结核性脓胸支气管胸膜瘘合并小肠内瘘1例

病人　男 ,42例。 15例前因“十二指肠溃疡病行胃、十二指肠部分切除术”。 1996年以来每日稀水便 ,多至 4～ 5次 ,按“肠功能紊乱”治疗 ,口服大量中、西药物无明显疗效。1997年 11月因咳嗽伴气短 ,Ｘ线胸片示左上肺结核 ,液气胸 ,置左胸腔闭式引流管后转结核病医院强化抗结核治疗。此期间继发全身严重感染和心衰 ,先后使用多种抗生素及抗真菌等药物对症治疗 ;多次痰涂片示抗酸杆菌 ( +)及霉菌( +)。骨髓穿刺示巨幼红细胞性贫血 ;体重下降约 2 0ｋｇ。1998年 6月入院 ,查体 :恶液质 ,极度消瘦。左侧胸壁稍塌陷 ,左肺呼吸音弱 ,心率 10 0次 …     

胸廓造口开窗引流术在结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘中应用的疗效分析

【摘要】 目的 总结分析胸廓造口开窗引流术(OWT)在结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘中应用的治疗经验。方法 对我科在2003年至2012年56例结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病例采用胸廓造口开窗引流术的外科治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例胸廓造口开窗换药引流3~12个月后,分别采用Heller胸廓成形术加瘘修补术、胸膜外全肺切除术或余肺切除术、永久的开放性胸廓造口术等方法治疗。结果 全组患者有效地控制胸腔感染后,36例行Heller胸廓成形术加瘘修补术;14例胸膜外全肺切除术或余肺切除术后关闭胸廓造口,其中有5例术后出现围手术期胸腔再次感染并发症发生再次行胸廓造口术;6例患者选择永久的开放性胸廓造口开窗换药引流,无围术期死亡病例发生。结论 对结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘的患者应用胸廓造口术能有效地控制胸腔感染,降低死亡率,改善身体状况,为二期瘘修补术及消灭残腔手术创造有利条件并提高手术成功率。     

支气管胸膜瘘合并难治性脓胸个体化综合治疗分析

目的总结和分析支气管胸膜瘘合并难治性脓胸个体化综合治疗的方法和疗效。 方法2015年7月—2019年11月共收治支气管胸膜瘘合并难治性脓胸患者12例,其中男性10例,女性2例;年龄23～78岁,平均(60.75±15.05)岁。初始手术为非小细胞肺癌4例,肺部良性疾病4例,包裹性胸腔积液3例,恶性胸腺瘤肺转移1例。胸膜瘘发生后,采取经脓胸引流控制感染和介入封堵瘘口治疗;病情基本稳定后,行肌瓣移植术填塞脓腔等综合措施,并根据病情进行个体化治疗。 结果全组无围手术期死亡病例;在平均17.45个月的随访中,1例患者因肿瘤转移死亡;1例复发小脓腔;其余10例无支气管胸膜瘘和脓胸复发,肌瓣存活,复查胸部CT/MRI显示脓腔被彻底填塞。 结论对支气管胸膜瘘合并难治性脓胸患者采取个体化综合治疗措施,能达到彻底根治的目的,成功率高,疗效显著,值得推广。     

结核性脓胸的外科治疗

本院1982～2000年收治结核性脓胸508例，采用不同的手术方式进行外科手术治疗，效果满意，现报告如下。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

从1976年至1996年，我科对11例肺切除术后发生支气管胸膜瘘的病人进行了外科治疗。治愈10人，治愈率91％，1例经过3次手术后复发的病人死于与手术无关的晚期肺癌。治疗支气管胸膜瘘的方法很多，以胸改（局部或扩大）加胸部带蒂肌瓣胸内转移方法最有效。肩胂骨次全切除（一种扩大胸改的新术式）加肩胂下肌及冈下肌胸内转移对那些顽固性支气管胸膜瘘病人有良好的效果。作者认为治疗支气管胸膜瘘的关键是：①充分地胸腔引流及感染的控制；②有效地封闭支气管瘘口；③彻底地消除患侧胸膜残腔。     

应用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵结核性支气管胸膜瘘的疗效分析

目的 总结分析应用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵结核性支气管胸膜瘘的治疗经验。方法 对我科在2018年至2019年20例结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病例采用应用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵结核性支气管胸膜瘘的治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例先行胸廓造口开窗引流术（OWT）换药引流2~4周后,残腔感染有效控制的病人选择行光导纤维气管镜下房间隔封堵器封堵支气管胸膜瘘口。结果 全组患者有效地控制胸腔感染后,封堵瘘口治疗后疗效根据临床症状、胸腔及肺部感染控制情况和瘘口闭合情况进行评价,全组20例病例封堵术后达到治愈（CR）标准：瘘口愈合,临床症状完全缓解持续1个月,被封堵器封堵瘘口,临床症状完全缓解持续;随诊6~12个月,其中8例患者封堵术后3~6个月行简单的胸廓关窗术,避免行形体改变大的胸廓改形术,7例患者全身症状改善可耐受择期手术,行余肺切除术+支气管瘘修补术,3例患者部分缓解（partial, PR）,瘘口未闭合,部分被支架封堵,临床症状部分缓解,2例患者出现移位分别在术后8月和术后12月气管镜下取出封堵器。本组患者无死亡病例,围手术期均无不良事件包括封堵器脱落,气道狭窄等并发症发生。结论 该治疗方法具有微创及性价比高的特色,因支气管胸膜瘘的瘘管解剖特殊,与房间隔缺损瘘口结构类似,使用房间隔封堵器治疗结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘在常规治疗无效的情况下,可作为一种在气管镜下特殊治疗技术应用,能快速、有效地封堵瘘口,降低再次感染风险及呼吸衰竭的发生,为结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病人提供一个有效治疗方法选择。     

慢性结核性脓胸461例外科治疗回顾性分析

目的 探讨慢性结核性脓胸的外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年12月在山东省胸科医院胸外科接受手术治疗的461例慢性结核性脓胸患者的临床资料.其中男性317例,女性144例;年龄6～79岁,平均年龄32岁.术前病程3个月至50年,其中1年以内347例,1～2年61例,2年以上53例.根据患者情况采用不同手术方法.结果 全组患者无围手术期死亡,461例中一次手术治愈445例,分期手术治愈6例.1例脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘患者,行胸膜剥脱术+肺叶切除术后再发支气管胸膜瘘,引流半年后行瘘修补+肌瓣填塞术+局限性胸廓成形术后治愈.3例切口愈合不良,经过换药治愈.5例出院后3个月内出现同侧切口附近胸壁脓肿,经过病灶清除附加局限性胸廓成形术治愈.1例胸膜全肺切除术患者于手术后1年因支气管残端瘘致余肺播散,死于呼吸功能衰竭.结论 在慢性结核性脓胸的治疗当中,手术治疗仍然有不可替代的作用,根据患者病情及身体状况选择恰当的手术方式能够取得良好的治疗效果.     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗。方法26例患者分别采取胸腔引流、支气管残端修补、胸膜余肺切除、胸廓成形术等治疗方式。结果23例（88．5％）患者经各种治疗最终获得治愈，手术死亡1例，瘘口未愈失访2例。结论充分胸腔引流能控制感染，彻底消除残腔，妥善封闭支气管瘘口是外科治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的关键环节。     

支气管胸膜瘘的治疗进展

支气管胸膜瘘（bronchopleural fistula,BPF）是指肺泡、各级支气管与胸膜腔之间相互交通而形成的瘘管,是肺切除术后严重的并发症之一。BPF治疗较为困难,病死率较高。近年来,BPF在传统的治疗方法上有较多的新进展,无创、微创治疗尤为突出,本文就BPF治疗作一综述。     

492例结核性脓胸的外科治疗

近年来全球结核病发病率明显回升 ,我国结核病的流行形势同样严峻 ,结核性脓胸在临床上亦不少见 ,其临床表现及治疗方法均有其新的特点 ,现总结分析我们 1974年至1994年间共手术治疗结核性脓胸 4 92例 ,报道如下。临床资料　本组 4 92例中男 345例 ,女 14 7例。年龄 6～6 8岁。局限性脓胸 370例 ,全脓胸 12 2例。合并支气管胸膜瘘者 139例 (2 8 2 5 % ) ;合并胸壁外穿性脓肿或窦道者 78例(15 85 % ) ;合并肺部结核或既往有肺结核病史者 2 6 7例(5 4 2 7% ) ;有结核性渗出性胸膜炎病史者 4 15例 (84 35 % )。手术采用胸膜剥脱术 4 0 5…     

One-stage pedicled omentum majus transplantation into thoracic cavity for treatment of chronic persistent empyema with or without bronchopleural fistula

Objective: Assessment of the present results of surgical treatment for chronic persistent empyema with or without bronchopleural fistula (BPF) using one-stage pedicled omentum majus transplantation into the thoracic cavity. Methods: From November 1979 to December 1996, 50 patients with chronic persistent empyema were treated by pedicled omentum majus transplanted into the thoracic cavity. There were 35 men and 15 women, and the age range was 15–58 years. Empyema had been present for 0.5–18 years. Twenty-six of 35 cases with chronic tuberculous empyema and six of 15 cases with chronic bacterial empyema suffered from concomitant BPF (n=32). In the latter, the most common organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Results: There were no perioperative deaths. Two cases had a significant air leak on the first postoperative day. One of them underwent rethoractomy 30 h after the initial operation to stop the fistula using intrathoracic omentum. Thoracic dead space disappeared in most of the operated cases and a sterilized dry cavity remained in some cases. Conclusions: One-stage pedicled omentum majus transposition is a safe and easy procedure for chronic persistent empyema and BPF, it breaks down residual or recurrent inflammatory foci mechanically and closes the BPF effectively with minimal deformity of the chest wall.     

Transparasternal transpericardial operation in the treatment of chronic empyema with bronchopleural fistula

A 78-year-old man with a lung destroyed by chronic empyema underwent pleuropneumonectomy, 4 months after open-window thoracostomy, via a transparasternal transpericardial approach. This approach is safe and effective in great vessel and bronchus dissection and applicable to cases of persistent chronic empyema such as our.     

再次开胸瘘修补术治疗肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘

目的 总结采用再次手术瘘修补结合自体带蒂肌瓣组织包盖残端的方法治疗23例肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)(9例伴有胸腔感染)的经验,并对治疗选择进行探讨.方法 23例中第一次手术方式全肺切除13例,肺叶切除10例.BPF发生时间为术后5～40天,平均21天.BPF确诊后,立即行胸腔闭式引流术并考虑行二次开胸瘘修补术.4例采用直接缝合修补瘘口,10例重新切除残端至正常组织后再次缝合,7例切除残端后行支气管成形或隆凸成形术,2例将带蒂肌瓣缝合到瘘口边缘达到封闭;瘘修补后残端后包埋的肌瓣包括肋间肌瓣5例,肋背阔肌瓣10例、前锯肌瓣6例、骶棘肌2例.瘘修补术后常规给予胸腔冲冼.结果无术中及术后近期死亡.术后并发严重并发症4例,均对症治疗后痊愈.21例瘘口修补成功,失败2例,成功率为91.3％.1例修补后2年因残端复发致BPF伴脓胸,其余均无BPF复发.结论 肺切除术后早期BPF,即使有胸腔感染,如果预期可耐受手术,应尽早积极手术修补瘘口并以带蒂胸壁肌瓣包盖,结合术后胸腔持续冲洗,可获得良好效果.     

Effective treatment of empyema with bronchopleural fistula after esophagectomy by endobronchial embolization using endobronchial Watanabe Spigots

IntroductionEmpyema and bronchopleural fistula are well known complications after thoracic surgery. We report a case of refractory air leakage of bronchopleural fistula in a patient with empyema that was successfully treated by endobronchial embolization using Endobronchial Watanabe Spigots (EWSs).Presentation of caseA 71-year-old man underwent esophagectomy for primary esophageal cancer. A right empyema with bronchopleural fistula (BPF) developed four months after surgery. Right thoracic drainage tube was inserted. Although the empyema was treated by drainage and anti-biotics therapy, the air leakage was apparent. The chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed that the bronchopleural fistula existed in the segment 6 and 10. Endobronchial embolization was performed to the responsible bronchus using EWSs. After the EWSs of middle and large sizes were inserted into the B⁶c and B¹⁰b + c, the air leakage was stopped. The thoracic tube of drainage was removed after endobronchial embolization. Complications due to the EWSs insertion were not observed, and the patient was discharged.DiscussionThe management of BPF has evolved over the years. Surgical approach is frequently needed to control the BPF, though endobronchial embolization is effective in closing the BPF in some patients. In our case, EWSs of middle and large size were useful to control air leakage. We safely retried the 2nd endoboronchial embolization using the EWS. The patient had no complication after insertion the EWS again.ConclusionEndobronchial embolization using EWSs was an effective treatment of an empyema with bronchopleural fistula after esophagectomy.     

Anesthetic management of a patient with bronchopleural fistula following blunt trauma chest: A brief report

Blunt trauma to the chest resulting in rupture of a major bronchus is rare. These injuries are often fatal because of respiratory distress; difficulties in establishing an airway, and the high frequency of associated multiple organ injuries. We report the anesthetic and intensive care management of a patient with bronchopleural fistula following blunt chest injury and post-thoracotomy stump leak. This case was unique because of shearing of right main bronchus close to carina, such injuries are not only difficult to repair but also, double lumen tube was kept for more than 48 h to prevent reopening of the suture. Successful management of the case is described with brief review of the literature.     

A treatment protocol for chronic post-pneumonectomy empyema associated with bronchopleural fistula: A single-centre retrospective study

Chronic post-pneumonectomy empyema (CPPE) associated with bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a potentially fatal complication and remains a surgical challenge. This study aims to propose a treatment protocol for managing this severe disease. From July 2009 to June 2021, 47 CPPE with BPF patients were treated in our department. CT scan with 3D reconstruction was used to detect BPF and to evaluate the location and volume of empyema cavity. Different surgical techniques were used to close BPFs according to they sizes. Multiple pedicled muscle flaps were chosen to fill the empyema cavity, and among them, latissimus dorsi (LD) was the mostly used flap. For cases that regional flaps were not suitable, free flaps were used. Patients were followed-up from 7.9 to 102.8 months. Forty-four patients (93.6%) healed after the operation. Closure of BPFs failed in three patients (6.4%), leading to regional infection. These patients were treated by bronchoscopic application of sealants, continuous drainage and antibiotics, and they eventually healed. Total or partial flap loss was not seen in any of the cases. Treatment protocol was proposed based on these results. CT scan with 3D reconstruction is an effective examination to evaluate pleural cavity defect and BPF. Proper technique to close the BPF and right choice of flap to fulfil the empyema cavity are the two most important key points to treat CPPE associated with BPF patients.