甲状腺手术并发症防治分析

目的探讨甲状腺手术术后并发症的预防方法。方法对268例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，探讨甲状腺手术术后并发症的发生原因及预防措施。结果268例患者共发生各种并发症11例，并发症发生率为4．1％。其中声嘶5例，发病率1．9％；低钙血症3例，发病率1．1％；术后出血、呛咳及声音低沉各1例，发病率均为0．4％。结论为预防甲状腺手术并发症，临床医师应熟悉掌握甲状腺外科解剖，规范操作方法，以保证手术治疗效果。     

妇科腹腔镜手术并发症39例分析

目的：探讨妇科腹腔镜手术并发症的发生原因、处理及预防。方法：对我院39例妇科腹腔镜手术并发症进行回顾性分析。结果：1831倒腹腔镜手术中有39例出现并发症，发生率为2．1％经开腹处理者5倒，占0．27％。并发症包括皮下气肿15例，腹壁血管损伤5例，术中、术后出血6倒，脏器损伤（膀胱、输尿管及肠管）5例，粘连性肠梗阻1例，切口感染3例，盆腔感染4例。结论：妇科腹腔镜手术并发症应该积极预防和作有效处理。     

甲状腺再次手术103例分析

目的：探讨甲状腺再次手术的技术要点及术后并发症的预防。方法：回顾性分析2000-01/2007-10甲状腺再次手术103例的临床资料,探讨手术入路并对术后并发症进行分析。结果：暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率为4.85%（5/103）,永久性甲状旁腺损伤发生率为0.97%（1/103）,暂时性喉返神经损伤发生率为6.79%（7/103）,永久性喉返神经损伤发生率为1.94%（2/103）。结论：甲状腺再次手术难度大,其成功实施的关键在于术中操作技巧。     

医用聚乙二醇小蘖碱液在甲状腺手术中的应用

目的：探讨医用聚乙二醇小檗碱液（粘连平）在甲状腺手术中的使用价值。方法：收集2004年1月-2007年12月甲状腺手术病例共450例，其中83例术中创面应用粘连平为研究组，367例未使用粘连平患者为对照组。对所有病例术后并发症及术后6个月的伤口愈合情况作回顾分析。结果：术后发生皮肤轻度粘连、无吞咽牵扯感的患者研究组13例（15．66％），对照组161例（43．86％），两组间有显著差异（P〈0．05）；研究组发生吞咽牵扯感的患者1例（1．21％），对照组为26例（7．08％），两组间有显著差异（P〈0．05）；其余病例均未发生术后并发症。结论：甲状腺手术中应用粘连平可减少术后粘连的发生，具有临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术426例分析

目的：总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术经验并探讨并发症的预防。方法：对我院2000~2006年完成的426例腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：426例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者中中转开腹2例发生率0．4％，术后胆漏2例发生率0．4％，术后出血3例发生率0．6％。结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除术充分体现了微创外科的优点，但其操作仍较复杂，实行严格的岗前培训和准入制可避免并发症的发生。     

早期护理干预对行日间手术的甲状腺肿瘤患者术前心理应激及术后恢复情况的影响

目的：探讨与分析早期护理干预对日间手术的甲状腺肿瘤患者术前心理应激及术后恢复情况的影响。方法选取我院2012年7月至2014年7月收治的行日间手术治疗的甲状腺肿瘤患者70例，采取随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组各35例。对照组给予常规护理，试验组在其基础上给予早期护理干预，观察与对比两组患者护理干预前后焦虑抑郁情况、术中体位耐受情况、术后头痛及呕吐发生率。结果两组患者护理干预焦虑值及抑郁值相比有明显差异（t＝3．79，P＜0．05；t＝2．66，P＜0．05）。两组手术耐受、头痛及呕吐发生率具有明显差异（χ2＝4．01，P＜0．05；χ2＝3．99，P＜0．05；χ2＝4．26，P＜0．05）。结论对接受日间手术的甲状腺肿瘤患者行早期护理干预可有效缓解其焦虑抑郁情绪，降低术后头痛及呕吐发生率，能够使得患者更好地配合及适应手术，有利于患者术后恢复，值得推广。     

初学白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶体植人术并发症分析

目的：探讨初学白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶体植入术并发症的发生原因及其预防原则。方法：对初学者在一年内对215例235眼行白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶体植入术患者中发生并发症者47例50眼进行并发症分类及原因分析。结果：术中后囊膜破裂15眼（6．4％），虹膜脱出5眼（2．1％）．虹膜根部离断3眼（1．3％）；术后角膜水肿45眼（19．1％），瞳孔上移10眼（4．3％），后发障6眼（2．6％），前房皮质残留2眼（0．9％），后囊瞳孔区皮质残留2眼（0．9％），继发瞳孔阻滞性青光眼1眼（0．4％），黄斑囊样水肿1眼（0．4％）。结论：术中后囊膜破裂和术后角膜水肿是初学白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶体植入术的主要并发症；充分认识和掌握手术的要点是预防并发症，提高手术效果的关键；随着手术技术的成熟，各类并发症将明显减少；出现并发症后应积极采取有效的治疗措施。     

甲状腺肿瘤手术222例疗效分析

目的探讨甲状腺肿瘤外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1996-2005年间222例甲状腺肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果166例行囊内手术的甲状腺良性肿瘤中，术后喉返神经损伤6例，其中永久性喉返神经损伤2例（1％），暂时性喉返神经损伤4例（2％）；甲状腺癌囊内手术10例，1例喉返神经损伤（0．5％）。喉返神经损伤发生率与非囊内手术组对照差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），术后无出血和甲状旁腺功能低下（P〈0．01），10例行二次手术，复发率为4．5％（P〈0．01）。42例行非囊内手术的甲状腺良性肿瘤中，术后喉返神经损伤7例，永久性喉返神经损伤2例（1％），暂时性喉返神经损伤5例（2％）；8例行二次手术，复发率为4％。非囊内手术甲状腺癌4例，1例喉返神经损伤（0．5％）。非囊内手术术后4例出血和2例甲状旁腺功能低下。结论遵循甲状腺肿瘤正确外科治疗原则是防止复发、提高手术疗效的关键。     

甲状腺再手术24例临床分析

目的：探讨甲状腺再手术指征及手术方法。方法：回顾性分析行甲状腺再手术的24例病例，对再手术原因、手术适应症、方法及并发症的预防进行总结。结果：因疑癌残留再手术7例，良、恶性肿瘤复发再手术17例。再手术后发生并发症6例（25．0％），为喉返神经损伤2例，甲状旁腺损伤2例，甲状腺功能低下1例，食管损伤1例。结论：甲状腺再手术容易损伤喉返神经及甲状膀腺。严格规范化的甲状腺手术方式，是防止肿瘤复发，减少再手术及并发症的根本措施。     

甲状腺患侧叶及峡部切除术治疗甲状腺微小乳头状癌的观察

目的：研究甲状腺患侧叶及峡部切除术治疗甲状腺微小乳头状癌的效果。方法：选取2018年8月~2019年8月收治的94例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者，按照随机数字表法分为全切组和研究组，各47例。全切组采用甲状腺全切术+中央区淋巴结清扫，研究组采用甲状腺患侧叶及峡部切除术。比较两组手术情况（手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、住院时间、术后1年用药量）、甲状旁腺素水平、血清钙水平、并发症发生率及术后1年复发率。结果：研究组术中出血量、切口长度、术后1年用药量小于全切组，手术、住院时间短于全切组（P＜0.05）；术后7 d研究组甲状旁腺素、血清钙水平高于全切组（P＜0.05）；研究组并发症发生率4.26%低于全切组的19.15%（P＜0.05）；两组复发率比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：甲状腺患侧叶及峡部切除术治疗甲状腺微小乳头状癌能改善手术情况，减轻对甲状旁腺的影响，减少并发症发生，复发率低。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.