乌苏图病毒及其人畜动物感染的研究进展

乌苏图病毒为上世纪在非洲蚊虫标本中分离的病毒,此后证明为黄病毒科黄病毒属病毒。近十余年,该病毒不仅在非洲许多国家的蚊虫中多次分离到该病毒,特别是在远离非洲上万公里的欧洲许多国家的蚊虫中分离到乌苏图病毒,并且不断发现由乌苏图病毒感染引起的大批鸟的死亡,甚至发生人类感染的病例。乌苏图病毒已经成为一种新发的,长距离传播的虫媒病毒,引起国际关注。我国尚未在蚊虫中发现乌苏图病毒,也未见该病毒感染人畜动物的报道。本文总结目前国际上有关乌苏图病毒的研究进展,以推动我国对该病的相关研究。     

博尔纳病病毒持续感染的原因及意义

近年来许多国家尼巴病毒和西尼罗河病毒脑炎的暴发流行．导致感染区内数干人短时间内迅速死亡;2004年以来爆发的禽流感病毒等都引起了人类极度恐慌和巨大的经济损失。这些疾病的出现引起了研究者们对新发病毒感染性疾病的高度关注。BDV可能也是新发感染性疾病中的一种病原体,研究者们近年亦对其进行了广泛的研究。博尔纳病（Borna disease,BD）是19世纪末首先在德国马匹发现的一种神经综合症。其病原体博尔纳病病毒（Borna disease virus,BDV）是一种非分节段的单股负链RNA病毒,     

克山病病人的病毒分离及其实验感染的研究

近年我们从确诊亚急克病人尸体脏器中分离到三株稳定病毒株,经鉴定为柯萨奇B_2、A_9及未定型各一株,电镜下显示均为28-32nm小RNA无囊膜肠道病毒属的病毒颗粒;用三株病毒分别感染不同粮饲养小白鼠的子代,七日龄乳鼠,各实验组仔鼠普遍出现明显的心肌实质坏死类似克山病的改变。感染由克山病人分离的稳定病毒株与其原型病毒感染仔鼠心肌及其他脏器的病变有所不同。     

首次从云南蚊虫分离到辛德毕斯病毒及其鉴定

目的了解云南省虫媒病毒的存在和流行情况。方法2005年8月,在云南省勐海县采集蚊虫,蚊虫标本经研磨后,上清液接种BHK21细胞以分离病毒,用间接免疫荧光试验和RT-PCR等方法进行鉴定,并对病毒的分子生物学特征进行分析。结果采集到蚊虫标本9400只,其中分离到一株对BHK-21细胞能产生明显细胞病变的病毒(MX10)。该病毒经间接免疫荧光试验提示为甲病毒。用甲病毒属特异引物和Sindbis病毒E1基因特异引物对MX10病毒的RT-PCR扩增为阳性,经核酸序列测定分析证实该序列与Sindbis病毒泰国分离株(AF492770)同源性最高,为90.0%;与1987年分离自云南发热患者的YN87448株和1991年新疆按蚊分离株XJ-160的同源性分别为73.1%和72.0%。结论本次从勐海县蚊虫分离到的MX10病毒株为Sindbis病毒,并可能是Sindbis病毒的新亚型或新株系。     

第七次全国感染病学术会议纪要

由中华医学会传染病与寄生虫分会(感染病分会)举办的第七次全国感染病学术会议于2001年     

重庆市库蚊标本中宜昌病毒的分离鉴定

目的 对2017年采集自重庆地区蚊虫标本携带的病毒进行分离鉴定。方法 采用组织细胞培养法进行病毒分离,应用高通量测序技术获得病毒分离物的全基因组序列,采用系统发育法进行种类及分子特征分析。结果 库蚊标本来源的病毒阳性分离物 CQFD2017能引起白纹伊蚊细胞C6/36病变,但不能引起金黄地鼠肾细胞BHK-21、非洲绿猴肾细胞Vero病变。 CQFD2017全基因组序列长度为20 893 bp, 包含6个开放阅读框。系统进化分析发现,该毒株位于Nidovirales病毒目Mesoniviridae病毒科的Yichang病毒所在的进化分支,与Yichang病毒(NC_040534)的核苷酸一致性为98.6%,ORF1a和ORF1b区氨基酸一致性分别为99.06%和99.15%,因此将该毒株命名为Yichang病毒CQFD2017株。结论 2017年重庆市库蚊标本分离的CQFD2017株为Yichang病毒。     

我国甲病毒的分离与鉴定

甲病毒是指披膜病毒科（Togaviridae）甲病毒属（Alphavirus）病毒,是一类以蚊虫等吸血节肢动物为传播媒介,引起人畜疾病的重要病原体。国际病毒分类委员会2009年第9次报告确认目前共发现29种甲病毒,其中有l3种可引起人、畜疾病,至少9种发生过人间流行\自上世纪80年代以来,随着我国虫媒病毒研究的发展,相继分离到多种甲病毒;在人群和动物中检测到多种甲病毒抗体; 并且发现多例甲病毒感染的输入性病例.甲病毒研究在我国虫媒病毒研究领域取得了较大进展。本文就近30年来我国甲病毒研究进展进行综述。     

云南省昭通地区鸟类乙脑病毒分离与鉴定

流行性乙型脑炎是一种自然疫源性疾病、马、骡、驴、猪、牛、绵羊、山羊、骆驼、狗、猫、鸡、鸭以及许多野生动物和鸟类均有感染性,并都可能出现病毒血症。为了查明鸟自然感染病毒情况,于1986年4～5月在历年来候鸟返回北方时路过的昭通与大关交界的     

不明病因感染性疾病DNA病毒性病原检测方法的建立

目的建立不明病因感染性疾病DNA病毒性病原的检测方法。方法应用DNaseI-非序列依赖的单引物扩增技术,将患者血清过滤后,经DNase I处理去除血清中内源DNA。Csp6.I酶切病原DNA,加接头分子,并以接头分子为引物非特异扩增病原DNA,测序并进行序列分析。结果DNaseI处理血清中内源DNA不会降解病毒DNA;非序列依赖的单引物扩增血清中外源DNA得到多个DNA片段;将所有PCR产物测序,序列与已知病原DNA序列完全一致。结论应用DNaseI处理及非序列依赖的单引物扩增方法可以检测DNA病毒性病原。     

云南瑞丽HIV-1感染长期存活者的病毒分离及其生物学特性的研究

目的 研究长期不进展者的病毒生物学特征及其与疾病发展的关系。方法 用感染者和正常人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)共培养的方法分离病毒,终点以共培养上清液中的p24抗原作为病毒生长的评价指标。结果 (1)从15例长期不进展者分离到4株病毒,占26.7％。同时取该地区HIV-1感染进展者血样20份,分离到14株病毒,阳性率为70.0％;(2)病毒分离率影响因素的试验结果表明,病毒的分离率与CD_4细胞数有明显关系,CD_4细胞数越高,分离率越低。反之,CD_4细胞数越低,病毒分离率越高。此外,去除CD_8细胞后可以显著提高病毒的分离率;(3)病毒生物学特性观察发现长期不进展者分离株均属生长缓慢、低滴度、非致细胞融合型(NSI型),在T细胞不能生长的病毒;(4)大部分进展者分离株与长期不进展者分离株在生物学特性方面没有显示区别。结论 长期不进展者与大部分进展者的病毒生物学特征没有明显区别,因此,推测病毒学因素可能不是决定病程进展的最主要因素。影响疾病进展的其它因素,如免疫因素等尚需进一步研究。     

Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on hepatitis C virus infection in hemophiliacs

Chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major problem in hemophiliacs. Recent reports suggested that hemophiliacs coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased incidence of liver failure but the mechanism of accelerated liver injury is not clear. We tested plasma from 100 hemophiliacs for anti-HCV by second generation ELISA, anti-HIV by EIA, and HCV RNA and HIV RNA by branched DNA and polymerase chain reaction assays to determine if hemophiliacs coinfected with HCV and HIV have higher HCV RNA levels and more active liver disease. Seventy-nine (79%) patients were anti-HCV positive, of whom 85% were HCV RNA positive. None of the anti-HCV-negative patients had detectable HCV RNA in plasma. Forty-two (42%) patients were anti-HIV positive, of whom 47% had detectable HIV RNA. All the anti-HIV-positive patients were also anti-HCV positive. The prevalence of both anti-HCV and anti-HIV increased significantly with age. There was no difference in HCV RNA levels between anti-HIV-positive and anti-HIV-negative patients (mean: 21±4 vs 18±5 Meq/ml), although HCV RNA levels were significantly higher in anti-HIV-positive patients with CD4 counts<200/mm³ (P=0.008). There was an inverse correlation between HCV RNA levels and CD4 counts but no correlation was found between HCV RNA and serum aminotransferase levels. We found a high prevalence of HCV and HIV coinfection in our hemophiliacs. Hepatitis C virus replication appears to be increased in patients with severe immunodeficiency secondary to progressive HIV infection. However, there was no correlation between HCV RNA and serum ALT level, suggesting that HCV is not directly cytopathic.     

Hepatitis C virus infection and related chronic liver disease in a resident elderly population: the Silea study

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases with advancing age, but the disease has been poorly studied in the elderly. A population-based study was therefore carried out to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection and the severity of HCV-related chronic liver disease in the elderly. One thousand and sixty-three people (≥60 years of age) were screened for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and for possible abnormalities of common liver function tests. Positive subjects and sex and age-matched anti-HCV- negative controls were recalled 12 months later for measurements of liver enzymes, confirmatory testing of anti-HCV, HCV RNA analysis and HCV genotyping. All subjects answered a specific questionnaire concerning medical history and possible risk factors. Forty-four subjects were positive for anti-HCV, the prevalence being 4.1%. Thirty-five positive subjects and 35 controls were investigated further. Risk factors for acquiring HCV were found to be: blood transfusion, surgical intervention and the use of non-disposable syringes. Abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels were found in 13 patients (37.1%). HCV RNA genotyping showed type 1b in three (15.8%), type 2a in 13 (68.4%) and not classified in three (15.8%) patients. There was no relationship between abnormalities of serum aminotransferase, the rate of HCV RNA positivity and HCV genotypes. Ultrasound abnormalities were present in 13 (37.1%) patients. In this elderly population the relatively high prevalence of HCV infection was thought to be caused by previous parenteral exposure. The low incidence of liver disease could be related to the prevalence of HCV genotype 2a in the majority of these patients, and hints at the possibility of an HCV carrier state in elderly individuals.     

病毒感染与川崎病的相关性探讨

目的探究病毒感染与川崎病的相关性。方法选取川崎病患儿35例为观察组,同期选取发热性疾病但非川崎病患儿35例为对照组。对两组患儿的病毒感染情况进行比较,并行超声心动图检查,比较两组患儿冠脉损伤情况。结果两组患儿共病毒感染29例,其中,观察组感染18例,对照组感染11例,分别为EB病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、冠状病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒,其中,观察组患儿EB病毒感染明显多于对照组患儿,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),单纯疱疹病毒、冠状病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒,比较差异均无统计学差异(P0.05);将病毒感染组与未感染组冠脉损伤情况进行比较,结果显示,感染组患儿冠脉损伤发生率为31.03%,未感染组为4.88%,感染组明显高于未感染组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论川崎病的发生可能与EB病毒感染有关,病毒感染后冠脉损伤的发生增加。     

加强对西尼罗病毒的认识

西尼罗病毒感染可引起西尼罗热和西尼罗脑炎,是一种新发传染病,为近年来全球公共卫生的新威胁。本文对西尼罗病毒的生物学特性、致病机制、临床症状和疫苗等方面的研究进展进行综述,为我国防治西尼罗病毒感染提供参考。     

Hepatitis C virus infection in China: an emerging public health issue

Hepatitis C virus now represents a global viral pandemic and is the fourth most commonly reported infectious disease in China. Information on China's national HCV epidemic was limited to cross ‐sectional seroprevalence studies of special populations, and a national surveillance effort had been launched to inform prevention and control. We analysed novel data from two national databases: (i) China's national medical HCV case report system and (ii) the national disease sentinel surveillance system. Between 1997 and 2012, reporting incidence of medical cases for HCV infection rose from 0.7 to 15.0 cases per 100 000 with the largest burden of disease concentrated among individuals over 35 years of age, rural residents and those tested as part of routine screening. Between 2010 and 2012, disease sentinel surveillance identified the highest HCV seropositive rates among persons who use drugs and haemodialysis patients, with far lower but not negligible rates among sexually active population. The concentration of cases among older age groups is consistent with past studies of age‐specific prevalence rates in Asia. Differences across regions and testing modes suggest diverse biological and social forces driving the spread of HCV in China. Surveillance data show ongoing transmission, particularly among persons who use drugs and persons undergoing invasive medical treatments, particularly haemodialysis. Improvements in case detection and data reporting systems will be critical for understanding current drivers of transmission and identifying key areas for prevention.     

血液病患者丙型肝炎病毒的感染

为了解血液病患者丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染率，探讨相对危险因素。采用第二代ＥＬＩＳＡ检测抗－ＨＣＶ，逆转录巢式双ＰＣＲ法检测ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。结果发现：４５例血液病患者１１例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性，３４例抗－ＨＣＶ阴性患者中，３例ＨＣＶＲＮ阳性。综合评价，ＨＣＶ感染率１４／４５（３１．１％）。相关危险因素为反复大量输注注未经抗－ＨＣＶ筛选的血液及血制品和免疫功能低下。结果表明：血液病患者ＨＣＶ感染率高于普通人     

Case Report: Severe cholestatic jaundice induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection in the elderly

Infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is almost always a self-limited disease, most commonly seen in young adults. Hepatitis is a well-recognized complication of EBV infection that usually resolves spontaneously. Jaundice occasionally results from the unusual complication of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia rather than hepatitis. We report a 60-year-old man with severe cholestatic jaundice whose history, liver histology and laboratory findings suggested EBV infection. He also developed significant jaundice related to his hepatitis, but not to autoimmune haemolysis, a situation that led to diagnostic delay. Costly diagnostic laboratory tests and invasive procedures were performed to rule out a malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Physicians need to be aware of this complication and EBV infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice in the elderly.     

Aetiological Characteristics of Infectious Diarrhea in Yantai City,Shandong Province,China in 2017

This study aimed to analyse the pathogenic spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, China and provide a reference for its prevention and control. A total of 713 stool specimens collected within 3 days of diarrhea onset from January to December 2017 at secondary or higher hospitals in Yantai City were tested for 10 causative pathogens, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The top two rotaviruses and norovirus were analysed for typing and geographical distribution. The total positive rate was 46.56% (332/713), and 268 of 713 specimens contained at least one pathogen; 64 had at least two pathogens, accounting for 19.28% of the positive specimens (64/332). The positivity rates of rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoVs) GI, norovirus (NoVs) GII, enterovirus universal (EV), enteric adenoviruses (EAdV), sapovirus (SaV), astrovirus (Astv), Salmonella (SE), Listeria monocytogenes (LiMo), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) were 20.06% (143/713), 1.82% (13/713), 12.84% (89/713), 10.66% (76/713), 4.07% (29/713), 0.42% (3/713), 2.38% (17/713), 1.54% (11/713), 1.82% (13/713), and 1.54% (11/713), respectively. Infectious diarrhea showed a high prevalence in young children aged 1-5 years, accounting for 48.6% of the total number of cases. Bacterial diarrhea was predominant in summer, and viral diarrhea was distributed throughout the year, without a significant seasonal pattern. Rotavirus is dominated by G9P, accounting for 81.82%, while norovirus is dominated by the GII type and has diverse characteristics. The aetiology of infectious diarrhea in Yantai is mainly viral, with RV, NoVs, EV, EAdV, and Astv being the most frequent pathogens. Continuous surveillance of infectious diarrhea diseases can help us understand its epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics, thereby taking targeted preventive and control measures in different seasons.