心血管疾病的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学是作为继基因组学后提出的新学科，其以组织或细胞的全部蛋白质为研究对象，以蛋白质表达的整体水平为研究特点，为生命科学的研究提供了新视角。心血管疾病的研究是蛋白质组学研究的重要领域，并且取得了不少阶段性成果。现对蛋白质组学在心血管疾病领域，包括比较蛋白质组、功能蛋白质组的研究进展作一综述。     

脑蛋白质组学研究进展

人类和多个物种的基因组全序列测定即将完成，生命科学研究逐渐从结构基因组学转向功能基因组学；在了解基因功能的同时，对基因表达产物——蛋白质的研究愈发重要。蛋白质是整个生命活动的基础，目前至少有40％-60％的基因编码蛋白质功能是未知的。这是因为每个蛋白质不是一个基因的直接产物，其表达具有动态性、时空性和可调节性，存在转录后的剪接和翻译后的修饰作用；相比之下，基因组是相对稳定的。随着分析仪器和生物信息学的发展和改进，蛋白质组学的研究日益成熟；它既能独立于基因组研究，又能与基因组研究相互完善和补充，而其表达图谱比基因组表达图谱更能真实地反映生物体的功能机制。随着分子生物学和其他相关学科的进步，脑科学取得了飞速发展，蛋白质组学技术为了解脑功能提供了前所未有的机会和研究方法，并在脑科学研究方面已经取得了令人鼓舞的成绩。     

蛋白质组学在泌尿系肿瘤应用中的研究进展

随着人类基因组全序列草图的完成，从基因水平向蛋白质水平的深化，已成为生命科学研究的迫切需要和新的任务。蛋白质组学的建立为研究蛋白质水平的生命活动开辟了更为广阔的前景，提供了新型有效的研究手段。从蛋白质整体水平上研究肿瘤的发生与转移，寻找与肿瘤发生及转移相关的新的蛋白质、肿瘤特异性的标志物及肿瘤药物治疗的靶标，对肿瘤的诊治将起到重要作用。本文阐述的是关于蛋白质组学在泌尿系肿瘤应用中的研究进展。     

心血管疾病的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学是作为继基因组学后提出的新学科 ,其以组织或细胞的全部蛋白质为研究对象 ,以蛋白质表达的整体水平为研究特点 ,为生命科学的研究提供了新视角。心血管疾病的研究是蛋白质组学研究的重要领域 ,并且取得了不少阶段性成果。现对蛋白质组学在心血管疾病领域 ,包括比较蛋白质组、功能蛋白质组的研究进展作一综述     

问：基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、结构基因组学、功能基因组学、比较基因组学研究有哪些特点？

答：人类基因组计划完成后生物科学进入了人类后基因组时代，即大规模开展基因组生物学功能研究和应用研究的时代。在这个时代，生命科学的主要研究对象是功能基因组学，包括结构基因组研究和蛋白质组研究等。以功能基因组学为代表的后基因组时代主要为利用基因组学提供的信息。     

蛋白质组学技术在白血病研究中的应用

蛋白质组学（Proteomics）是一门相对于基因组学（Genomics）而提出的，旨在综合研究某一基因组所表达的全部蛋白质的新型学科。随着蛋白质组学技术如二维电泳（2DE）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）、质潜以及生物信息学等的快速发展和趋于成熟，我们将就蛋白质组学研究在白血病发病、诊断、预后及治疗等方面取得的进展进行综述。     

蛋白质组学在检验医学中的应用前景

蛋白质是生命活动的体现者和直接的执行者，功能基因经转录、翻译、修饰等形成功能蛋白质，研究表明，机体内功能基因与蛋白质并非一一对应．说明基因转录mRNA到蛋白质表达过程极其复杂．一个基因并不只表达一种相应的蛋白质。可能会有几种，甚至几十种，其表达是基因、环境、机体生理状态相互作用的结果．故执行生命活动的蛋白质具多样性、动态性。蛋白质特有的活动规律．如蛋白质的修饰、加工、转运、定位、代谢以及蛋白质之间或与其他生物大分子的相互作用等均无法从基因水平研究获知．使得沟通基因、蛋白质和疾病发生之间的蛋白质组成为当前生命科学的研究热点之一．也必将给检验医学带来巨大变革。     

细菌的蛋白质组学研究进展

随着“人类基因组计划”的完成，包括双向电泳和质谱技术的蛋白质组学逐渐成为了医学研究的中心，细菌作为医学研究的对象和工具，其蛋白质组的研究是对其基因组的补充，对人类蛋白质组的前瞻。研究主要集中在新蛋白的发现，蛋白质间的修饰，蛋白质组的比较和蛋白质间的相互作用等方面，为新抗生素靶位的发现，新替代疫苗的研制，致病机制及耐药机制的研究提供了依据。本文就细菌蛋白质组研究进展作一简要的概述。     

蛋白质组学在胚胎领域的应用概述

<正>人类辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technologies,APT)对于临床不孕不育的治疗无疑是20世纪的一项伟大成就。在辅助生殖技术中对配子和胚胎的非侵入性的评估是一个焦点[1]。选出最适合移植的胚胎是人工辅助生殖成功的重要部分,通常筛选胚胎的方法是对胚胎进行系统的形态学评估[2-3]。尽管这种方法相对成熟,并且提高了怀孕率,但它自身     

The clinical application of proteomics

BACKGROUND: Proteomics is defined as a scientific approach used to elucidate all protein species within a cell or tissue, and many researchers are taking advantage of proteomic technology to elucidate protein changes between healthy and diseased states. METHODS: The application of proteomic techniques and strategies to the field of medicine is slowly transforming the way biomarker discovery is conducted. However, the complexity of serum is the source of both its promise to clinical applications and its challenge to proteomic analysis. Like any new technology when it is first introduced, proteomics has been touted with much hope and promise. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We provide a review of the clinical application of proteomics with the emphasis on current practical issues and challenges facing proteomic research.     

蛋白质组学在检验医学中的应用

随着蛋白质分离和鉴定技术的不断发展,蛋白质组学已日益广泛地应用到生物医学的各个领域.由于其可高通量、大规模地研究正常和病理情况下细胞或组织中蛋白质表达及翻译后修饰的变化,探索疾病发生的病因、病理过程、病损机制,筛选用于疾病诊断、治疗及预后的生物标志物,逐渐成为检验医学中的研究热点.     

基于质谱的蛋白质组学诊断所面临的挑战

过去的几年中,基于质谱技术的蛋白质组学分析方法已经成为寻找新的疾病标志物的重要手段之一.由于它具有高灵敏度、高通量、快速以及能和生物信息学技术结合同时快速分析大量的蛋白质或多肽的优点,使之成为临床研究的有力工具.然而,最近的一些研究显示,因为这项技术的重复性和数据统计分析等方面的不足而受到了争议.本文介绍了采用该方法进行标志物筛查时在实验设计、质谱技术以及数据分析等方面面临的一些挑战,探讨其在血清或血浆分析中的应用.     

The changing scenario in laboratory medicine and the role of laboratory professionals in translational medicine

A revolution is now expected to occur in the ever-changing scenario of laboratory medicine thanks to the introduction of "omics" into clinical practice. However, our awareness of the divide between knowledge and practice, and the understandable assumption that omics research will be riddled with difficulties, has led to the concepts of knowledge translation, translational research and translational medicine. The interchangeable terms, translational research or translational medicine (hereafter referred to as translational research), currently underline the pressing need to gain practical benefit from the enormous investments made in biomedical research by the private and public sector. From the viewpoint of physicians, clinical laboratory professionals and patients, who are more directly involved in clinical practice, translational research responds to the need to obtain benefit from research, thus closing the gap between what we know and what we practice. This means transferring diagnostic and therapeutic advances that have proven effective in large well-conducted trials (and are therefore evidenced-based,) to daily medical practice. Translational research should be regarded as a two-way road: bench to bedside, and bedside to bench. However, to achieve a more effective translation process, a new road map should be implemented through interaction and cooperation between basic researchers, clinicians, laboratory professionals and manufacturers. Some examples of recent developments in clinical laboratory testing, including markers of cardiovascular diseases, clinical proteomics and recombinant allergens, attest to the importance of a careful evaluation of all variables allowing the introduction of such new insights into clinical practice in order to assure better clinical outcomes. The ability of laboratory medicine to deliver safer and more effective health care calls for a more careful evaluation not only of analytical characteristics but also of any other variables that may affect the clinical usefulness and diagnostic performances of laboratory tests thus enabling a more accurate interpretation and utilization of laboratory information.     

The use of proteomics for the assessment of clinical samples in research

Proteomics, the analysis of expressed proteins, has been an important developing area of research for the past two decades [Anderson, NG, Anderson, NL. Twenty years of two-dimensional electrophoresis: past, present and future. Electrophoresis 1996;17:443-453]. Advances in technology have led to a rapid increase in applications to a wide range of samples; from initial experiments using cell lines, more complex tissues and biological fluids are now being assessed to establish changes in protein expression. A primary aim of clinical proteomics is the identification of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disease, by comparing the proteomic profiles of control and disease, and differing physiological states. This expansion into clinical samples has not been without difficulties owing to the complexity and dynamic range in plasma and human tissues including tissue biopsies. The most widely used techniques for analysis of clinical samples are surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS) and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation [Person, MD, Monks, TJ, Lau, SS. An integrated approach to identifying chemically induced posttranslational modifications using comparative MALDI-MS and targeted HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2003;16:598-608]-mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS). This review aims to summarise the findings of studies that have used proteomic research methods to analyse samples from clinical studies and to assess the impact that proteomic techniques have had in assessing clinical samples.     

蛋白质组学技术在肝癌研究中的应用进展

基因的功能最终是由蛋白质决定的。蛋白质组学作为一门新兴学科,已经广泛地应用于医学的各个领域。本文着重介绍了蛋白质组学的主要技术以及这些技术在寻找肝癌早期标记物和肝癌特异性抗原方面的研究进展,以为临床提供指导。     

功能基因组学在研究宫颈癌相关基因方面的应用

宫颈癌是世界女性第二大恶性疾病,在我国居女性恶性肿瘤之首,它的高死亡率严重地威胁着女性的生命健康。宫颈癌的发生、发展是一个多因素参与、多基因、多阶段的疾病。从诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主R.Dulbecco.1986年3月在《科学》杂志上发表文章《癌症研究的转折点:测序人类基因     

The application of clinical proteomics to cancer and other diseases.

The term "clinical proteomics" refers to the application of available proteomics technologies to current areas of clinical investigation. The ability to simultaneously and comprehensively examine changes in large numbers of proteins in the context of disease or other changes in physiological conditions holds great promise as a tool to unlock the solutions to difficult clinical research questions. Proteomics is a rapidly growing field that combines high throughput analytical methodologies such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and SELDI mass spectrometry methods with complex bioinformatics to study systems biology--the system of interest is defined by the investigator. Even with all its potential, however, studies must be carefully designed in order to differentiate true clinical differences in protein expression from differences originating from variation in sample collection, variation in experimental condition, and normal biological variability. Proteomic analyses are already widely in use for clinical studies ranging from cancer to other diseases such as cardiovascular disease, organ transplant, and pharmacodynamic studies.     

蛋白质组学分析在淋巴瘤中的应用进展

蛋白质组学分析已经广泛应用于多种肿瘤的临床研究,用于发现可以应用于临床的潜在生物学标志物.近年,与淋巴瘤相关的蛋白质组学分析研究也正在进行中,主要涉及淋巴瘤的发病机制、诊断、分型、治疗及预测预后等方面.为了使相关临床工作者更好地了解蛋白质组学分析及其应用价值,笔者拟就蛋白质组学分析在淋巴瘤中的应用进展进行综述.