serious. It should strengthen monitoring and analyze the causes and improve prevention measures.     

2009年河北省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的 了解饮水型地方性氟中毒的病情动态和评价防治措施的落实效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样的方法,在河北省饮水型氟中毒病区县中抽取38个县(市、区),采用系统抽样方法,将各病区县所有病区村分成轻、中、重3类,从每类病区村中各抽取1个病区村,对全部病区村进行水氟监测;调查病区村全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,从每个年龄段选择6人,检测尿氟;对各病区村全部16岁以上常住人口开展临床氟骨症检查,并检测20人份(男、女各半)尿氟.结果 共调查112个病区村,其中改水村66个,未改水村46个.采集改水工程水样236份,水氟范围为0.1～4.3 mg/L,有20个工程水氟＞1.2 mg/L,占总数的33.3%(20/60);采集未改水村水样230份,水氟范围为0.2～4.6 mg/L,水氟＞1.2 mg/L的水源数占总数的76.1%(35/46).共对5169名8～12岁儿童进行了氟斑牙患病情况调查,氟斑牙检出率为36.43%(1883/5169),氟斑牙指数为0.81.调查16岁以上成人71 497人,临床氟骨症检出率为4.81%(3438/71 497),中度以上临床氟骨症检出率为1.56%(1114/71 497).分别测定了2876和2021份儿童和成人尿氟,几何均数分别为2.30、3.32 mg/L.结论 水氟＜1.2 mg/L的已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率均在30%以下,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症检出率随着改水时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势.未改水病区,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症病情随水氟升高而上升.河北省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,应该加快改水降氟进度并提高改水工程合格率.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the status of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis and the effect of preventive measure in Hebei province, so as to provide a basis to prevent and cure the disease. Methods Thirtyeight affected counties(cities, districts) with drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis were sampled by random sampling in Hebei in 2009. All affected villages in every county were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. Dental fluorosis of children aged 8 - 12 were examined and 6 copies of urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages. Clinical skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed among adults aged 16 and over and 20 copies of urine samples were tested for fluorosis in every village.Results A total of 112 affected villages were investigated, among which the drinking water quality of 66 villages were improved and 46 villages were not improved. A total of 236 copies of water samples from the 66 villages were measured and the fluoride content ranged from 0.1 to 4.3 mg/L, among which 20 copies of water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L, accounting for 33.3%. A total of 230 copies of water samples were collected in the 46 villages and the fluoride content ranged from 0.2 to 4.6 mg/L, among which 76.1% (35/46) of the water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L. A total of 5169 children aged 8 - 12 were examined of dental fluorosis, the dental fluorosis rate was 36.43%(1883/5169) and the dental fluorosis index was 0.81. A sum of 71 497 adults aged over 16 years were examined, and the rate of skeletal fluorosis was 4.81%(3438/71 497), moderate or severe clinical detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 1.56%( 1114/71 497). A total of 2876 copies of children urine samples and 2021 copies of adult urine samples were tested and the geometric mean of fluoride content was 2.30,3.32 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of dental fluorosis of children in the areas with improved water is less than 30% and the rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis decline gradually with time.The rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis increases with the increase of water fluoride in the water quality not improved areas. The endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious in Hebei. The progress of improving water quality in the areas with endemic fluorosis should be accelerated and the acceptability of improved water should be enhanced.     

2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

Objective To explore into the condition of fluoride content of the drinking water and the present status of water-improving projects in the endemic fluomsis areas in Shanxi province,and to provide the evidence for making scientific and effective tactics in prevention and control.Methods In 2007,according to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control",screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in non-improving water villages of 15 counties(cities,districts).The investigation of all water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).The fluoride content in drinking water was determined by fluoride selective ion electrode(GB/T 8538-1995).Results Screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in 969 non-improving water villages in 15 counties(cities,districts).Average water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 497 villages,accounting for 51.29%(497/969).Average water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 472 villages.accounting for 48.71%(472/969).The overall standard drinking water fluoride content was mainlv>1.0-4.0mg/L,and the maximum average water fluoride content was 8.96 mg/L.The investigation of 290 water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).Among 290 water-improving projects 213 water-improving projects were running normally,accounting for 73.45%(213/290);77 water-improving projects were running abnormally,accounting for 26.55%(77/290).Water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 158 projects,accounting for 54.48%(158/290).Water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 132 projects,accounting for 45.52%(132/290).The maximal water fluoride content was 5.20 mg/L.Conclusions The situation of drinking water fluoride content over the national standard is serious in Shanxi province.The qualification rate was lower for the fluoride content of water-improving projects.Therefore,we should strength water-improving projects to raise the effectiveness of prevention and treatment and assure their quality.     

2009年西藏自治区饮水型氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 了解西藏饮水型地方性氟中毒的病情动态,评价防治措施的效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照"2008年中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金西藏饮水型氟中毒防治项目"技术方案,于2009年9-10月选取日喀则谢通门和林芝察隅两县作为项目县,在每个项目县采用单纯随机抽样的方法选择3个项目村,以自然村为单位,对改水及改水工程运转情况、饮水含氟量、儿童氟斑牙和成人临床氟骨症进行调查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟;尿中氟化物的测定采用离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996);氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS192-2008)进行.结果 已改水病区水氟均值在0.18～0.34 mg/L,未改水病区水氟均值在0.70～2.13 mg/L;已改水病区8～10岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为50.78%(65/128),氟斑牙指数为1.04,儿童尿氟均值为1.64 mg/L,未改水病区氟斑牙检出率为80.65%(25/31),氟斑牙指数为1.50,儿童尿氟均值为2.08;已改水病区成人氟骨症患病率为38.7%(104/269),尿氟为1.61 mg/L,未改水病区成人氟骨症患病率为15.4%(18/117),尿氟为3.54mg/L.结论 改水降氟使氟斑牙的检出率降低至控制水平,严重程度也在降低,改水病区尿氟低于未改水病区,说明改水仍对消除氟中毒的危害有重要意义,但氟骨症患病率出现了在改水病区反而高于未改水病区的现象.

Abstract：

Objective To find out the dynamics of drinking water borne endemic fluorosis in Tibet's, to evaluate the effect of control measures, and to provide a scientific basis for the timely adjustment of control strategies. Methods During september to october 2009, according to the "2008 Central Government Special Funds to Subsidize Local Public Health in Drinking Water Borne Fluorosis in Tibet", Xigaze Xietongmen and Nyingchi Zayu were selected as project counties, three project villages were selected with simple random sampling method in each county, the functioning of water improvement projects, drinking water fluoride content, children's dental fluorosis and adult skeletal fluorosis were investigated. Water fluoride was detected by the "standard examination methods for drinking water the non-metallic targets"(GB/T 5750.6-2006) determination of fluoride; urinary fluoride was tested by ion selective electrode (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Deans method; adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "endemic skeletal fluorosis clinical diagnostic criteria" (WS 192-2008). Results Mean water fluoride was 0.18 - 0.34 mg/L in drinking water changed areas, and 0.70 - 2.13 mg/L in not changed areas; prevalence of dental fluorosis of children 8 - 10 was 50.78% (65/128), dental fluorosis index was 1.04,mean urinary fluoride was 1.64 mg/L in drinking water changed areas; prevalence of dental fluorosis of children 8 -10 years old was 80.65%(25/31 ) in not changed areas, dental fluorosis index was 1.50, mean urinary fluoride of children was 2.08; adult clinical skeletal fluorosis was 38.7%(104/269) in drinking water changed areas, the mean urinary fluoride was 1.61 mg/L, prevalence of skeletal fluorosis was 15.4% (18/117) in not changed areas, mean urinary fluoride was 3.54 mg/L. Conclusions The method of change the water to reduce fluoride decreases dental fluorosis to control levels, and severity is also reduced, urinary fluoride is decreased. However, the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis is higher than that of drinking water not changed areas.     

2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

Objective To explore into the condition of fluoride content of the drinking water and the present status of water-improving projects in the endemic fluomsis areas in Shanxi province,and to provide the evidence for making scientific and effective tactics in prevention and control.Methods In 2007,according to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control",screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in non-improving water villages of 15 counties(cities,districts).The investigation of all water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).The fluoride content in drinking water was determined by fluoride selective ion electrode(GB/T 8538-1995).Results Screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in 969 non-improving water villages in 15 counties(cities,districts).Average water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 497 villages,accounting for 51.29%(497/969).Average water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 472 villages.accounting for 48.71%(472/969).The overall standard drinking water fluoride content was mainlv>1.0-4.0mg/L,and the maximum average water fluoride content was 8.96 mg/L.The investigation of 290 water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).Among 290 water-improving projects 213 water-improving projects were running normally,accounting for 73.45%(213/290);77 water-improving projects were running abnormally,accounting for 26.55%(77/290).Water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 158 projects,accounting for 54.48%(158/290).Water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 132 projects,accounting for 45.52%(132/290).The maximal water fluoride content was 5.20 mg/L.Conclusions The situation of drinking water fluoride content over the national standard is serious in Shanxi province.The qualification rate was lower for the fluoride content of water-improving projects.Therefore,we should strength water-improving projects to raise the effectiveness of prevention and treatment and assure their quality.     

2008年山东省地方性氟中毒病情调查结果分析

目的 分析山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2008年按照国家<2007年地方病防治项目技术实施方案>的要求,选择山东省19个县(市、区)以村为单位进行流行病学调查,氟离子选择电极法测定水氟和8～12岁儿童尿氟,Dean法诊断儿童氟斑牙,临床和X线摄片检查16岁以上成人氟骨症.结果 在19个县(市、区)中,共调查了186个村,水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村44个,占23.66%(44/186);＞1.00 mg/L的村142个,占76.34%(142/186);水氟最大值为8.88 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为66.35%(4518/6809),氟斑牙指数为1.55,缺损率为15.39%(1048/6809).儿童尿氟＞1.40mg/L的人数占83.29%(2149/2580),最高值为31.92 mg/L.16岁以上成人氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为6.37%(5577/87 607)、20.23%(229/1132).结论 山东省地方性氟中毒病情仍然比较严重,防治形势依然比较严峻,须进一步加大防治力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide scientific evidence for the development of control strategies. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2007", 19 counties were chosen to carry out the epidemiological investigation in 2008. Water and urinary fluoride were determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 were diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis of adults over the age of 16 were examined clinically and by X-rays. Results In 19 counties, 186 villages were surveyed, 44 villages were found with mean water fluoride ≤ 1.00 mg/L, accounting for 23.66%(44/186);the value ＞ 1.00 mg/L in 142 villages,accounting for 76.34% (142/186);maximum water fluoride 8.88 mg/L. Total detection rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 66.35% (4518/6809), dental fluorosis index was 1.55, and defect rate was 15.39%(1048/6809). Children with urinary fluoride ＞ 1.40 mg/L was 83.29%(2149/2580), and the maximum value was 31.92 mg/L. Detection rates of skeletal fluorosis clinically and by X ray among adults over 16 years were 6.37%(5577/87 607) and 20.23% (229/1132), respectively. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province is still serious, prevention efforts need to be further increased.     

山西省浑源县农村饮用水卫生状况及地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 了解浑源县农村饮用水卫生状况,评价高氟区改水降氟效果,为今后农村饮水安全工作提供依据.方法 2008-2010年,按照<中央补助山西省公共卫生专项资金农村改水项目实施方案>,在浑源县共选择54个监测点,采集水样,检测感官性状、理化、微生物等19项指标.同时抽取全县17个乡(镇)40个改水村进行水氟监测.2009年6月在浑源县抽取3个高氟村,对3个村中所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙诊断(Dean 法),并抽取儿童尿样,进行尿氟测定,并对3个村的饮用水氟进行测定.水氟、尿氟测定均采用离子选择电极法.结果 3年共检测水样188份,合格率仅为35.1%(66/188),主要超标指标为菌落总数(109项)、总大肠菌群(47项)、耐热大肠菌群(39项)和氟化物(21项).共检测40个村160份饮用水,水氟超标率为12.50%(20/160).共对522名8～12岁儿童进行了氟斑牙诊断,氟斑牙检出率为7.66%(40/522),氟斑牙指数为0.16;共对74名8～12岁儿童进行了尿氟测定,尿氟几何均数为1.17 mg/L,范围为0.31～3.92 mg/L.结论 浑源县农村改水工作取得成效,但卫生状况较差,今后应加强水质监测和管理,确保农村饮用水安全.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the sanitary status of rural drinking water in Hunyuan county, evaluate the effect of water improvement project to reduce fluoride in high fluoride areas, and to provide the basis for rural drinking water safety. Methods Between 2008 and 2010, in accordance with the "Rural water supply project implementation plan entral grant special funds for public health in Shanxi province", in Hunyuan county, 54 monitoring sites were selected, collected water samples. Water sample sensory properties, chemical, microbiological and other 19 indicators were tested. Forty project villages from 17 townships in Hunyuan county were selected to test water fluoride. June 2009 in Hunyuan county 3 high fluoride villages were chosen, all children aged 8 to 12 in the villages were examined of dental fluorosis (Dean method), and children's urine samples were collected to measured urinary fluoride. Water fluoride of the 3 villages was determined. Water and urinary fluoride were measured by fluoride ion-selective electrode method. Results In three years, a total of 188 samples were detected,with a pass rate of 35.1%(66/188), the main indicators that exceeded the standard were colony count(109 items), total coliforms (47 items), heat-resistant coliform bacteria(39 items) and fluoride(21 items). A total of 160 water samples in the 40 villages from the 17 townships were tested, the water fluoride excessive rate was 12.50%(20/160). A total of 522 children aged 8 to 12 were examined dental fluorosis, dental fluorosis rate was 7.66%(40/522), dental fluorosis index was 0.16; a total of 74 urinary fluoride of children aged 8 to 12 were measured, geometric mean was 1.17 mg/L, urinary fluoride range was 0.31 - 3.92 mg/L. Conclusions The drinking water improvement project in Hunyuan county rural areas has been successful, but sanitary conditions is poor. Water quality monitoring should be strengthened to ensure safe drinking water in the areas.     

2008年重庆市燃煤型氟中毒病区环境氟调查分析

Objective To find out the distribution pattern of environmental fluoride in the coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas to provide scientific evidence for establishing prevention and remedial measures in Chongqing. Methods According to historical data in Chongqing In 2008, 4 endemic villages(Lingyun and Lizi Villages of Wushan County, and Taiping and Daqing Villages of Pengshui County) and 2 non-endemic villages (ShuangLou and XianLong Villages of Yongchuan County) were investigated. Dental fluorosis of children in 8 to 12 year old and residents over 16 years of age for clinical skeletal fluorosis were examined in four endemic villages. Five households from each of 6 villages were taken, where 500 g of coal, mixed clay with coal, mixed coal of soil, coal cinder, soil were sampled; 15 people were taken in each village, each household gathering 500 g of corn, rice, potatoes, vegetables, grain and vegetable, 100 g of dried pepper and 250 ml of drinking water were sampled from 15 families of each village. Household drinking water samples were collected 1, each 250 ml. For those having tea-drinking habit, each household was collected 50 g of tea and 600 ml of drinking tea, the amount of fluoride were determined. Indoor and outdoor air was collected and measured in 5 households in each village. Results The detected rate of dental fluorosis of children in endemic areas was 74.65% (736/986). The detected rate of skeletal fluorosis of adult was 7.20%(736/986). The average fluoride content of coal, mixed clay with coal, mixed coal of soil, cinder coal, soil in the endemic villages was (310.56±209.46), (360.51±224.96), (293.62±65.15), (186.59±133.66), (497.54±294.70)mg/kg. The average fluoride content in non-endemic villages was (48.68±10.62), (275.66±62.69), (152.20±34.43), (209.14±188.66),269.98±58.21)mg/kg. The fluoride content level of endemic villages was significantly higher than that of non-endemic villages(t=7.67,31.54,5.82, 5.82, all P<0.05). The average fluoride content of drinking water, corn, pepper, flee, potato and vegetable in the endemic villages was (0.30±0.14)mg/L, (1.83±2.67), (23.50±91.80), (0.77±0.25), (0.44±0.11), (0.48±0.18)mg/kg, The average fluoride content in non-endemic village was (0.18±0.06)mg/L, (2.21±0.46), (2.82±2.51), (1.31±0.21), (0.64±0.41), (1.10±0.77)mg/kg. The fluoride content in drinking water and pepper in the endemic villages was significantly higher than that of the non-endemic villages(t=7.79, 2.33, all P<0.05). The fluoride content of rice, potato and vegetable in the non-endemic villages was significantly higher than that of the endemic villages(t=39.29,4.69,4.01, all P<0.05). There was no significant difference of fluoride content of tea and drinking tea between endemic villages[(99.41±55.83)mg/kg, (1.59±0.91)mg/L] and non-endemic villages[(79.95±43.78)mg/kg, (1.80±1.16)mg/L, t=1.01, 0.27, all P>0.05]. The amount of drinking tea in the endemic village[(1.45±0.68)L/d] was higher than that in non-endemic village[(1.00±0.47)L/d, t=4.27, P<0.05]. The average fluoride content of indoor air in the endemic village[(12.77±8.08)μg/m3] was higher than that in non-endemic village [(1.16±1.08)μg/m3, t=9.49, P<0.01]. There was no significant difference of fluoride content of outdoor air between endemic village and non-endemic village[(1.10±1.57), (0.39±0.31)μg/m3, t=2.01, P>0.05)]. Conclusions The fluoride source of coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas are coal and mixed coal of soil in Chongqing. Fluoride enters into human bodies mainly via respiratory, not from food. Although fluoride is rich in pepper, people don't eat it, so reducing the fluoride content in indoor air is the principle measure. Drinking tea may be was one factor of endemic fluorosis, which needs to be further studied.     

2006-2010年吉林省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握吉林省地方性氟中毒病情变化,为调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年,采用分层整群抽样方法,每年在全省14个病区县的轻、中、重病区中抽取5个屯作为监测点.水氟、尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法(GB/T 8538-1995);8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;氟骨症诊断2006-2008年采用<地方性氟骨症临床分度标准>(GB 16396-1996),2009、2010年采用<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS192-2008).结果 共监测25个病区屯,其中改水屯14个,常住人口8005人,受益人口7154人,占常住人口的89.37%;未改水屯11个.按照<国家生活饮用水卫生标准>要求,14个改水屯居民饮用水含氟量均合格(≤1.20 mg/L),14个改水屯学校中有3个饮水含氟量超标;检测11个未改水屯饮用水含氟量,有7个超标.共检查改水屯8-12岁儿童363人,氟斑牙检出率为39.12%(142/363);未改水屯303人,氟斑牙检出率为43.89%(133/303).共检查改水屯16岁以上成人6424人,氟骨症检出率为6.27%(403/6424);未改水屯3572人,氟骨症检出率为13.89%(496/3572).已改水的中、轻病区16岁以上成人氟骨症患者和8-12岁儿童的尿氟几何均值均在正常参考值(WS/T 256-2005,1.40 mg/L)以下.结论 吉林省改水病区氟中毒病情已得到一定程度的控制,未改水病区氟中毒病情仍然较重,氟中毒防治任务仍很艰巨.

Abstract：

Objective To identify changes in the occurrence of endemic fluorosis in order to provide scientific basis for making countermeasures. Methods Five villages from 14 counties of mild, moderate and severe fluorosis affected areas were selected by stratified cluster sampling every year in the whole province during 2006 - 2010. Water and urinary fluorine were determined by ion selective electrode method(GB/T 8538-1995); dental fluorosis of children 8-12 years old was diagnosed with Dean method; skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed according to "clinical indexing standards of endemic skeletal fluorosis "(GB 16396-1996), between 2006 and 2008, and "clinical diagnosis standard of endemic skeletal fluorosis"(WS 192-2008) between 2009 and 2010. Results A total of 25 diseased villages were surveyed, 14 with water sources changed, covered a resident population of 8005 people, beneficiary population 7154, and accounting for 89.37% of the resident population; not changed villages 11. In accordance with the "State drinking water health standards", in the 14 changed villages the fluoride in drinking water was qualified (≤ 1.20 mg/L), there were 3 schools whose water fluorine content exceeded the standard; among the 11 villages that did not change water sources 7 drinking water samples fluorine content exceeded the standard. Of the 8 to 12 years old children in villages with changed water sources, 363 of them were checked and 142 dental fluorosis were found, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 39.12% (142/363); in villages with water sources not changed, 303 children were checked, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 43.89%(133/303). Of sixteen and elder adults in water source changed villages, 6424 people were checked and 403 skeletal fluorosis were found, skeletal fluorosis detection rate was 6.27% (403/6424); 3572 people were checked in not changed villages, the detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 13.89%(496/3572). In water sources changed areas, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was in the normal reference value(WS/T 256-2005, 1.40 mg/L)or less. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis is decreased in water improved areas, but in unimproved areas the disease is still severe, and control of endemic fluorosis is still an arduous task.     

2008年江苏省苏北地区饮水型地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握江苏省苏北地区饮水型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病情及降氟改水工程使用情况.为进一步开展地氟病的防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2008年,在徐州、连云港、宿迁市的10个饮水型地氟病重点县(区),按照以往水氟调查资料,采用分层抽样的方法,抽取40个病区村,对所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查;对所有16岁以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查.在40个病区村中,抽取30%的病区村,每个病区村选择20名16岁以上成人进行X线氟骨症检查,抽取50%病区村,每个村采集30名8～12岁儿童的任意一次尿样 检测尿氟.在每个市,选择1个县,对分层抽样方法抽取剑的病区村的改水工程现状、供水能力及覆盖范围等进行调查.结果 共计对3560名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,检出率为38.51%(1371/3560).缺损率为5.34%(190/3560),氟斑牙指数为0.8;共抽取708份尿样,尿氟中位数为1.47 mg/L,范围为0.08～10.08 mg/L;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为21.3%(1294/6083),X线氟骨症检出率为39.2%(123/314).共调查了248个集中式改水设施,无经费运行或损坏的有49个,水氟>1.0 mg/L的有18个.结论 江苏省苏北地区饮水型地氟病病情尚未完全控制,并有回升趋势,须进一步加强降氟改水监管力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the state of endemic fluorosis, running status of water improvement project to reduce fluoride in Jiangsu province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of endemic fluorosis. Methods In 2008, in the ten key counties of endemic fluorosis (zone), in Xuzhou,Lianyungang and Suqian, a stratified sampling method was employed to select 40 diseased villages according to their past water fluoride survey data. All children aged 8 to 12 were examined dental fluorosis, and all adults over 16 years were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis. Thirty per cent of the 40 diseased villages were selected, and 20 adults over the age of 16 in each selected village were examined by X-ray, respectively;50% of the 40 diseased villages were selected, and 30 any time urine samples of children aged 8 to 12 in each diseased village were tested urine fluoride. In each city, select a county, the status of water improvement project to reduce fluoride, water supply capacity and coverage in the county were investigated. Results A total of 3560 children aged 8 to 12 were examined, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 38.51% (1371/3560), tooth defect rate was 5.34% (190/3560), and dental fluorosis index was 0.8. Seven hundred and eight urine samples were tested, the median urinary fluoride was 1.47 mg/L and the range was 0.08 ~ 10.08 mg/L. Clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 21.3% among adults over the age of 16, and X-ray detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 39.2% (123/314).Investigated a total of 248 facilities of centralized water improvement projects, no funds to run or damaged 49, the water fluoride > 1.0 mg/L was 18. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Northern Jiangsu province has not been controlled completely, but has a rising trend, we should further strengthen the supervision of water fluoride reduction.     

山东省不同改水降氟情况的儿童氟斑牙调查结果比较分析

目的了解山东省地方性氟中毒病情现状。方法在13个市采用整群分层随机抽样的方法选择调查点,水氟用氟离子电极法测定,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean氏法进行诊断。结果共调查31个县337个病村,水氟>1.00mg/L的病村占54.41%,8￣12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为41.39%,斑釉指数为0.95,缺损率为9.10%。在未改水的病村中,有69.77%的病村水氟>1.00mg/L(最大值为6.62mg/L),儿童氟斑牙患病率平均为41.84%,斑釉指数为0.97,缺损率为9.06%;在改水降氟工程运转基本正常的病村中,有37.04%的病村水氟>1.00mg/L(最大值为5.57mg/L),儿童氟斑牙患病率平均为33.29%,斑釉指数为0.73,缺损率为5.98%;在改水工程停用报废的病村中,有72.84%的病村水氟>1.00mg/L(最大值为8.32mg/L),儿童氟斑牙患病率平均为57.18%,斑釉指数为1.35,缺损率为15.02%。结论山东省地方性氟中毒病情仍然十分严重,须进一步落实防制措施和加强监测工作。     

2005年甘肃省饮水型氟中毒病区水氟和改水降氟工程调查

目的 了解2005年甘肃省饮水型氟中毒病区水氟分布和改水降氟工程现状.方法 对甘肃省地方性氟中毒病区饮水和改水降氟工程进行水氟监测和工程运转情况调查登记.水氟测定用氟离子选择电极法.结果 筛查了11个市(州)的34个县(区)354个乡(镇)的1576个村的水源.检测水样7829份,检测出水氟超标水样1891份,占24.15%.水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的村为1185个,占调查村的75.19%;1.0 mg/L的村为391个,占24.81%;水氟最低为0.04 mg/L,最高为6.78 ms/L,以庆阳市、平凉市及定西市总体水氟均值较高,大于或接近1.0 mg/L.调查了993处改水降氟工程,对876处工程的饮水含氟量进行了检测,共检测水样3528份,有408份水样含氟量1.0 mg/L.其中≤1.0 mg/L的工程768处,占87.67%;1.0 mg/L的工程108处,占12.33%;水氟最高为5.27mg/L.剔除能正常运转但水氟超标部分,实际水氟合格且正常使用的工程682处,占68.68%.改水降氟的主要形式为打井和引水.结论 甘肃省筛查村的水氟超标仍较严重,有近1/3的改水工程报废或处于非正常运转状态,须尽快落实防治措施和加强改水降氟工程的监测和管理力度.     

山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒流行现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 在山东省选择9个病区县进行了流行病学调查,居民饮用水含氟量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.结果 水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村占34.41%(606/1761);＞1.00 mg/L的村占65.59%(1155/1761);水氟最大值为11.33 mg/L.水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的改水降氟工程占72.65%(449/618):＞1.00mg/L的改水降氟工程占27.35%(169/618);水氟最大值为5.85 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为45.03%(25 579/56 804),氟斑牙指数为0.80.结论 山东省黄河流域内50.00%以上的村庄水氟超过国家标准(≤1.00 mg/L),地方性氟中毒的流行尚未得到有效控制,须尽快落实防治措施.     

辽宁省地方性氟中毒的流行和防治现状

目的 了解辽宁省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)流行现状和防治措施落实情况.方法 对改水和未改水饮水型地氟病病区分层抽样开展饮用水含氟量筛查和8-12岁儿童氟斑牙,16岁以上成人临床氟骨症病情普查,检测8-12岁儿童志愿者尿氟.结果 全省普查842个未改水村(屯)和1829个改水村(屯),未改水村(屯)居民饮用水水氟0.01-7.10 mg/L,平均(0.96±0.64)mg/L,29.2%(246/842)的未改水村(屯)饮用水含氟量＞1.2 mg/L,在1829个改水村(屯)中调查了1234个降氟改水工程,水氟0.06-7.67 mg/L,工程正常运行且水氟≤1.2 mg/L的工程占调查工程的68.31%(843/1234),已改水村(屯)有31.69%(391/1234)的工程没有发挥其降氟改水作用.普查12127名8-12岁儿童和85 636名16岁以上成人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为24.4%(2960/12 127),成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为2.22%(1900/85 636).轻,中,重病区儿童氟斑牙检出情况比较,差异有统计学意义(X2＝19.25,P＜0.01),重病区儿童氟斑牙检出率较高,个别未改水的重病区村(屯)儿童氟斑牙检出率达到100%,成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为18.03%(97/538).重病区和轻病区(未改水及工程报废)儿童尿氟中位数分别为2.01,2.00 mg/L.结论 辽宁省未改水的饮水型地氟病中,重病区的病情仍然十分严重,工程停运或报废病区仍亟须落实降氟改水防治措施.     

2010年山东省地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法按照国家《2009年地方病防治项目技术实施方案》和《饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案(试行)》的要求,选择10个县,每个县选择3个村,测定饮用水含氟量,检查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和≥25岁成人氟骨症。水氟含量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean’s法,氟骨症诊断执行地方性氟骨症诊断标准(WS 192-2008)。结果在10个县中,共调查26个已改水村和4个未改水村。在26个已改水村中,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村15个,占57.69%;>1.20 mg/L的村11个,占42.31%,水氟最大值为5.58 mg/L。在4个未改水村中,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村1个,占25.00%,>1.20 mg/L的村3个,占75.00%,水氟最大值为2.92 mg/L。检查已改水村8～12岁儿童1 331人,氟斑牙检出率为59.73%,氟斑牙指数为1.17,缺损率为10.14%。检查未改水村8～12岁儿童138人,氟斑牙检出率为51.45%,氟斑牙指数为0.95,缺损率为0.72%。已改水村和未改水村≥25岁成人的氟骨症X线检出率分别为8.80%和3.05%。结论山东省改水降氟工程水氟超标严重,地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效控制,须进一步加大防制力度。     

2005-2007年山东省地方性氟中毒病区水氟测定结果分析

目的 分析山东省地方性氟中毒病区水氟分布和改水降氟工程的现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家<2004、2005和2006年地方病防治项目技术方案>要求,分别于2005、2006、2007在山东省17个市的113个地方性氟中毒病区县(市、区)对改水降氟工程的使用现状进行调查;对未改水病区村进行水氟筛查;对改水降氟工程进行水氟检测;水氟测定采用氟离子选择性电极法.结果 山东省共有改水降氟工程5816处,工程以打井为主,水源主要为地下水;正常运行的工程占72.80%(4234/5816),间歇运行的工程占3.11%(181/5816),报废工程占24.09%(1401/5816).共筛查了16个市、100个县、6940个病区村(包括未改水和改水降氟工程报废的病区村)的饮水水样,其中水氟≤1.00 mg/L的病区村为2987个,占43.04%(2987/6940);水氟＞1.00mg/L的病区村为3953个,占56.96%(3593/6940),最大值为13.31 mg/L.调查了17个市、95个县、4415处改水降氟工程,其中水氟≤1.00 mg/L的工程为2983处,占65.53%(2983/4415);水氟＞1.00mg/L的工程为1522处,占34.47%(1522/4415),最大值为9.71 mg/L.结论 山东省仍有1/2以上的病区村和1/3以上的改水降氟工程水氟超标,并且近1/4的改水降氟工程已经报废,氟中毒防治形势仍然十分严峻,应尽快落实防治措施和加强改水降氟工程的监测工作.     

河南省燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒流行现况调查

目的 掌握河南省燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)流行现状,为地氟病的防治工作提供依据.方法 2006、2007年对河南省13个县(市、区)的1832个历史燃煤污染型地氟病病区村燃煤情况、生活习惯、主食、住房结构、水氟等因素进行普查,对仍使用高氟煤的216个村进行重点抽样调查,每村对8～12岁全部儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并采集30份即时尿样检测尿氟.结果 所有历史病区村饮水含氟量<1.0 mg/L;有独立厨房的居民户占93.7%(241 281/257 393),炉灶有排烟设施的占41.9%(107 917/257 393),使用当地高氟煤做饭的户数占28.6%(73 686/257 393);使用当地高氟煤取暖的户数占24.1%(61 924/257 393);主食来源为自产,占病区村的95.7%(1753/1832),均采用自然晾晒的方式干燥粮食;16.2%(35/216)的病区村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率>30.0%,全部集中在洛阳市;77.8%(168/216)的病区村儿童尿氟≤1.50 mg/L.结论 河南省燃煤污染型地氟病病区范围已大大缩小,危害程度明显减轻.其中8个县(市、区)历史病区村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙病情已经达到了病区控制标准,有5个县(市、区)未达到控制标准,集中分布在洛阳市.     

2006年河南省洛阳市燃煤污染型氟中毒病区现状调查

目的 了解河南省洛阳市燃煤污染型氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区现状,为制订地氟病防治措施提供依据.方法 2006年,采用一村一户一表的登记式方法,对洛阳市所辖的偃师市、孟津县、新安县、栾川县和吉利区共941个历史燃煤污染型地氟病自然村病情现况、生活习惯、住房结构等进行普查.普查中对人口数在500人以上的病区自然村作为重点调查村,进行水氟、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙病情及尿氟测定.水氟、儿童尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙检查采用Dean法.结果 在洛阳市地氟病病区,现存地氟病自然村742个,与历史村数比较减少了199个.96.7%(142 543/147 419)的居民户以本地石煤及外购的无烟煤做燃料,无排烟设施.其中独立厨房户数占93.6%(137 919/147 419),有63.0%(86 889/137 919)的居户厨房和卧室相通.125 060户群众用燃煤炉取暖,其中87.8%(109 802/125 060)有排烟设施,12.2%(15 258/125 060)无排烟设施.抽取人121数在500人以上的病区自然村52个,采集饮用水水样183份,2份水样水氟>1.0ms/L,最高水氟值1.04 mg/L,水氟均值0.39 mg/L.儿童氟斑牙总检出率为36.06%,检出率>30%有36个自然村,占69.2%(36/52),儿童氟斑牙检出率<30%有16个自然村,占30.8%(16/52).儿童氟斑牙指数>0.6的有23个自然村,中度氟斑牙检出率为1.3%(94/7238),但未发现重度氟斑牙儿童.测定8～12岁儿童即时尿样1408份,尿氟最高值6.88 mg/L,最低值0.10 mg/L,几何均数1.10 mg/L.结论 洛阳市燃煤型氟中毒病区村数较过去减少,儿童氟斑牙病情大幅度下降,部分群众仍然厨房卧室相通,无排烟设施,须教育群众改变生活方式、改炉改灶减轻煤烟氟污染.     

2009年陕西省饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握陕西省饮水型氟中毒改水工程运行情况及降氟效果,为饮水型氟中毒防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2009年对陕西省西安、宝鸡和榆林3个市16个县48个自然村进行监测.在未改水村按东、西、南、北、中采集5份水样,在已改水村采集3份末梢水和1份出厂水,用氟化物离子选择电极法(GB/I'5750-2006)检测水氟.对监测村所有在校8～12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙检查,16岁以上成人全部进行临床氟骨症检查,抽取30%的项目县,每个县选择1个村,对已诊断的临床氟骨症患者进行X线拍片检查,临床和X线氟骨症诊断采用<地方性氟骨症诊断标准>(WS 192-2007).每个村采集8～12岁儿童尿样30份、16岁以上成人尿样20份,用<尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法)(WS/T 89-1996)检测尿氟.结果 22处运行正常的改水工程中,出厂水超标8处,占36.36%(8/22);工程报废5处.共检测水样202份,已改水村出厂水和末梢水水氟中位数分别为0.72、0.62mg/L,水氟超标率分别为36.36%(8/22)、31.94%(23/72);未改水村水氟中位数为1.00 mg/L,水氟超标率为39.81%(43/108).8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.06%(367/2285),氟斑牙指数为0.30,流行程度为阴性;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为5.09%(1542/30 272),共有198人拍摄X线片,阳性68人,检出率为34.34%(68/198).共检测儿童尿样1051份,尿氟几何均数为0.95mg/L;共检测16岁以上成人尿样914份,尿氟几何均数为1.16 mg/L.结论 陕西省饮水型氟中毒流行范围较大,病情程度较为严重,防治任务还很艰巨.进一步加大病区改水力度,加强病情监测、健康教育和改水工程的管理工作是防治地方性氟中毒的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the running conditions of the water improvement projects and the role of these projects in reducing fluoride in drinking-water type of fluorosis in Shaanxi province, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease. Methods Forty-eight villages of 16 counties in Xi'an, Baoji, and Yulin cities of Shaanxi province were monitored in 2009. Five water samples were collected randomly in water unimproved monitoring villages by the position of east, west, south, north, and center parts. In water improved monitoring villages, 3 tap water and one source water samples were collected. Water fluoride was tested using fluoride ion selective electrode method according to the "Standard Testing Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750-2006). All school children aged 8 to 12 in monitored villages were examined their dental fluorosis using Dean criteria. All people over 16 years old were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis, and 30% of the project counties were randomly selected, then randomly selected one village among these counties, clinically diagnosed patients with skeletal fluorosis were examined again by X-ray using "Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2007). Urine samples of 30 children aged 8 to 12 and of 20 adults over the age of 16 were randomly collected, urinary fluoride was tested according to "the Determination of Urinary Fluoride by Ion Selective Electrode Method" (WS/T 89-19%). Results Of the 22 water improvement projects that in normal operation, fluoride level of 8 source waters exceeded the standard, accounting for 36.36%(8/22), and projects scrapped 5. Two hundred and two water samples were tested. In water improved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride of source water and tap water were 0.72,0.62 mg/L, respectively, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard ere 36.36%(8/22) and 31.94%(23/72), respectively. In water unimproved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride was 1.00 mg/L, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard was 39.81%(43/108). Detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 16.06% (367/2285), dental fluorosis index was 0.30, and the prevalence was negative. Detection rate of clinical skeletal fluorosis among adults over 16 years old was 5.09%(1542/30 272), a totally of 198 people had X-ray film taken, positive 68, the positive detection rate was 34.34%(68/198). One thousand and fifty-one copies of children's urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 0.95 mg/L; nine hundred and fourteen copies of adults urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.16 mg/L Conclusions Drinking-water type of fluorosis affects a large area in Shaanxi province, the disease is still serious, and the task of prevention remains very arduous. Further intensify the water improvement project in diseased areas, and strengthen disease monitoring, health education and water improvement project management is the key to prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.