经椎弓根撬拨结合脊柱撑开复位器加植骨成形术治疗中青年胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

应用经椎弓根撬拨结合脊柱撑开复位器加植骨成形术治疗中青年胸腰椎爆裂性骨折9例9个椎体。术前、后行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),测量手术前后椎体高度压缩率、后凸畸形角度,进行比较和统计学分析。术后所有患者腰背部疼痛明显减轻,病椎椎体高度压缩率和恢复率、椎体后凸角度和矫正率明显恢复。     

椎体肿瘤脊柱后凸的后路手术治疗

目的观察后路手术治疗椎体肿瘤合并脊柱后凸的临床疗效。方法选择椎体肿瘤合并脊柱后凸患者作为研究对象,分为后路肿瘤切除+钉棒固定椎间融合器植骨融合术组(观察组)和后外侧入路肿瘤切除术+钉棒固定椎间融合器植骨融合术组(对照组),观察手术相关指标、椎体功能、融合情况以及生活质量。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后卧床时间、Cobb角均明显少于对照组;治疗后椎间隙高度、椎体融合率、生活质量优良率明显高于对照组。结论后路手术创伤较小、预后好,对于椎体肿瘤合并脊柱后凸的患者治疗效果较好。     

胸腰椎骨折术后并发迟发性后凸畸形的危险因素和后路脊柱缩短术

目的探讨胸腰椎骨折术后并发迟发性后凸畸形的危险因素,并分析经椎弓根椎体椎间隙截骨脊柱缩短术的疗效。方法回顾性分析1999年7月-2004年7月本院收治的胸腰椎骨折术后远期并发后凸畸形患者17例,其中男12例,女5例;年龄24～52岁,平均34岁。患者初期均在伤后3～11d内接受后路手术;就诊时后凸畸形Cobb角32°～72°,平均46°。17例患者均采用经椎弓根椎体椎间隙截骨脊柱缩短术。结果术后迟发性后凸畸形的因素为初次后路手术未行植骨融合12例,初次手术没有满意恢复骨折椎体的高度9例,初次手术没有满意重建脊柱正常矢状面形态而残留部分后凸畸形9例,内固定失败和假关节形成7例及固定节段过度撑开3例。本组术前胸腰椎后凸Cobb角46°,术后8°,纠正率为83%(38/46)。随访6个月～4.5年,平均2年4个月,Cobb角11°,纠正丢失率8%(3/38)。无死亡、深部感染患者,其中12例腰痛消失。结论初次后路手术未行植骨融合、没有满意恢复骨折椎体的高度、没有满意重建脊柱正常矢状面形态、内固定失败及假关节形成是胸腰椎骨折术后并发迟发性后凸畸形发生的危险因素。采用经椎弓根椎体椎间隙截骨脊柱缩短术可以一次后路手术完成内固定取出和矫形内固定,临床疗效满意。     

短节段通用脊柱系统内固定加伤椎内植骨治疗胸腰椎不稳定骨折

目的探讨应用短节段通用脊柱系统（USS）骨折内固定术及伤椎内植骨治疗胸腰椎不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法对40例急性单节段胸腰椎不稳定骨折行后路短节段USS骨折内固定术及伤椎内植骨,对患者手术前后的椎体高度、Cobb’s角进行比较,观察术后1年内固定材料有无松动、断裂,椎体内及椎板间植骨融合情况,神经功能恢复情况。结果 40例患者术后1周、1年伤椎前后缘高度比值、Cobb’s角较术前均明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后1周与1年上述指标比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术后1年未见内固定材料松动、断裂,椎体内及椎板间植骨均骨性融合,有5例神经功能较术前好转。结论短节段USS骨折内固定术及伤椎内植骨治疗胸腰椎不稳定骨折,椎体内及椎板间植骨融合率高,能有效防止术后矫正角度丢失及内固定失败。     

脊柱关节突关节角变化特点及其临床意义

目的:探讨脊柱关节突关节角的总体变化规律。方法:在100例成年、配套完整的脊柱骨骼标本上,测量了C3～S1的上关节突关节角,并对其左右侧别、相邻上下椎骨和性别间的差异进行了分析比较。结果:颈段C3上关节突关节角最大,C6最小;胸段T2～T11上关节突关节角变化范围极小,平均为-14.5°±0.8°,相差不超过2°;腰骶段上关节突关节角在L2～L3最大,到S1逐渐减小。T1上关节突关节角与C7、T2～T12均有显著性差异,T12与L1、T1～T11及L5与L1～L4、S1间也均有显著性差异。结论:脊柱关节突关节角的总体变化有一定特点:L2最大,T12～S1呈山峰形变化;T2～T11为最小段,呈直线形变化;颈段角度介于胸、腰段之间,总体呈由正变负趋势。C7～T1、T12～L1及L4～L5为过渡角区。     

后路椎弓根固定加椎间植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的 探讨后路椎弓根螺钉同定联合椎间植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效. 方法对62例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者采用后路减压国产通用型脊柱固定系统(general spine system, GSS)椎弓根螺钉固定联合椎间植骨融合手术,比较术前、术后相邻椎体上下终板成角(Cobb角)、椎体前缘高度与正常高度的比值、椎管骨性占位率等指标,了解术后骨折复位情况以及随访期间内固定有无失败和复位丢,大情况. 结果通过手术减压复位,Cobb角、椎体前缘高度与正常高度的比值、椎管骨性占位率均明显改善.术后随访测量与术后相比无明显变化,无一例发生内固定失败. 结论后路椎弓根螺钉联合椎间植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折可以有效防止内固定失败、复位丢失和后凸畸形,是治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折较理想的方法.     

胸腰段脊柱结核合并截瘫脊柱钢板固定手术配合31例

1999~2005年,我院采用脊柱钢板内固定结合融合的方法,治疗31例胸腰段脊柱结核合并截瘫者,最大程度恢复了胸腰段脊柱的稳定性,疗效满意,现将手术配合报告如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:本组男20例,女11例,年龄18~42岁,平均30岁。病变椎体分布:T10~T1112例、T11~T1212例、L14例、L23例。截瘫指数为2者9例、3者12例、4者9例、5者1例。截瘫持续时间最短7天,最长6个月。术前X线测量后凸成角31~70°,平均40°;脊柱侧弯9~20°,平均16°。1.2手术方法:在插管全麻下行健侧卧位,病灶侧在上,先行病灶清除椎管前外侧减压椎体间植骨,再行脊柱钢板内固定…     

ISOLA钉棒系统后路治疗无神经功能障碍的胸腰段脊柱骨折

目的 观察采用ISOLA钉棒系统后路复位固定及植骨融合治疗无神经功能障碍的脊柱胸腰段骨折的临床疗效。方法 12例不稳定及畸形较重而无神经功能障碍的脊柱胸腰段骨折患者接受后路ISOLA钉棒系统复位固定及植骨融合术治疗,取髂骨行椎板及横空间植骨。通过影像学检查脊柱畸形角（Cobb＇s角）的纠正内固定的位置及骨愈合情况。结果 手术7天后均逐渐恢复穿衣、起卧床、步行、大小便及洗漱等生活自理能力,术后1个月逐渐恢复非弯腰的轻体力工作。所有病例骨折复位良好,后凸及侧凸畸形均获得满意的矫正、缩小的椎管管径完全得到恢复。随访11例,均无畸形矫正丢失和伤椎及椎间高度下降,且未出来钉棒松动及断裂。结论 ISOLA钉棒系统后路复位胸腰椎骨折的性能良好,并具有稳定固定强度,对无神经功能障碍的脊柱胸腰段骨折复位固定融合治疗具有良好的临床疗效。     

胸腰段脊柱骨折不同固定方式疗效对比分析

目的 对比跨伤椎固定与经伤椎固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2005年6月-2008年12月分别采用跨伤椎固定与经伤椎固定治疗的56例胸腰段脊柱骨折,其中男41例,女15例;年龄21 ～ 66岁,平均41.5岁.损伤部位:T1213例,L127例,L2 16例.按AO分型:A1.2型6例,A3.1型29例,A3.2型9例,A3.3型12例.载荷评分5～8分,平均6.3分.脊髓神经损伤按Frankel分级:A级3例,B级4例,C级8例,D级17例,E级24例.采用椎弓根螺钉跨伤椎固定27例,经伤椎固定29例,两组患者均选择性进行单节段植骨融合.对比两组患者术前、术后和最后随访时的Cobb角、伤椎前缘高度恢复及椎管占位情况的变化.随访过程中观察植骨融合和脊髓神经恢复情况.采用Denis评分比较两组患者局部疼痛和工作状态的恢复差异. 结果 所有患者获随访12 ～48个月,平均25.8个月.跨伤椎固定组1例于术后1.5个月出现棒松动,其余未出现内固定松动或断裂现象.在术后Cobb角矫正、椎体前缘高度恢复、椎管占位率恢复及最后随访时椎体前缘高度和椎管占位保持方面两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后两组患者矫正度均存在丢失现象,跨伤椎固定组最后随访时的Cobb角与术后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),经伤椎固定组最后随访时的Cobb角与术后比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),两组间Cobb角矫正度丢失率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).跨伤椎固定组植骨融合21例(78％),经伤椎固定组植骨融合27例(93％)(P＜0.05).在局部疼痛评分上,经伤椎固定组优于跨伤椎固定组(P＜0.05),而在工作状态的恢复方面两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 相对跨伤椎固定,经伤椎固定治疗胸腰椎骨折能够获得较高的植骨融合率,同时能更好地维持脊柱矫正度,是胸腰椎骨折后路治疗的较好选择.     

胸腰椎骨折后路单节段椎弓根钉固定与结合骨水泥强化固定的生物力学比较

目的 比较胸腰椎骨折后路单节段椎弓根钉固定与结合骨水泥强化固定的生物力学效果.方法 在8具新鲜小牛胸腰椎标本(T11～L3)的L1椎体上制作不完全爆裂骨折模型.标本依次行单节段椎弓根钉固定及单节段椎弓根钉固定+骨水泥强化固定.对标本施加扭矩为4 Nm的疲劳载荷共2 000次,加载频率为0.5 Hz.经脊柱三维运动测量系统测量完整、骨折、固定和周期性加载后固定节段前屈、后伸、左侧屈、右侧屈、左旋转和右旋转运动时固定节段的角位移运动范围(ROM).结果 两种固定状态及疲劳后各方向ROM均明显小于正常及骨折状态(P<0.05);单节段椎弓根钉固定结合骨水泥强化固定状态前屈、后伸、侧屈、旋转ROM分别为0.40°、0.53°、0.86°、0.55°,疲劳后前屈、后伸、侧屈、旋转ROM变化值分别为0.10°、0.07°、0.19°、0.08°,均小于单纯单节段椎弓根钉固定组,尤其在旋转和前屈方向,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 两种固定方式均可重建脊柱骨折的即刻稳定性并具有良好的抗疲劳载荷效果.但在前屈和旋转方向,单节段椎弓根钉固定并骨水泥强化优于单纯单节段椎弓根钉固定.     

Biomechanical considerations for clinical application in athletes with low back pain

Biomechanical concepts of the effects of lumbar spine load transmission, flexion and extension stresses, contact pressure in facet joints, and load transmissibility function of intervertebral discs are presented. These concepts serve as a basis for discussion of some innovative approaches to treatment of low back pain in the athlete. In addition, explanations of extremes of spinal extension and flexion related to back pain, coupling mechanisms as a basis for spinal motion, and discogenic pain as the primary etiology for back pain in athletes are offered.     

Spinal injury analysis for typical snowboarding backward falls

Spinal injury (SPI) often causes death and disability in snow‐sport accidents. SPIs often result from spinal compression and flexion, but the injury risks due to over flexion have not been studied. Back protectors are used to prevent SPIs but the testing standards do not evaluate the flexion‐extension resistance. To investigate SPI risks and to better define back‐protector specifications, this study quantified the flexion‐extension range of motions (ROMs) of the thoracic‐lumbar spine during typical snowboarding backward falls. A human facet‐multibody model, which was calibrated against spinal flexion‐extension responses and validated against vehicle‐pedestrian impact and snowboarding backward fall, was used to reproduce typical snowboarding backward falls considering various initial conditions (initial velocity, slope steepness, body posture, angle of approach, anthropometry, and snow stiffness). The SPI risks were quantified by normalizing the numerical spinal flexion‐extension ROMs against the corresponding ROM thresholds from literature. A high risk of SPI was found in most of the 324 accident scenarios. The thoracic segment T6‐T7 had the highest injury risk and incidence. The thoracic spine was found more vulnerable than the lumbar spine. Larger anthropometries and higher initial velocities tended to increase SPI risks while bigger angles of approach helped to reduce the risks. SPIs can result from excessive spinal flexion‐extension during snowboarding backward falls. Additional evaluation of back protector's flexion‐extension resistance should be included in current testing standards. An ideal back protector should consider the vulnerable spinal segments, the snowboarder's skill level and anthropometry.     

Flexion and extension radiography of the lumbar spine: a comparison with lumbar discography

Four methods of quantifying relative intervertebral body movement from static flexion/extension radiographs are reviewed and the ability of each of these techniques to indicate the site(s) of disc degeneration is compared with that of lumbar discography. Of the methods examined, that of measuring the linear displacement of one vertebra in the antero-posterior plane was found to be the most accurate method of indicating disc degeneracy. None of the methods examined was free from artefacts. With regard to the clinical usefulness of flexion/extension radiography, we discuss two separate situations. Firstly, the taking of a single set of flexion/extension radiographs is concluded to be of little value in the management of patients with low back pain. Secondly, flexion/extension radiography, on a serial basis, is considered to be of possible value in specific situations (for example, follow-up of a spinal fusion).     

Comparison of 3D spinal motions during stair-climbing between individuals with and without low back pain

In spite of the importance of stair-climbing (SC) as an activity of daily living, 3D spinal motion during SC has not been investigated in association with low back pain (LBP). The purpose of this research is to investigate the differences of the spinal motions during SC between an LBP group and a healthy control group, in order to provide insight into the LBP effect on the spinal motions. During two types of SC tests (single and double step SCs), we measured 3D angular motions (flexion/extension, lateral bending, and twist) of the pelvis, lumbar spine and thoracic spine using an inertial sensing-based, portable spinal motion measurement system. For the nine motion variables (i.e. three anatomical planes × three segments), range of motions (ROM) and movement patterns were compared to determine the differences between the two groups. It was found that the only variable having the p-value of a t-test lower than 0.05 was the flexion/extension of the lumbar spine in both SCs (i.e. the LBP group's ROM < the control group's ROM). Although the strength of this finding is limited due to the small number of subjects (i.e. 10 subjects for each group) and the small ROM differences between the groups, the comparison result of the t-test along with the motion pattern shows that the effect of LBP during SC may be localized to the lumbar spinal flexion/extension, making it an important measure to be considered in the rehabilitation and treatment of LBP patients.     

Effect of low back posture on the morphology of the spinal canal

Objective. To define the possible mechanism of posture-dependent symptoms of spinal stenosis by measuring the effect of low back posture on morphologic changes of the intervertebral discs and spinal canal in healthy young people. Design.Twenty healthy young volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging while supine with their spine in neutral, flexed, extended, and right and left rotational positions. The axial MR images at the middle of the intervertebral discs of L3–4 and L4–5 were analyzed to measure the difference in the size and shape of the intervertebral discs and spinal canal in each posture. Results.  Extension or rotation decreased the sagittal diameters and cross-sectional areas of the dural sac and spinal canal and increased the thickness of the ligamentum flavum, whereas flexion had the opposite effects. The gap between the convex posterior disc margin and the anterior margin of the facet joint on each side, represented as the subarticular sagittal diameter, increased with flexion and decreased with extension or rotation. The direction of rotation did not result in asymmetry of the subarticular sagittal diameter, but right rotation caused thickening of the right ligamentum flavum, and vice versa. The shape and dimensions of the disc did not change significantly according to the positions of the low back. Conclusions.With extension or rotation, the thickness of the ligamentum flavum increased and the posterior margin of the intervertebral disc was approximated to the facet joint without any change in shape and size of the disc. These phenomena result in a decrease in the size of the spinal canal and dural sac in extension or rotation postures in young healthy people without disc degeneration, and may explain the posture-dependent symptom of spinal stenosis. Received: 18 October 1999 Revision requested: 9 November 1999 Revision received: 13 December 1999 Accepted: 17 January 2000     

The effect of pre-season dance training on physical indices and back pain in elite cross-country skiers: a prospective controlled intervention study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of pre-season dance training on back pain, joint mobility, and muscle flexibility, and on speed and agility in elite cross-country skiers. METHODS: 26 skiers participated (mean (SD) age, 19 (3.9) years). An intervention group (n = 16) had 12 weeks of dance training; a control group (n = 10) did not dance; otherwise both groups followed a similar pre-season physical training programme. Joint mobility and muscle flexibility of the spine, hip, and ankle were measured. Two sports related functional tests (slalom and hurdle) were also done. All measurements/tests were carried out before and after the dancing period. RESULTS: Four (of six) subjects from the intervention group who initially complained of ski related back pain did not report back pain after the dance training; the three subjects with back pain from the control group were unchanged. At study onset the intervention group had a slightly impaired range of motion in the spine compared with the control group. After dance training, there was a better relation between kyphosis of the thoracic spine and lordosis of the lumbar spine, and a 7.1 degrees increase in hip flexion with the knee extended (p = 0.02). In the control group hip extension decreased by 0.08 m on average (p = 0.01). No positive effects of dance training on sports related functional tests were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Preseason dance training improved the range of hip motion and joint mobility and the flexibility of the spine. These improvements might explain the reduction in ski related back pain in the intervention group.     

Functional analysis of the cervical spine in healthy persons

Radiograms were taken of subjects with no symptoms of cervical spine problems; the cervical spine was evaluated in the spontaneous posture and at maximal flexion and extension. The position and movement of the vertebra, intervertebral height and gliding were calculated. The results showed that (1) lordosis in women occurred less pronounced than in men, and that there was an increase with age; (2) C 2-3 was the least flexible segment and motility increased in the caudal direction; mobility decreased with age and the segments of the lower cervical spine with the highest mobility decreased the most; (3) all posterior and ventral intervertebral heights showed a decrease with age at C 5-6 and C 6-7; (4) vertebral gliding decreased with age.     

重症脊柱结核的手术治疗

目的探讨重症脊柱结核手术治疗的方法和临床效果。方法110例病变累及1—3个椎节的胸腰椎结核患者,伴有不同程度结核中毒症状,32例患者有不同程度后凸畸形。一期行前路病灶切除减压,自体髂骨肋骨和同种异体骨椎体间植骨,“K”钢板内固定重建脊柱稳定性,术后给予12～18个月抗痨治疗,观察术后腰背部疼痛缓解、脊髓神经功能恢复、植骨融合及内固定稳定情况。结果术后患者腰背部疼痛缓解,下肢疼痛麻木消失,术前伴有脊髓功能障碍的27例患者术后神经功能均有不同程度恢复。术后影像学检查示植骨块及内固定钢板位置良好,椎体序列及高度恢复良好。随访1～7年,平均4．2年,复发8例,经处理后痊愈。结论采用前路一期病变椎体切除椎体间植骨钢板内固定的手术方式有利于病变切除彻底,椎管减压彻底,脊柱稳定性重建可靠。     

Relationships among spinal mobility and sagittal alignment of spine and lower extremity to quality of life and risk of falls

Spinal deformities can affect quality of life (QOL) and risk of falling, but no studies have explored the relationships of spinal mobility and sagittal alignment of spine and the lower extremities simultaneously. Purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship of those postural parameters to QOL and risk of falling. The study evaluated 110 subjects (41 men, 69 women; mean age, 73 years). Upright and flexion and extension angles for thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and spinal inclination were evaluated with SpinalMouse^®. Total-body inclination and hip and knee flexion angles in upright position were measured from lateral photographs. Subjects were divided into Fallers (n = 23, 21%) and Non-fallers (n = 87, 79%) based on past history of falls. QOL was assessed using the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36^®). Age, total-body inclination, spinal inclination upright and in extension, thoracic kyphosis in flexion, lumbar lordosis upright and in extension, and knee flexion correlated significantly with the SF-36. Multiple regression analysis revealed total-body inclination and knee flexion to have the most significant relationships with the SF-36. SF-36, total-body inclination, spinal inclination in extension, thoracic kyphosis in flexion, lumbar lordosis upright and in extension, and hip and knee flexion angles differed significantly between Fallers and Non-fallers (P < 0.05 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed lumbar lordosis in extension to be a significant predictor of falling (P = 0.038). Forward-stooped posture and knee-flexion deformity could be important indicator of lower QOL. Moreover, limited extension in the lumbar spine could be a useful screening examination for fall prevention in the elderly.     

Lap-belt injuries of the lumbar spine in children: a pitfall in CT diagnosis

A retrospective review of 365 consecutive CT studies in children assessed for intraabdominal trauma yielded five children in whom lap-belt-associated injuries of the lumbar spine were missed on CT. Facet subluxation and anterior dislocation of the third lumbar vertebra were present in four patients and multiple compression fractures were present in one. Clinical presentations included acute abdominal symptoms; two had acute back pain, and three experienced delayed onset of back pain. Although the injuries to the spine were visible retrospectively on anteroposterior radiographs, the findings were subtle and their extent was best appreciated on lateral lumbar spine views. Five of 365 patients with blunt abdominal trauma were identified as having sustained midlumbar spinal injury that was clearly visible only on a lateral radiograph of the spine.