头盆牵引及多根哈氏棒固定矫治重度脊柱侧凸

目的 :探索一种安全有效的治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的方法。方法 :回顾分析应用头盆环装置缓慢牵引后 ,再分节段行多根Harrington棒支撑加椎板下 (或肋骨下 )钢丝矫形固定的 2 4例弯曲僵硬的脊柱侧凸患儿的临床资料 ,总结其治疗效果及 1年以上随访结果。结果 :术前侧凸Cobb角 72～ 15 1° ,平均 10 8.2° ;术后Cobb角 31.5～ 83 .3° ,平均 5 8.5° ;矫正率 39.4%～ 5 6 .3 % ,平均 46 .1%。经 1～ 9年随访 ,脱钩 1例 ;椎板下钢丝疲劳断裂 1例 ( 2个节段 ) ;无断棒、脊髓神经损伤等并发症发生。结论 :本方法能最大限度矫正脊柱侧凸畸形 ,减少并发症的发生。     

哈氏棒节段椎板下钢丝固定与肋段切除治疗脊柱侧凸(摘要)

哈氏棒节段椎板下钢丝固定与肋段切除治疗脊柱侧凸（摘要）侯明张新力朱本科张备基我院自１９９４年３月～１９９７年１０月，应用Ｈａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ棒和节段椎板下钢丝加肋段切除治疗２６例脊柱侧弯伴胸廓后凸畸形，取得良好效果。１临床资料１．１一般资料本组男性１...     

哈氏棒加椎板下钢丝矫正严重脊柱侧凸80例

目的 :对使用 Harrington加节段椎板下钢丝矫正严重脊柱侧凸的体会 ,并评价其疗效。方法 :自 1995年～2 0 0 1年治疗严重脊柱侧凸 80例 (男 2 8例 ,女 5 2例 ) ,Cobb角均大于 90°以上 ,年龄 8～ 2 0岁 ,其中特发性侧凸 6 0例 ,先天性侧凸 2 0例 ,术前患者均用颌枕带悬吊牵引 3～ 4周 ,4例用头—骨盆环牵引 4周。均采用后路 Harrington常规手术方法 ,并在椎板下穿 4～ 6根钢丝固定于 Harrington棒 ,并确切植骨。结果 :无死亡 ,术后双下肢无神经症状 ,纠正侧凸度数为 2 1°～ 71°,平均 4 8°,矫正率 5 7.8%。术后患者身高平均增加 4～ 11cm。一年后随访 5 0例 ,断棍 8例 ,脱钩3例 ,余 X线示内固定物牢固 ,植骨融合良好。结论 :后路用 Harrington加节段椎板下钢丝矫正严重脊柱侧凸 ,可达到预期的效果 ,手术操作简单 ,价格经济 ,一般医院能开展     

神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

目的探讨神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ脊柱侧凸的手术治疗。方法对31例神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ脊柱侧凸的手术治疗进行回顾性分析,男19例,女12例;年龄5～25岁,平均15.4岁。侧凸的类型包括胸椎侧凸23例,腰椎侧凸3例,胸腰段侧凸5例;其中胸段侧凸合并后凸6例。术前侧凸角度45°～145°(平均85.9°),后凸角度43°～120°,平均81.3°。单纯后路手术内固定17例,前路内固定手术2例,前路松解+后路内固定手术12例。内固定采用单纯Harrington棒7例,Luque棒3例,Harrington+Luque棒5例,CD4例,CDH3例,TSRH7例,PRSS2例;其中单棒固定10例。结果除4例随访不足1年外,其余随访时间为1～18年,平均9.4年。术后侧凸矫正5°～68°(平均25.3°),平均矫正率33.4%;后凸矫正18°～55°(平均32.2°),平均矫正率39.6%。术后Luque棒断裂1例,Harrington断棒及Harring棒、Luque棒钢丝断裂各1例;植骨不融合、假关节形成4例;1例术后反复脱钩经3次翻修手术效果不佳后改行Galveston手术;术后2年侧凸加重1例。结论神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ脊柱侧凸应早期手术治疗,充分植骨融合,并尽可能采用坚强的内固定。     

胸腰椎三柱同时损伤内固定方法的实验与临床初步观察

利用传感器及电测技术,采用新鲜人体胸腰段脊柱标本,评价后路短节段内固定器Steffee钢板、前路Kaneda器械、前路Kaneda与后路CD棒联合应用及后路节段性椎板下钢丝固定哈氏撑开棒四种手术在植骨状态下,治疗脊柱完全性三柱损伤提供的生物力学稳定能力。Steffee、Kaneda器械及节段性椎板下钢丝固定的哈氏撑开棒手术在这种严重损伤类型各有力学弱点,Steffee后伸、Kaneda前屈、节段性椎板下钢丝固定的哈氏撑开棒旋转明显失稳,前后路联合手术在轴压、前屈、后伸、侧弯、旋转五种运动方式皆能提供良好的稳定性。以此方法治疗1例腰椎半椎体切除与1例腰椎肿瘤全切除,随访1年,脊柱稳定,植骨融合满意。作者建议,在脊柱三柱损伤时宜采用前后路联合固定手术。     

爱德华兹（Edwards）套棒治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定型骨折

对于脊柱胸腰段不稳定型骨折,特别是伴有神经功能障碍的病例,争取骨折脱位达到解剖复位及提供稳定是治疗的重要目标。故多数学者主张早期进行开放复位内固定治疗。1973年Dickson[1]首先报导用Harrington棒内固定治疗脊柱骨折,优点是恢复纵向压缩方面有很大作用,但在控制侧方动度和旋转方面尚不理想。1982年Luque[2]采用鲁凯棒和节段性椎板下钢丝内固定,能有效控制旋转和剪力提供多方向稳定,但矫正纵向压缩不尽满意。1984年Wenger[3]报告了用哈氏棒加鲁凯钢丝节段性固定方法,既发挥哈氏棒的矫正作用又增加了节段固定的稳定性。1986年Edward…     

蛋壳技术联合多椎板切除治疗成人先天性脊柱畸形

目的探讨蛋壳技术联合多椎板切除治疗成人先天性脊柱畸形的安全性及有效性。方法 13例先天性脊柱畸形患者均采用后正中切口,通过蛋壳技术去除椎体松质骨使原发弯顶椎变为空壳样,顶椎相邻节段椎板全切除,应用平移、去旋转结合凸侧加压、凹侧撑开钉棒系统内固定矫正,同时行自体骨混合同种异体骨脊柱后外侧植骨融合治疗。结果 13例共切除36个节段椎板;行蛋壳技术的椎体共16个;融合节段8～15个。手术用时230～430(305.4±62)min;术中出血量1 800～3 900 ml(2 646±651)ml。13例均获得随访,时间18～82(43.5±7.6)个月。末次随访时,脊柱主弯侧凸矫正率为49.2%,后凸矫正率为48.8%。未发现螺钉断裂、松动,无断棒现象。1例术后出现脑脊液漏,1例在末次随访时主诉有轻度腰背痛,1例随访71个月时出现相邻融合节段腰椎弓峡部裂。结论蛋壳技术联合多椎板切除钉棒系统内固定治疗成人先天性脊柱畸形是一种较安全有效的治疗方法。     

青少年先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸畸形的手术治疗

[目的]探讨治疗青少年先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸畸形的手术方法及治疗效果。[方法]对18例青少午先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸患者,按照术式分为侧前路矫正、前后路联合矫正。首先通过胸腰段、腰段脊柱侧凸的半椎体、椎间盘切除,然后采用侧前路短节段椎体螺钉固定,旋转棒的三维旋转矫正脊柱的畸形7例;采用前后路联合入路,经后路行残余半椎体的关节突、椎板切除,凸侧加压、凹侧支撑固定11例。[结果]18例患者中侧凸平均矫正Cobb's角36.7°,矫正率77%,经18~28个月随访,达到满意的矫形效果,丢失率低,融合良好。[结论]小儿半椎体畸形应早期手术治疗。侧前路和前、后路联合半椎体切除临床效果满意,其中前路矫正手术用于胸腰椎、腰椎单一半椎体畸形。     

前路一期病变椎体切除并重建治疗胸腰椎结核并后凸畸形

目的:观察前路一期病变椎体切除、人工椎体或钛网融合器植骨替代、椎体钉板或钉棒系统内固定治疗连续两个及以上节段胸腰椎结核并后凸畸形的疗效。方法:34例病变累及连续两个及两个以上椎节的胸腰椎结核患者,术前后凸Cobb角27.8°￣65.4°(38.6°±10.3°),一期行前路病变椎体切除,椎间撬拔撑开复位,人工椎体或钛网融合器植骨替代,辅以椎体钉板或钉棒系统短节段邻近椎节内固定,重建脊柱稳定性,术后均给予短疗程化疗。观察术后局部疼痛缓解、脊髓神经功能恢复、后凸畸形矫正及脊柱稳定性情况。结果:患者术后局部疼痛缓解,术前伴有脊髓神经损伤的12例患者术后神经功能均有不同程度恢复。影像学检查示脊柱内固定物位置良好,椎体序列恢复良好,椎间高度恢复。后凸Cobb角矫正至2.1°￣14.2°(7.5°±8.3°),平均矫正31.2°±8.5°。随访18￣54个月,平均35个月。末次随访时后凸矫正度丢失4.3°±3.8°,均无结核复发。结论:连续两个及两个以上节段的胸腰椎结核采用前路一期行病变椎体切除有利于病灶彻底清除,减少复发;也有利于椎管彻底减压。前路椎体替代、植骨内固定重建脊柱稳定性可更好地纠正和预防脊柱后凸畸形。     

TRAFIX内固定系统在特发性脊柱侧凸矫正中的临床应用

目的探讨TRAFIX内固定系统在脊柱侧凸矫正中的应用方法, 以提高脊柱侧凸矫正手术疗效. 方法自1997年10月始应用TRAFIX内固定系统对27例特发性脊柱侧凸患者实施矫正手术,其中女性20例,男性7例 ;平均年龄14岁(11～21岁).接受前路松解手术4例,第2次矫正手术1例.平均随诊时间26个月(13～37个月). 结果术前侧凸平均冠状面畸形为65°(42°～110°),术后矫正至29°(3°～64°),平均矫正率为55.4%,平均融合节段为11.5个(7～17个)椎体.主侧凸顶椎与第7颈椎(C7)垂线距离手术前后分别为52.1 mm(25～94 mm)和28.5 mm(4～62 mm). 结论 TRAFIX内固定系统对脊柱侧凸在三维平面同时产生矫正,特别表现为内置物精巧, 操作方便,固定可靠.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.