雷帕霉素对过氧化氢诱导血管内皮细胞衰老的干预研究

目的:探讨雷帕霉素(Rapa)对过氧化氢(H_2O_2)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)衰老的影响及其可能的机制。方法:把HUVECs分为空白组、衰老组(H_2O_2诱导)、Rapa+H_2O_2组和3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)+H_2O_2组。噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测各组细胞活力;衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色检测细胞衰老情况;透射电子显微镜观察细胞超微结构改变;Western blot检测Rb、磷酸化Rb(p-Rb)、p21、LC-3II和beclin-1的表达变化。结果:与空白组相比,衰老组细胞活力下降,SA-β-Gal染色阳性率增高,细胞结构紊乱,并伴有衰老蛋白表达显著增加(P0.01);与衰老组相比,Rapa+H_2O_2组细胞活力增强,细胞衰老染色减少,p-Rb和p21表达显著减少(P0.05),电镜下细胞结构趋于正常,并可见自噬小体,beclin-1和LC3-II表达显著增多(P0.01);与衰老组相比,给予自噬抑制剂3-MA的细胞则表现为细胞活力进一步下降,SA-β-Gal染色阳性率进一步增高,p-Rb和p21表达增多,细胞结构破坏明显,beclin-1和LC3-II几乎不表达(P0.05)。结论:Rapa可延缓H_2O_2诱导的血管内皮细胞衰老,这种抗衰老作用可能与促进自噬有关。     

长期高脂喂养大鼠胰岛功能改变与胰岛炎症反应有关

目的： 观察长期高脂喂养诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛炎症反应水平,并探讨其与胰岛功能改变的关联及机制。方法: 8周龄的Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC,n=15）和高脂组（HF,n=15）,分别给予普通饲料及高脂饲料喂养。24周后行高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹试验检测胰岛素敏感性,行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT)检测β细胞功能,以免疫组化法检测胰岛β细胞内胰岛素相对含量（IRC）以及胰岛内NF-κB与caspase-3的相对浓度,以TUNEL法检测胰岛内细胞凋亡水平,以RT-PCR法检测胰岛内胰岛素原(INS)及白细胞介素（IL）-1β mRNA的相对表达量。结果: HF组葡萄糖输注率（GIR）较NC组显著降低［(5.32±0.90) mg·kg-1·min-1 vs (7.80±0.51) mg·kg-1·min-1,P<0.01］;NC组葡萄糖负荷后胰岛素分泌高峰出现于第5 min,而HF组延迟至第10 min,且10-60 min胰岛素曲线下面积（AUCI）较NC组增加了67.7％（P<0.01）。免疫组化显示,HF组IRC较NC组减少了25.6%,NF-κB、 caspase-3相对含量及单位面积胰岛凋亡细胞数分别增加20.5％、19.1%及2.43倍(均P<0.01)。HF组胰岛IL-1β mRNA相对表达量较NC组增加了1.95倍(P<0.01),INS mRNA 表达水平增加了12.0％（P<0.05）。结论: 长期高脂喂养诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛存在炎症反应,可能通过NF-κB及其介导的凋亡信号通路,与早期胰岛结构及功能损害有关。     

P> 不同年龄小鼠脂肪源间充质干细胞体外原代培养衰老和凋亡的变化/P>

目的 探讨小鼠脂肪源间充质干细胞(ADMSCs)体外原代培养过程中衰老和凋亡变化。方法 用差速贴壁法对1月和24月龄小鼠（各30只）腹股沟脂肪组织的ADMSCs进行原代培养,免疫荧光技术检测第3代ADMSCs表面抗原CD73、CD90和CD105的表达,比较两组细胞的形态差异和生长情况,β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色检测ADMSCs衰老情况,PI-Hoechst33342双染色观察ADMSCs的凋亡变化。 结果 两组体外原代培养的ADMSCs均贴壁生长,具有典型干细胞的形态和生长特征,两组ADMSCs CD73、CD90和CD105的表型一致。SA-β-Gal染色显示：原代培养的老年组ADMSCs衰老比例比幼年组多,1月组原代培养2~7d的ADMSCs阳性率分别为（3.87±1.34）%、（4.21±1.22）%、（9.00±0.98）%、（11.20±1.24）%、（9.50±2.19）%和（13.20±2.93）%;24月组分别为（8.67±1.05）%、（10.23±0.98）%、（12.80±0.78）%、（17.10±1.13）%、（19.80±1.59）%和（24.70±1.86）%。PI-Hoechst 33342染液双染显示：1月组原代培养2~7d的ADMSCs凋亡率分别为(22.1±1.4)%、(36.7±1.62)%、(11.7±1.45)%、(38.4±1.57)%、(6.5±1.32)%和(11.3±1.63)%;24月组4~7d的ADMSCs凋亡率分别为(29.4±1.72)%、(37.6±1.64)%、(19.4±1.29)%和(18.9±1.25)%。 结论 老龄ADMSCs增殖能力下降,衰老、凋亡和坏死的细胞比例增加;随着ADMSCs原代培养时间的延长,其衰老增加,但凋亡和坏死无规律性变化。     

胰淀素对人胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响及其分子机制的初步研究

目的：初步探讨胰淀素（amylin）对人胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响及其分子机制。方法： 分离培养人胰岛细胞，免疫组化鉴定β细胞后分为对照组（培养液中含56 mmol/L葡萄糖）、胰淀素组（培养液中含10μmol/L胰淀素+56 mmol/L葡萄糖）及氨基胍组（培养液中含10 μmol/L胰淀素+05 mmol/L氨基胍+56 mmol/L葡萄糖），于37 ℃、5%CO2 培养24 h后做胰岛素释放实验，测定培养液上清胰岛素、一氧化氮（NO2-/NO3-）、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平。原位末端核苷酸标记法（TUNEL）和胰岛素免疫组化双染色法及ELISA检测胰岛β细胞凋亡， RT-PCR检测胰岛细胞p53和bcl-2 mRNA表达水平。结果：胰淀素组胰岛β细胞凋亡小体富计系数（217±021）、β细胞凋亡百分数（13%）、NO2-/NO3-（2013±173）μmol/L和p53 mRNA表达水平（034±004）显著高于氨基胍组和对照组(P<001)，而胰岛素（334±131）mU·L-1/1×106 cells、GSH［（56±08） mg/L］和bcl-2 mRNA（007±001）表达水平则显著低于氨基胍组和对照组(P<005)。结论： 胰淀素可诱导人胰岛β细胞凋亡，其机制可能与胰岛β细胞抗氧化能力降低引起p53高表达有关。     

大豆异黄酮对I型糖尿病甲基乙二醛水平及白内障并发症的影响

目的：甲基乙二醛（MG）是糖代谢产生的毒性副产物,本研究旨在探讨大豆异黄酮是否通过降低MG的产生而发挥对I型糖尿病的防治作用。方法：链脲佐菌素诱导I型糖尿病大鼠模型,给予含不同剂量大豆异黄酮的大鼠饲料喂养,按大豆异黄酮不同剂量随机分为3组：大豆异黄酮低剂量组（diabetes+LIS）,大豆异黄酮高剂量组（diabetes+HIS）及模型组（diabetes）。治疗8周后处死大鼠,留取血清测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、胰岛素水平,HPLC法测定血清MG水平,免疫组化法检测胰岛β细胞胰岛素表达情况。结果：与模型组或diabetes+LIS组大鼠比较,HIS组大鼠血清胰岛素水平明显上升［(2.46±0.35)μg/L vs (0.55±0.04)μg/L or (0.39±0.04) μg/L, 均P<0.01］,血糖明显下降［(19.50±1.85)mol/L vs (28.24±3.56) mol/L or (26.94±1.82) mmol/L, 均P<0.05］、糖化血红蛋白减低［（13.14±3.00)% vs (17.16±2.60)% or (17.29±4.12)%, 均P<0.05］,血清MG明显降低 ［(0.77±0.09)nmol/L vs (1.57±0.17)nmol/L or (1.91±0.28)nmol/L,均P<0.05］,而血清GSH 水平明显增加［(13.26±1.61)mmol/L vs (7.35±1.55)mmol/L or (5.54±1.10) mmol/L, 均P<0.01］,diabetes+HIS 组大鼠胰岛β细胞中胰岛素表达水平也明显增加。Diabetes+HIS 组大鼠白内障的发生率明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。模型组与diabetes+LIS组比较,上述指标均无显著差异。结论：大豆异黄酮对I型糖尿病具有治疗作用,并能降低I型糖尿病大鼠白内障的发生率,其机制可能与胰岛素水平增加、MG水平降低及抗氧化作用有关。     

阻断肾素血管紧张素系统对长期高脂喂养胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛UCP2和GCLC表达的影响

目的： 观察长期高脂喂养的胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛氧化应激机制以及阻断肾素血管紧张素系统（RAS）对其的影响,探讨RAS与氧化应激、糖代谢之间的关系。方法: 雄性Wistar大鼠分为正常饲养组（NC组）、高脂饲养组（HF组）、高脂+培哚普利组（FP组）、高脂+替米沙坦组（FM组）,后2组大鼠喂养16周后分别以培哚普利2 mg·kg-1·d-1（FP组,n=15）和替米沙坦10 mg·kg-1·d-1（FM组,n=15）干预,8周后行正常血糖高胰岛素钳夹试验评估外周胰岛素抵抗程度,行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验检测胰岛β细胞功能 ,以RT-PCR检测γ谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶的催化亚基（GCLC）的表达,以免疫组化法检测胰岛局部线粒体解偶联蛋白2（UCP2）水平,以比色法测定胰腺组织丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果: 与正常饲养组相比,高脂饲养组的葡萄糖输注率（GIR）降低了31.8%,胰岛GCLC表达降低了31.5% ,局部UCP2相对浓度增加了17.0%,胰腺MDA含量增加了0.46倍（均P<0.01）,0-10 min胰岛素曲线下面积（AUC10-10）为(271.8±33.8)vs（282.7±29.8）mIU·L-1·min-1,糖刺激后早期胰岛素分泌降低,但无显著差异;培哚普利或替米沙坦干预后,GIR分别增加了27.8%和30.8%,胰岛GCLC表达分别增加了26.6%和26.6% ,局部UCP2相对浓度分别下降了13.0%和15.6%,胰腺MDA含量分别下降了18%和20%（均P<0.01）,FP、FM组之间无显著差异。结论: 阻断RAS可以改善高脂喂养大鼠的胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能,其机制可能为通过下调胰岛局部UCP2和上调GCLC的表达,减轻氧化应激损伤,从而保护胰岛β细胞功能。     

链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠外周血白细胞iNOS—mRNA表达的变化

目的 :研究链脲佐菌素 (STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠胰岛 β细胞的功能与外周血白细胞iNOS -mRNA表达的关系。方法 :Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组 10只 ;实验组 15只。测定血糖、血浆胰岛素 ;用原位杂交方法检测外周血白细胞、肝、肺等组织中iNOS -mRNA表达 ,观察白细胞iNOS -mRNA阳性细胞率。结果 :用STZ腹腔注射损伤胰岛β细胞并导致胰岛功能衰竭 ,3d后血糖由 ( 8 95± 1 80 )mmol·L-1升高至 ( 2 2 84± 4 90 )mmol·L-1,血浆胰岛素由 ( 81 76± 2 0 12 )mU·L-1降至 ( 5 8 92± 18 2 0 )mU·/L-1。正常大鼠外周血白细胞未见iNOS -mRNA表达 ,而STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠外周血白细胞iNOS -mRNA表达高度增强。结论 :STZ诱导的胰岛 β细胞损伤与白细胞的iNOS -mRNA表达存在正相关关系。本实验为检测外周血白细胞某些信号通路提供了简便易行的原位杂交试验方法。     

人参皂苷Rg1在造血干/祖细胞连续移植中对延缓细胞衰老的作用与去乙酰化酶6/核因子-κB信号轴的关系

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1在造血干/祖细胞(HSC/HPC)连续移植中对抗细胞衰老的作用与去乙酰化酶6/核因子-κB(SIRT6/NF-κB)信号轴的关系。方法免疫磁性分选法分离纯化雄性供体小鼠干细胞抗原阳性(Sca-1+)HSC/HPC,连续移植3代构建HSC/HPC衰老体内模型。60Coγ射线致死剂量辐射雌性受体鼠后分4组,照射对照组;衰老模型组;Rg1治疗衰老组;Rg1预防衰老组。造血祖细胞混合集落(CFU-Mix)培养,细胞周期分析和衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色分析Rg1体内调控Sca-1+HSC/HPC衰老的作用。实时定量PCR及Western blotting检测衰老调控分子SIRT6、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果连续移植后受体鼠Sca-1+HSC/HPC出现细胞衰老特征,随移植代数的增加,Sca-1+HSC/HPC G0/G1期细胞比例及SA-β-Gal染色阳性率增高,CFU-Mix数量下降。与同代衰老模型组相比,Rg1治疗衰老组及Rg1预防衰老组受体鼠Sca-1+HSC/HPC G0/G1期细胞比例、SA-β-Gal染色阳性率下降,CFU-Mix数量升高;SIRT6 mRNA及蛋白表达上调,NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达下调;Rg1预防衰老组各指标变化均较Rg1治疗衰老组明显。结论 Rg1可能通过调控SIRT6/NF-κB信号轴发挥其对抗连续移植过程中Sca-1+HSC/HPC衰老的作用。     

针刺提高2型糖尿病模型大鼠胰岛β细胞胰岛素的表达

背景：针刺治疗2型糖尿病具有很好的疗效。 目的：观察针刺对2型糖尿病模型大鼠胰岛β细胞胰岛素表达的影响。 方法：将糖尿病模型大鼠按随机化原则分为针刺组、西药组、模型组,同时设置正常对照组。针刺组大鼠取足三里、内庭和胰俞穴给予针刺治疗,西药组用罗格列酮0.2 mg/kg灌胃,模型组用双蒸水2 mL/kg灌胃,均1次/d,连续4周。 结果与结论：①血糖：针刺组明显低于模型组、西药组(P < 0.05)。②血脂：针刺组胆固醇和三酰甘油低于模型组 (P < 0.05);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显高于模型组(P < 0.01)。针刺组三指标与西药组比较差异无显著性意义。③胰岛β细胞胰岛素表达：针刺组显著高于模型组和西药组(P < 0.05)。④胰岛形态：模型组与西药组胰岛结构不完整,结构破坏,胰岛素染色效果差;针刺组胰岛结构趋向完整,胰岛素染色颗粒明显。说明针刺可显著提高2型糖尿病模型大鼠胰岛β细胞胰岛素表达水平,有效改善胰岛β细胞功能。     

葡萄糖、精氨酸对新生大鼠胰岛β细胞群的影响

为研究葡萄糖、精氨酸对新生大鼠胰岛β细胞群的影响，选用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ新生大鼠，于出生后第２日起腹腔注射葡萄糖加精氨酸，共６ 天。分别于出生后第１０、２０ 天剖腹取胰腺，进行ＨＥ及胰岛素免疫组织化学（ＰＡＰ）染色，并应用图像分析系统测量胰岛及β细胞群的直径。结果：实验组和对照组大鼠生后２０ 天胰岛直径较其第１０ 天的显著缩小，对照组β细胞群的直径从第１０ 天到２０ 天，也表现为明显缩小；然而，实验组β细胞群直径却表现为有意义的增加。提示葡萄糖加精氨酸可促进β细胞群的发育     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.