Pathologic evaluation of non-neoplastic renal parenchyma in partial nephrectomy specimens

Purpose

This study aimed to identify non-neoplastic pathologic changes in partial nephrectomy specimens of patients without a known history of medical comorbidities. Routine analysis of this tissue may allow the clinician to identify subclinical renal disease.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our database of patients who underwent open partial nephrectomy for a small renal mass. Non-neoplastic tissue of partial nephrectomy specimens of patients without a known history of chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or coronary artery disease was evaluated for glomerular, interstitial, and vascular pathologic changes.

Results

A rim of non-neoplastic tissue was adequate for pathologic evaluation in 91.8% of specimens. A total of 45 patients were studied with a median age of 52.0 years. Atherosclerosis was the most commonly identified pathologic finding in 9 (20%) patients, followed by mesangial expansion and interstitial fibrosis, each found in 8 (17.8%) patients. Linear regression found interstitial fibrosis to be the only pathologic lesion associated with preoperative serum creatinine (coefficient = 0.697, P = 0.001). Male gender was also associated with a higher preoperative creatinine (coefficient = 0.270, P = 0.034). Postoperative serum creatinine was not associated with any of the examined lesions.

Conclusions

Current surgical techniques provide adequate non-neoplastic tissue for pathologic evaluation. We observed a striking degree of pathologic disease in patients without a known history of medical comorbidities. Routine inspection of the non-neoplastic parenchyma of partial nephrectomy specimens should be performed as it can alert the clinician to presence subclinical renal disease allowing for medical intervention.     

肾癌肾部分切除术的临床价值及合适的手术切缘的探讨

目的：探讨肾癌肾部分切除术(保留肾单位手术)的临床价值及合适的手术切缘。方法：回顾性分析15例行肾部分切除术的肾癌患者临床资料．其中双侧异时性肾癌且一侧为多发肿瘤2例，单发肿瘤13例。肿瘤直径2～6cm．均为T1期(1997年TNM分期标准)。对15例肾癌患者行肾部分切除术．手术切缘位于肿瘤外1cm。另取肾癌根治性手术标本21例．于体外沿假包膜行肾肿瘤剜除术．并随机切取肿瘤边缘0．3cm、0．5cm及1cm处肾实质及肾蒂处淋巴脂肪组织行病理检查。结果：15冽患者随访12～72个月．平均41个月．未见并发症及残肾内肿瘤复发。21例标本于体外行肿瘤剜除后肉眼下均无肿瘤组织残留，送检组织均无肿瘤细胞浸润。结论：肾部分切除术能安全有效地治疗局限的早期肾癌患者．而手术切缘为肿瘤边缘1cm处较为合适。     

Does the size of the surgical margin in partial nephrectomy for renal cell cancer really matter?

PURPOSE: Although many groups recommend a surgical margin of 1 to 2 cm., to our knowledge the amount of normal renal parenchyma that must be excised during partial nephrectomy for stages T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma to ensure a safe margin has never been critically evaluated. We investigated whether the size of the surgical margin has any effect on recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All partial nephrectomies performed for localized renal cell carcinoma at our institution from 1988 to 1999 were retrospectively analyzed via a review of hospital records, pathology reports and histological slides. Parenchymal margin status was assessed and quantified by microscopy. Followup data were obtained via patient chart review and telephone interview. Average negative margin size and postoperative followup were determined, and renal cell carcinoma recurrence was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 44 partial nephrectomies were performed with a mean followup of 49 months (range 8 to 153). Mean tumor size was 3.22 cm. (range 1.3 to 10). Surgical margins were negative for malignancy in 41 cases and positive in 3. All patients with negative margins were without local recurrence at followup except 1 with a recurrent mass adjacent to the kidney at a site distant from the original lesion. Mean and median size of the negative margins was 0.25 and 0.2 cm., respectively (range 0.05 to 0.7). In the 3 cases with positive margins there was no evidence of disease at 39 and 62 months of followup in 2, while multiple local and metastatic recurrences developed in 1. CONCLUSIONS: No patient with negative parenchymal margins after nephron sparing surgery for stages T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma had local recurrence at the resection site at a mean followup of 49 months. Margin size was irrelevant. Only a minimal margin of normal renal parenchyma of less than 5 mm. must be removed during partial nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma.     

Conservative management of renal artery pseudoaneurysm following partial nephrectomy

A bleeding renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a recognised complication occurring after partial nephrectomy. The bleeding is usually suspected when a patient presents with haematuria following the procedure and the reported management is with radiologically guided embolisation. We report a case of renal artery pseudoaneurysm successfully managed conservatively, giving another potential management option in non-torrential haemorrhage.     

Ketorolac: safe and effective analgesia for the management of renal cortical tumors with partial nephrectomy

PURPOSE: Ketorolac has demonstrated advantages as a supplement to opioid based analgesia in several surgical settings, including donor nephrectomy. To our knowledge there has been no published data to date on the use of ketorolac in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy. We compared analgesia with ketorolac and opioids to analgesia with opioids alone with regard to pain control, postoperative recovery and effects on renal function in patients with renal cortical tumors surgically managed by partial nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records for 154 patients treated with partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Clinicopathological variables examined were age, gender, medication use, comorbidity profile, operation side, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, operative duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, histopathology results, perioperative transfusion status, ischemia type (warm vs cold vs none), duration of renal artery cross clamping, tumor size and intraparenchymal location, pathological stage and perioperative complications. Postoperative duration to the initiation of solid diet, discontinuation of patient controlled analgesia and overall pain control were assessed. Serum creatinine was measured during the preoperative period, and at 1, 3 or greater and 30 or greater days postoperatively. RESULTS: Patients who received ketorolac demonstrated superior postoperative recovery with an earlier return to solid diet and earlier discontinuation of patient controlled analgesia. Treatment groups were similar with respect to changes in serum creatinine, blood loss, transfusion rates and complication rates. Ketorolac was not associated with an increased risk of acute renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Ketorolac is a safe and effective supplement to opioid based analgesia for pain control after partial nephrectomy.     

Strategies in the management of renal tumors amenable to partial nephrectomy

Purpose  The laparoscopic approach to radical and partial nephrectomy is becoming the standard of care for treating patients with renal tumors. Hand-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (HALPN) provides some advantages over the pure laparoscopic approach which include manual manipulation of the kidney, tactile feedback, and timely specimen removal. Materials and methods  We describe our technique for HALPN and emphasize the implementation of an in-room pathologist to examine gross margins during the period of renal arterial occlusion. Between 2004 and 2007, 46 patients underwent HALPN performed by the same surgeons. Mean patient age was 59.5 years and mean tumor size was 2.55 cm. Twelve of these patients underwent significant concomitant procedures. Results  Our mean operating time was 173.26 min (range 90–306 min) and our mean warm ischemic time was 28.32 min (range 14–54 min). Average estimated blood loss was 116.82 ml (range 10–1000 ml) with no transfusions. Thirty-six (78%) tumors were renal cell carcinoma, seven (15%) were oncocytomas, and three (7%) were angiomyolipomas. The average length of stay was 5.17 days (range 3–9 days) and there were no positive margins. There was one postoperative bleed (2%) and two postoperative urine leaks (4.3%). Discussion  In our institution, the hand-assist approach to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has resulted in favorable perioperative outcomes. The use of an in-room pathologist to provide real-time assessment of gross tumor margins has allowed us to achieve a 0% positive final margin rate. We believe that the use of an in-room pathologist during the timely extraction of the specimen made possible by the hand-assisted approach provides a great advantage over pure laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. This low positive margin rate is also the result of maintaining a bloodless field of resection with temporary renal arterial occlusion as well as the avoidance of visual tissue distortion with cold, sharp scissor dissection. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

机器人辅助和普通腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的比较

目的对比肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（RAML）患者中应用机器人辅助肾部分切除术（RAPN）与普通腹腔镜下肾部分切除术（LPN）的安全性及有效性。 方法收集2016年1月至2021年8月我院收治的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者198例,其中80例为机器人辅助肾部分切除术组,118例为腹腔镜下肾部分切除术组。采用倾向性评分匹配后分析比较两术式的临床指标。 结果198例患者中有3例术中中转开放（包括2例LPN,1例RAPN）,1例LPN术中损伤输尿管,其余均顺利完成手术。RAPN组术中热缺血时间显著低于LPN组;RAPN组术后血红蛋白（Hb）差值百分比及eGFR差值百分比均显著低于LPN组（P<0.05）;手术时间、术中估计出血量、术中及术后输血率、术后并发症、术后引流量、引流管留置时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后住院时间方面两组差异无统计学意义。 结论在肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者中,应用机器人辅助肾部分切除术相较于普通腹腔镜下肾部分切除术具有显著优势,手术出血更少,热缺血时间更短,能更大程度保留肾功能。     

Percutaneous endoscopic management of persistent urine leak after partial nephrectomy

PURPOSE: As nephron-sparing surgery becomes more commonly used for the management of renal masses, the incidence of complications unique to this procedure will increase. Urine leak after partial nephrectomy (PN) is a common occurrence that can be difficult to manage if conservative measures fail. We describe our approach for persistent urine leaks after PN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two patients presented with urine leaks after PN. After an upper-pole heminephrectomy, fever developed in the first patient. CT showed an intra-abdominal fluid collection, and percutaneous drainage confirmed a urine leak with persistently high outputs from an upper-pole calix. Conservative management, including ureteral stent, Foley catheter, and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) drainage failed. The calix was then directly accessed percutaneously, dilated to 30F, and a 22F nephrostomy tube was placed through the tract into the renal pelvis. The urine leak quickly resolved. The second patient had a lower pole heminephrectomy, and a urine leak with nephrocutaneous fistula from the posterior aspect of the upper-pole remnant developed. Again, conservative measures failed before percutaneous endoscopy. The PCN tract was dilated to 30F, and 3 weeks later the leaking calix was fulgurated through the tract with a flexible ureteroscope. RESULTS: Both patients had complete resolution of urine leaks, stable creatinine levels, and required no further intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Urine leak after PN remains a complex problem if conservative measures are unsuccessful. We describe a novel technique to percutaneously manage persistent urine leak after PN through a minimally invasive approach.     

Role of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy in the management of renal mass

Partial nephrectomy is recommended for surgical management of small renal masses (SRM), or lesions ≤7 cm. The decision for surgical intervention involves a balanced patient assessment. Minimally invasive approach, which includes laparoscopic and robotic techniques, has shown to have improved blood loss, length of hospitalization, and post-operative pain while maintaining oncologic efficacy when compared to an open approach. Transperitoneal approach is preferred at most centers; however, retroperitoneoscopic minimally invasive surgery (MIS) partial nephrectomy expertise is essential for comprehensive kidney cancer care. With advances in surgical technology and deep penetration of robotics into surgical training and practice, robotic partial nephrectomy has become the modality of choice in modern clinical practice. This review discusses the indications and outcomes for various minimally invasive approaches of partial nephrectomy.     

The medical and oncological rationale for partial nephrectomy for the treatment of T1 renal cortical tumors

This article presents the oncological and medical rationale for partial nephrectomy as the treatment of choice whenever possible for T1 renal tumors. The value of partial nephrectomy in the management of small renal cortical tumors is gaining wider recognition thanks to (1) enhanced understanding of the biology of renal cortical tumors; (2) better knowledge about tumor size and stage migration to small tumors at the time of presentation; (3) studies indicating the oncologic efficacy of kidney-sparing surgery, and (4) increasing awareness of the wide prevalence of chronic kidney disease. The overzealous use of radical nephrectomy for small renal tumors must now be considered detrimental to the long-term health and safety of the patient with a small renal cortical tumor.