Updates in the management of severe coagulopathy in trauma patients

Coagulopathy is the major cause of bleeding-related mortality in patients who survive the operating room. Its association with hypothermia and metabolic acidosis is common and constitutes a vicious cycle. Usually, post-traumatic coagulopathy is an early event and may be present during surgery. The pathogenesis of severe post-traumatic coagulopathy is complex and multifactorial. Virtually every aspect of the normal coagulation cascade is affected in the cold, acidotic, exsanguinating trauma patient. In the last decade many surgeons have emphasized the role of prevention or early treatment of this vicious cycle. Damage control surgery with planned re-operations has demonstrated superiority over the traditional approach in cases where the patients' condition is deteriorating. Early control of surgical bleeding and significant contamination, together with vigorous correction of hypothermia and continuous resuscitation, has improved the survival of these patients. Recently, a new adjunct to the treatment of coagulopathy in trauma patients has been reported and is undergoing controlled animal trials. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) was originally developed as a pro-hemostatic agent for the treatment of bleeding episodes in hemophilia patients. rFVIIa has been successfully used in moribund trauma patients in whom standard procedures had failed to correct bleeding. Preliminary preclinical and clinical studies are under way.     

Treating coagulopathy in trauma patients

Coagulopathy in patients with severe trauma is related to platelet and coagulation factor loss, consumption, and dysfunction. It is exacerbated by dilution, acidosis, and hypothermia. Hemorrhage control, warming, and appropriate blood product support are lifesaving. Further improvements in hemorrhage control will save additional lives and resources.     

严重肝脏创伤凝血病相关因素与护理对策

肝脏损伤是腹部损伤主要死因,病死率10%~20%,伴近肝静脉损伤时病死率更高,为50%~80%,直接死亡原因常是大失血伴消耗性凝血病[1]。了解凝血病相关因素和护理应对措施是护理这类高危病人的关键。因此,对1997年7月—2009年6月救治失血量≥1500mL的肝脏损伤206例病人进行凝血病相关因素和护理对策回顾性研究。     

严重肝脏创伤凝血病相关因素与护理对策

肝脏损伤是腹部损伤主要死因,病死率10%-20%,伴近肝静脉损伤时病死率更高,为50%-80%,直接死亡原因常是大失血伴消耗性凝血病[1]。了解凝血病相关因素和护理应对措施是护理这类高危病人的关键。因此,对1997年7月—2009年6月救治失血量≥1500mL的肝脏损伤206例病人进行凝血病相关因素和护理对策回顾性研究。     

Correlation between coagulopathy and outcome in severe head trauma in neurointensive care and trauma units

Background

Abnormal blood coagulation after traumatic brain injury is a common finding. Some studies have proposed these changes as useful predictors of outcome in patients with head trauma. This study aimed at evaluating the association of the routine tests of blood coagulation within the first hours after severe head trauma with prognosis of patients with severe head trauma.

Materials and Methods

A total of 52 patients with severe head trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS], ≤8) were admitted at Tabriz University Hospital for 1 year. Patients with major accompanying trauma were excluded. On admission, serum levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit as well as the platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and international normalized ratio (INR) were documented. The relation between these parameters with final outcome and also with GCS at admission, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week after admission and discharge time and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) were studied.

Results

Thirty three patients were discharged, and 19 died. There were significant negative correlations between PT, PTT, and INR with all GCS and GOS scores. These correlations were significant and positive between the platelet count and all GCS and GOS scores. Median PT, PTT, and INR were significantly higher in nonsurvivors. Median serum platelets count was significantly lower in nonsurvivors.

Conclusion

On-admission PT, PTT, INR and platelet count may be used as predictors of outcome and prognosis of patients with severe head trauma.     

严重创伤患者预后与创伤性凝血病的相关性及其相关影响因素分析

目的：探讨严重创伤患者预后与创伤性凝血病（TIC）相关性,分析影响预后的相关因素。方法选取严重创伤患者96例,所有患者入院后抽取静脉血10 ml和动脉血2 ml,进行血常规、凝血功能和相关生化检查及动脉血气分析。根据患者预后情况分为存活组（n=81）和死亡组（n=15）,分析严重创伤预后与TIC的相关性,并分析性别、年龄、创伤时间、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分（APACHE Ⅱ）、格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）、创伤严重程度评分（ISS）、低体温等因素对严重创伤患者预后的影响。结果死亡组TIC发生率53.33%,明显高于存活组的12.34%,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=13.96,P＜0.05）,TIC与严重创伤患者预后呈正相关（r=0.38,P＜0.05）。单因素结果显示：两组APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分、ISS评分、血糖、血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（HCT）、血小板（Plt）、测定凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、国际标准化比值（INR）、休克指数≥1例数、体温＜35℃例数比较,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=4.01、4.94、3.93、3.42、4.81、6.23、4.85、6.48、4.36、3.64,χ2分别=7.19、7.82,P均＜0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示：APACHEⅡ评分升高、GCS评分降低、ISS评分升高、Plt计数降低和APTT时间延长是严重创伤患者预后的危险因素（OR分别=1.26、0.62、1.10、0.96、5.37,P均＜0.05）。结论严重创伤患者预后与TIC密切相关,APACHEⅡ评分升高、GCS评分降低、ISS评分升高、Plt计数降低和APTT时间延长是严重创伤患者预后的危险因素,提示临床实践中应进一步加强对TIC的防治。     

ICU中创伤性凝血病的影响因素与临床意义

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)中创伤性凝血病的影响因素及对严重创伤患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性收集2008年6月至2009年9月伤后24h内收住浙江大学医学院附属第二医院院急诊ICU的223例严重创伤患者的资料,记录损伤严重程度评分(ISS)、急性生理和慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、收住时的凝血功能、血常规、生化常规和血气分析等指标.以需要血管活性药物维持血压、碱缺失(BD) ≥6和休克指数(SI)≥1作为存在组织低灌注的标准.根据凝血功能结果将患者分为凝血病组和无凝血病组(对照组).比较两组间创伤严重程度、APACHEⅡ值、低体温及低灌注发生率等指标,分析创伤性凝血病的影响因素,并建立多因素回归方程.比较死亡与存活患者凝血功能指标及创伤性凝血病的发生率.结果 52例(23.3％)符合创伤性凝血病的诊断,病死率明显高于对照组(36.5％ vs 9.4％,P＜ 0.01).两组间的年龄、性别构成、创伤原因和受伤时间具有可比性,凝血病组的损伤严重程度评分、低体温和组织低灌注发生率、合并严重脑损伤的比例明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),GCS评分、血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)和血小板(Plt)计数均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).多因素logistic回归分析显示BD≥6、GCS≤8和Pl计数是创伤患者入ICU时发生凝血病的独立预测因素.与存活患者相比,死亡患者的凝血功能指标明显延长.结论 伤后24h内收住ICU的创伤患者有较高的创伤性凝血病发生率;创伤性凝血病与全身损伤严重程度、合并重型颅脑损伤、休克及低体温有关,并对不良预后有重要影响.     

时间节点管理在严重创伤患者急诊抢救流程中的应用

目的探讨时间节点管理在严重创伤患者的急诊抢救流程中的应用效果。方法台州医院急救中心从2018年7月1日开始在严重创伤患者的急诊抢救流程中实行时间节点管理。收集2018年台州医院急救中心急诊抢救的严重创伤患者共440例,从2018年1月开始采用统一的入组标准收集研究对象的资料信息,为期1年。将2018年1月至2018年6月入组的216例患者作为对照组,采用传统流程和方法进行抢救救治;将2018年7月至2018年12月入组的224例患者作为观察组,实施时间节点管理抢救流程和方法。比较两组各抢救环节的滞留时间、医疗安全不良事件发生率及抢救成功率。结果经过时间节点管理,观察组在建立高级生命支持时间、辅助检查等待时间、拟定治疗方案时间等关键节点时间均较对照组缩短5 min以上,同时各个环节节点的时间均有不同程度的减少,且差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。此外,观察组医疗安全不良事件发生率2.68%,抢救成功率99.55%,而对照组不良事件发生率6.94%,抢救成功率96.30%,两组在医疗安全不良事件发生率及抢救成功率方面差异也有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论时间节点管理能有效缩短严重创伤患者在急救中心的滞留时间,降低医疗安全不良事件发生率,提高抢救成功率。     

链式流程管理在严重创伤急救中的应用

[目的]缩短严重创伤病人的抢救时间,提高抢救成功率,规范创伤急救护理流程.[方法]将170例符合严重创伤诊断标准的病人随机分成观察组和对照组,观察组采用链式流程抢救模式计算完成基本生命支持所需最短时间,对照组则采用传统抢救模式计算完成相同操作所用的最短时间.[结果]观察组采用链式流程以并联操作的思路减少抢救的基础时间和相关时间,抢救成功率显著高于对照组.[结论]链式流程的各个环节密切配合,在严重创伤病人的抢救中具有较强的实用性和可操作性.     

严重多发伤的院内分期救治

目的：探讨严重多发伤的院内分期救治策略。方法：回顾性分析我科2008-01-2012-12收治的204例严重多发伤患者的临床资料。本研究将病例分为3组：组1,以胸伤腹伤为主的病例107例（52.5%）;组2,以四肢骨盆脊柱骨折为主的病例79例（38.7%）;组3,以胸伤腹伤四肢骨盆脊柱骨折均严重的18例（8.8%）。采用分期救治的策略,即按照严重多发伤在不同治疗阶段（手术复苏期、脏器功能支持期、创伤修复期和功能康复期）的特点,对伤者进行救治的方法。主要分析了手术复苏期各种急诊手术的复苏方式,心肺肝肾等各个主要脏器的功能支持手段以及创伤修复的方式。结果：全组204例,存活190例,存活率93.1%;死亡14例,死亡率6.9%。其中以胸伤腹伤为主的107例病例中,存活100例（93.5%）,死亡7例（6.5%）;以四肢骨盆脊柱骨折为主的79例病例中,存活77例（97.5%）,死亡2例（2.5%）;以胸伤腹伤四肢骨盆脊柱骨折均严重的18例病例中,存活13例（72.2%）,死亡5例（27.8%）。全组病例在手术复苏期死亡8例,占死亡总数的57.1%,死亡原因：创伤失血性休克3例,急性肺挫裂伤呼吸功能衰竭2例,弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）2例,急性脂肪栓塞并肺栓塞1例;在脏器功能支持期死亡4例,占死亡总数的28.6%,死亡原因：急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）2例,严重脓毒血症并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）2例;在创伤修复期死亡2例,占死亡总数的14.3%,死亡原因：迟发型肠坏死和创伤后脓胸全身感染各1例。结论：从接诊严重多发伤的第一刻起,特别是胸伤腹伤或合并骨盆脊柱损伤,即应主动、有计划地实施分期救治。掌握手术复苏期合理的手术复苏方式、加强重要脏器的功能支持以及选择最佳的创伤修复方式,是提高救治成功率、实施多发伤分期救治一体化模式的重要途径。     

多发伤患者低体温、酸中毒及凝血功能障碍临床研究

目的 研究多发伤患者伤后低体温、酸中毒及凝血功能障碍的发生规律及相互影响.方法 选取2012年1月至2013年12月收治的713例创伤患者,其中单发伤患者184例及多发伤患者529例,并依据创伤严重程度将多发伤患者分为普通多发伤组、严重多发伤组及危重多发伤组.观察伤后低体温、酸中毒及凝血功能障碍发生的规律,分析了它们之间的内在联系及与休克的关系.结果 多发伤组患者低体温发生率为8.1％,凝血功能障碍发生率为27.6％;酸中毒发生率为18.9％,致死性三联征的发生率为7.8％,均高于单发伤组患者(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).致死性三联征的发生率随着多发伤患者创伤严重的增加而升高,其中在普通多发伤亚组发生率为2.0％,在严重多发伤亚组发生率为7.1％,在危重多发伤亚组发生率为11.1％,各亚组间比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).合并休克的多发伤患者,酸中毒、凝血功能障碍及致死性三联征的发生率均显著高于不伴休克的多发伤患者(P＜0.01).结论 多发伤患者伤后易出现低体温、酸中毒及凝血功能障碍,而休克是其其主要诱因.     

6 sigma护理管理模式在严重创伤患者救治中的应用

目的探讨6Sigma护理管理模式在严重创伤患者救治中的应用效果。方法按入院时间先后次序,将268例严重创伤患者设为对照组,采用传统的创伤急救模式;将292例严重创伤患者设为观察组,运用6Sigma护理管理模式,即定义、测量、分析、改进和控制5个步骤,对传统的创伤急救流程和步骤进行分析,改进护理操作流程,比较两组患者抢救成功率和有效抢救时间。结果观察组患者抢救成功率较对照组高,有效抢救时间较对照组短,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在严重创伤患者救治中应用6 Sigma护理管理模式能提高患者抢救成功率和缩短有效抢救时间,从而提高严重创伤患者救治质量。     

Probiotics for severe trauma patients

Probiotics are live micro-organisms with a health promoting effect. Because of their immunomodulating capacity as well as improvement of gut barrier function, probiotics have the capacity to prevent infectious complications in a variety of clinical settings. Now selected probiotics show potential for improving the clinical outcome of severe trauma patients.     

重型颅脑损伤合并伤的救治策略与预后分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤合并伤的救治策略与预后的影响因素。方法对480例重型颅脑损伤合并伤的死亡率进行统计学单因素χ2分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果重型颅脑损伤合并颈椎损伤、胸部损伤、多发合并伤、休克明显增加其死亡率。结论合并颈椎损伤、胸部损伤、多发合并伤、休克是影响重型颅脑损伤预后的重要因素,仔细迅速的体检,必要的影像学检查,颈椎损伤及早颈部制动防止二次损伤,积极抗休克治疗,尽早手术控制胸腹腔内出血,合理的救治顺序是降低重型颅脑损伤合并伤患者死亡率的关键。     

Clinically suspected coagulopathy in blunt head trauma

Patients with moderate to severe head injury and abnormal coagulation studies have a significantly higher risk of brain injury. The objective of this study was to determine the association of clinical suspicion of coagulopathy and intracranial injury (ICI) among patients sustaining blunt head trauma, including minor injuries. As part of the NEXUS II blunt head injury study, enrolled patients were prospectively evaluated for ICI and suspicion of coagulopathy. We examined the relationship between suspicion of coagulopathy and the presence of any clinically significant or "therapeutically inconsequential" ICI based on head computed tomography (CT) scan results. The NEXUS II study enrolled 13,728 patients, including 493 with suspicion of coagulopathy. Significant ICI was present in 46 (9.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.9-12.2) patients with suspected coagulopathy, and in 460 of 9863 (4.7%; 95% CI 4.3-5.1) patients without such suspicion. "Therapeutically inconsequential" findings were found on head CT scan in 74 patients, and 7 of these had suspected coagulopathy. Interventions including intubation, intracranial pressure monitoring, or craniotomy were performed in 5 of these 7 (71%; 95% CI 29-96) individuals, compared with only 3 of 67 (4%; 95% CI 1-12) patients without suspicion of coagulopathy. Initial clinical suspicion of coagulopathy, independent of laboratory confirmation, is associated with a greater prevalence of significant ICI injury after blunt head trauma; it also substantially increases the risk of morbidity despite the presence of an apparent "therapeutically inconsequential" injury. CT scanning of the head should be performed initially based on clinical suspicion of coagulopathy.     

Comparison of disseminated intravascular coagulation in trauma with coagulopathy of trauma/acute coagulopathy of trauma‐shock

Gando S, Wada H, Kim HK, Kurosawa S, Nielsen JD, Thachil J, Toh C‐H, Scientific and Standardization Committee on DIC of the ISTH. Comparison of disseminated intravascular coagulation in trauma with coagulopathy of trauma/acute coagulopathy of trauma‐shock. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 2593–5.     

Pain management in trauma patients

Trauma is a major cause of mortality throughout the world. In recent years, major advances have been made in the management of trauma, the end result of which has been reduced mortality and enhanced function. One of these areas is pain control. Improved pain management has not only led to increased comfort in trauma patients, but has also been shown to reduce morbidity and improve long-term outcomes. This review focuses on the treatment of pain in the setting of acute injury and on pain management in trauma patients who go on to develop chronic pain. Emphasis is placed on pharmacologic interventions, invasive and noninvasive pain management techniques, analgesia in challenging patients, and pain control in commonly encountered trauma conditions.