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??Free flaps play key roles in reconstruction of oral soft tissue defects. Nowadays??reconstruction pays more attention to precision??function and less donor sites compromise. Upon employment of perforator flaps in recent years??more choices and less trauma to donor sites became possible. While forearm flap used to be workhorse in oral defects reconstruction??there were some drawbacks for the flap. The ALT flap has some advantages compared with forearm flap except for its bulkiness. The peroneal artery perforator flap owns the benefit of both forearm and ALT flaps in reconstruction of oral tongue??floor of mouth and buccal defects. We summarize the features of perforator flap in this article??it is a good alternative to forearm and ALT flaps in oral defects reconstruction.     

Novel modification of infrahyoid myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of oral cavity defects

This study was intended to describe the technique used and the results obtained with the modification of the infrahyoid flap (IHF) for the reconstruction of oral tongue defects following resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients with oral tongue defects following ablation for T2 to T4a SCC had reconstructions using a modified infrahyoid flap. Demographic data, tumour characteristics, and the complications were evaluated for each patient. We observed no complications regarding the healing process of the donor site or success of the flap in 49 (of 55) patients. None of the flaps had massive oedema or venous congestion in the postoperative period. Six patients experienced flap-related complications of which five had partial skin paddle necrosis, but eventually their flaps recovered and re-epithelialised without any further intervention. However, total flap necrosis was seen in one patient in whom a pectoralis major flap was used for the defect reconstruction following revision surgery. History of previous radiotherapy to the neck (p = 0.003), tumour stage (p = 0.017), and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes (p = 0.004) were associated with higher prevalence of partial or total flap necrosis. The modified infrahyoid flap is a reliable, quick, and simple procedure with a reasonable cost that makes it a valuable option for the reconstruction of the oropharynx and oral cavity with minimal donor site morbidity and good outcomes. It seems the modified IHF is a valid surgical procedure that may be considered in selected patients undergoing reconstruction of oncological oral tongue defects with fewer complications.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复舌缺损的疗效评价

目的: 研究运用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复半舌缺损的可行性与临床效果,为腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣用于舌部缺损修复提供依据。方法: 选取9例舌癌患者,术前利用CT血管造影（CTA）技术对腓肠内侧动脉穿支进行定位,术中运用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣行半舌缺损修复。对成功应用该皮瓣进行舌重建的8例患者,术后1个月以及3个月进行随访,评价舌部功能及供区状况。结果: 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂长,管径与颈部血管匹配,对供区损伤小,腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣重建舌丰满,术后语音及咀嚼功能良好,舌部感觉功能欠佳。供区功能良好,仅留存线性瘢痕,供区未见明显并发症。结论: 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣可成为舌缺损修复重建的另一种选择,其供区隐蔽,损伤小,皮瓣厚度适合舌部缺损修复,术后患者语音及咀嚼功能恢复良好。     

锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣修复舌鳞癌术后缺损的临床研究

目的：探讨锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣修复舌鳞癌术后缺损的临床效果。方法对12例行锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣修复的舌鳞癌术后缺损患者进行回顾性分析,并对其术后外形及语音、吞咽功能恢复情况进行评估。结果12例术后行锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣即刻修复舌鳞癌患者,11例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣部分坏死,经短期换药后愈合,供区伤口均一期愈合,无明显的术后并发症,患者术区外形及功能均恢复满意。结论锁骨上动脉岛状皮瓣具有手术制取简单,供区并发症小,厚薄适中等优点,为舌鳞癌患者术后缺损的修复提供了一个新的选择。     

胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣舌再造的临床应用

目的探讨舌癌根治术同期应用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣行舌再造术的临床效果。方法应用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣行舌再造术同期修复16例舌癌根治术后舌缺损,总结有关处理经验。结果16例中13例肌皮瓣完全成活,术后经1年以上随访,再造舌外形满意,吞咽和语音功能恢复良好。结论胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣舌再造术式简单、安全,操作技术容易,易于推广应用,可在联合根治同一术野内同期完成,供区不额外增加疤痕和缺损,是舌癌根治术后半舌缺损修复重建的可行方法。     

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??The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps include anterolateral thigh perforator flap supplied by the lateral descending branch and oblique branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??anteromedial thigh perforator flap supplied by the medial descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??and tensor fascia lata perforator flap by the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. The advantages of these flaps include the low donor site morbidity?? the convenient donor site??the good vascular quality??the large soft tissue volume??the ability to be harvested as a chimeric flap with multiple various tissue components??and being far from the head and neck region which is fit for two-team approach. The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps can be flexibly chosen according to the different defects??so as to obtain the best effect in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.     

前臂桡侧皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复半舌缺损的比较研究

目的：分析比较前臂桡侧皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣在修复半舌缺损后的舌功能恢复和供受区并发症情况。方法：2008年7月-2012年11月,23例舌癌患者接受肿瘤扩大切除,遗留的半舌缺损,14例采用前臂桡侧皮瓣修复,供区伤口取腹部全厚皮片移植修复;9例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复。术后4~6个月,对每例患者的吞咽功能、语言清晰度和供受区并发症等情况进行随访分析。结果：前臂桡侧皮瓣组和股前外侧皮瓣组患者吞咽功能和语言清晰度均恢复良好,两组之间无显著差异。在受区,前臂桡侧皮瓣组有1例出现全部皮瓣坏死;股前外侧皮瓣组有1例出现小部分皮瓣坏死,1例出现口颈瘘。在供区,前臂桡侧皮瓣组有4例出现移植皮片部分坏死,1例伤口部分裂开,12例出现明显的瘢痕,9例局部麻木,3例手臂功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣组有1例局部麻木,1例出现明显的瘢痕,均未出现运动功能障碍。前臂桡侧皮瓣组供区并发症明显多于股前外侧皮瓣组。结论：股前外侧皮瓣可获得的血管蒂长、管径大、供区并发症少,是半舌缺损较理想的修复组织瓣。     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣重建舌癌术后组织缺损

目的:探讨应用游离股前外侧肌皮瓣修复舌癌术后组织缺损的临床效果。方法 :2008-01—2011-01应用股前外侧肌皮瓣修复舌癌术后组织缺损19例,其中男性11例,女性8例,年龄29岁至65岁,平均年龄50岁。病理类型:高分化鳞癌15例,中分化鳞癌4例。按UICC标准TNM分期:T2N0M0 5例,T3N0M0 8例,T3N1M0 4例,T4N1M0 2例;皮瓣大小为(8 cm×5 cm)^{(15 cm×7 cm)}。结果:19例股前外侧肌皮瓣全部成活,全部病例面颈部创面及大腿皮瓣供区均一期愈合。所有患者舌部缺损修复形态良好,患者语音、咀嚼、吞咽功能恢复良好,手术前后对比,未见明显颌面部畸形。术后随访1(15 cm×7 cm)。结果:19例股前外侧肌皮瓣全部成活,全部病例面颈部创面及大腿皮瓣供区均一期愈合。所有患者舌部缺损修复形态良好,患者语音、咀嚼、吞咽功能恢复良好,手术前后对比,未见明显颌面部畸形。术后随访1³年,1例患者术后1年出现对侧颈部淋巴结及全身骨转移并死亡,余患者未见转移和复发。结论:股前外侧皮瓣组织量丰富,适用于口腔颌面部癌肿术后组织缺损修复及器官功能恢复;因其供区隐蔽,对供区影响小,尤其适合年轻女性患者。     

原发灶对侧面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣整复口腔颌面部缺损的临床应用研究

目的 采用原发灶对侧面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣整复舌及口底缺损,丰富口腔颌面部缺损的整复方法。方法 采用6例对侧面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣整复舌及口底肿瘤切除术后缺损。结果 6例原发灶对侧面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣均有足够的血管蒂到达对侧口底舌腹,皮瓣全部成活。所有患者术后均暂时出现面部紧张、张口受限障碍等并发症,3个月后好转,术后半年未见皮瓣缩小。结论 原发灶对侧面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣颜色与舌及口底颜色几乎完全一样,切取简单,成活率高,供区再次损伤畸形小,有望成为舌口底恶性肿瘤切除后即刻修复常规皮瓣。     

Medial sural artery perforator flap aided by preoperative computed tomography angiography mapping for tongue reconstruction

The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative method for tongue reconstruction after cancer ablation using the medial sural artery perforator flap with the aid of preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) mapping. We describe the case of one patient treated with this technique and illustrate the anatomy of perforator vessels and the surgical techniques used in flap harvest. CTA was applied preoperatively to assess the number and location of medial sural artery perforators. The result obtained was both aesthetically and functionally satisfactory. The flap presented has the advantage of less donor site morbidity, and being thin, it is a suitable option for tongue reconstruction including that of a hemiglossectomy defect. CTA is an effective means of improving the safety of flap harvest.     

Peroneal perforator flap for intraoral reconstruction

Thin and pliable flaps with long, high calibre pedicles are ideally suited to lining the inside of the mouth. The radial forearm free flap has been our flap of choice until now, but we are unhappy with its potential for complications at the donor site. As an alternative, 30 patients have been treated in our unit with peroneal perforator flaps. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is necessary preoperatively to identify major perforating vessels. Flaps were raised using a lateral approach after the position of the most suitable perforator had been marked on the skin. The skin flaps were outlined in the proximal half of the lower leg with a maximum width of 5 cm to allow for direct closure of the wound. Five patients (of the original 35) were excluded after the results of MR angiography were known. All perforators identified on MR angiography could be exposed in the proximal half of the lower leg and most had a septocutaneous course. Reconstructions were in the floor of the mouth (n=16), tongue (n=11), and buccal mucosa (n=3). All but one flap survived with satisfactory functional results. The donor site morbidity was low. With the aid of MR angiography the peroneal perforator flap is a safe option for intraoral reconstruction. For small and medium sized defects we think that this flap is a good alternative to others, particularly if direct closure at an inconspicuous donor site is desired.     

穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部缺损重建中的应用

穿支皮瓣是由以管径细小(0.5~0.8 mm)的穿支血管供血的,包含皮肤或者皮下组织的轴型血管皮瓣.因其具有供区损伤小及受区功能好等特点,穿支皮瓣被广泛应用于口腔颌面部缺损重建修复中.目前,关于穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部缺损重建中的报道越来越多,但是关于皮瓣术前穿支定位以及皮瓣修复后期削薄方面的研究较少.本文就穿支皮瓣的特点、分类、解剖学基础及其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建应用中的相关问题作一综述.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及临床研究

目的: 通过对腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复的患者的供区及受区术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法: 选取 6 例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录腓肠内侧动脉穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;同时对16 例口腔鳞癌术后缺损患者采用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复重建,皮瓣面积 3 cm×4 cm~6 cm×8 cm。术后随访12 个月,观察皮瓣存活情况,受区臃肿度,供区功能恢复,术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果: 6 例下肢标本共测量记录到腓肠内侧动脉穿支14 条,平均 2.3 条。小腿腓肠内侧动脉穿支平均距腘皱褶下缘（9.15±4.05）cm, 距后正中线（2.82±0.91）cm,源动脉起始处外径平均为（2.11±0.17）mm。血管蒂总长度平均为（12.61±3.15）cm;16 例腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣,2 例发生血管危象并部分坏死,2 例失访（术后随访 10~47 个月,平均 24 个月）。2例皮瓣移植发生血管危象伴部分坏死病例未纳入随访。腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区影响小,组织量适中,受区外形不臃肿,质地、弹性良好,吞咽、语言功能均无明显影响。结论: 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣穿支数目及分布稳定,血管蒂长度及管径完全满足游离皮瓣移植要求,供区影响小,组织量适中,皮瓣受区不臃肿。结合其解剖稳定性,是口腔颌面部软组织中小型缺损修复重建的理想选择。     

Pedicled Islanded Nasolabial Flap Tunneled Under Mandible for Tongue Reconstruction

BackgroundNasolabial flap is reliable flap in the reconstruction of oral defects over a period of time. Still there is scanty literature available of using this flap for reconstruction of isolated defects of tongue. We carried out this study in our patients to assess the role of pedicled nasolabial flap in reconstruction of isolated tongue defects.MethodsIn total, 11 patients with T1 and T2 tongue cancer were selected for the study. The functional improvement in the form of speech and swallowing was evaluated postoperatively.ResultsThe flap was successfully taken in all patients except for marginal or tip loss. This is a locally available flap with minimal operating time and does not require microvascular skills. The results of speech and swallowing after reconstruction were comparable.ConclusionNasolabial flap is an excellent locally available flap for the reconstruction of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and with very minor, if any postoperative cosmetic defect.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部组织缺损18例报告

目的：探讨游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建中的应用价值及效果。方法：分析并评价应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣转移修复18例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术后及颌面部外伤引起的软组织大面积缺损病例的成功率及术后效果。结果：18例皮瓣中,1例术中皮瓣危象抢救成功,1例术后皮瓣危象抢救成功,全部皮瓣成活,成活率为100％。成活皮瓣术后修复效果满意,腿部供区无明显后遗症。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣血供系统恒定,游离移植皮瓣成功率高,供皮面积大,组织量丰富,对供区影响小,皮瓣大小厚薄具备可控性,是修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Evaluation of swallowing function after intraoral soft tissue reconstruction with microvascular free flaps

This study assessed swallowing function after tumour resection and reconstruction utilizing free vascularized flap closures in patients with oral cancer. Swallowing function was evaluated postoperatively in 23 patients (21 men and 2 women) who had undergone reconstruction with either a lateral upper arm free flap (LUFF, n=16) or a radial forearm free flap (RFFF, n=7). Videofluoroscopy was used to assess tongue mobility and abnormalities of swallowing function.All patients who underwent reconstruction with LUFF or RFFF free flaps had decreased tongue mobility, except for the tip of the tongue. Patients who underwent anterior or posterior resection had greater decreases in tongue mobility than those who underwent medial resection. Swallowing impairment was similar in patients with LUFFs and those with RFFFs. Anterior resection of the oral cavity had a significant negative effect on swallowing function. Silent aspiration occurred in five patients. In conclusion the resection site affected swallowing function, but the type of flap did not, in patients with oral carcinoma, who underwent tumour resection with reconstruction     

面动脉-颏下动脉岛状皮瓣修复半舌缺损

目的:探讨面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣修复舌癌术后缺损的效果。方法:2007-01—2008-01收治舌鳞癌患者35例,其中男20例,女15例。全部采用面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣对舌癌根治性切除后半舌缺损进行同期整复,皮瓣最小6.0 cm×4.0 cm,最大12.0 cm×5.0 cm。结果:面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣存活率为94.29%(33/35),患者语言、吞咽功能良好,面部外形满意。2例术后淋巴结转移复发,其中1例治疗后存活,1例死亡。结论:面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣安全、操作简单快速、成活率高,适合同期修复舌癌术后半舌缺损。     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖研究及临床应用

目的 ：通过对股前外侧穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备股前外侧穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣的供区及受区的术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 ：选取6例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录股前外侧穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;并选择9例采用股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例,皮瓣面积5 cm×6 cm～6 cm×12 cm。术后随访观测皮瓣存活情况,评价受区臃肿度及供区功能恢复、术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果 ：6例下肢标本共测量记录到股前外侧穿支21支,平均3.5支。大腿股前外侧穿支主要出现在髂前上棘至髌骨外侧缘连线中点外1 cm以下约2 cm为圆心、半径约6 cm的圆内,源动脉起始部外径平均为（2.99±0.48）mm,血管蒂总长度平均为（15.83±3.52）cm;9例股前外侧穿支皮瓣,1例发生部分组织坏死, 1例病例失访,术后随访10～47个月（平均24个月）。股前外侧穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区并发症少,受区皮瓣臃肿程度低,吞咽功能恢复良好。结论 ：股前外侧穿支皮瓣穿支分布稳定,血管蒂较长,穿支的管径完全满足游离皮瓣的要求,临床应用中供区并发症少,受区不臃肿,组织量适中,结合其解剖稳定性,可满足临床修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的需要。     

Posterior tibial artery flap versus radial forearm flap in oral cavity reconstruction and donor site morbidity

The repair of soft tissue defects after oral cavity cancer resection is challenging. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes and donor site morbidity of the radial forearm free flap (RFF) and posterior tibial artery perforator flap (PTAF) for oral cavity reconstruction after cancer ablation. All patients who underwent oral cavity reconstruction with a RFF or PTAF between January 2017 and December 2019 were included retrospectively in this study. All flaps were harvested with a long adipofascial extension. The donor site defects were closed with a triangular full-thickness skin graft harvested adjacent to the flap. Flap outcomes and donor site complications were recorded and compared. The study included 145 patients; 30 underwent reconstruction with a RFF and 115 with a PTAF. No significant difference between the PTAF and RFF was observed concerning the flap survival rate (98.3% vs 96.7%), flap harvest time (53.39 vs 49.28 min), hospital stay (12.3 vs 15.2 days), or subjective functional and cosmetic outcomes. The PTAF showed a larger vascular calibre (P < 0.05), greater flap thickness (P = 0.002), and lower frequency of surgical site infection (P = 0.055) when compared to the RFF. No significant difference was observed between the pre- and postoperative ranges of ankle and wrist movements. The PTAF is an excellent alternative to the RFF for the repair of oral cavity defects, with the additional advantages of a well-hidden scar on the lower extremity, larger vascular calibre, and lower frequencies of postoperative donor site morbidities.     

舌瓣重建口腔软组织缺损研究进展

尽管目前口腔内软组织缺损越来越多地采用游离皮瓣修复,舌瓣如使用得当,仍不失为一种安全可靠且并发症少的修复方法,尤其适用于腭、磨牙后区、后颊、下唇唇红及舌部分切除后中等大小的软组织缺损。本文就舌瓣的解剖学基础及其在口腔内软组织缺损中的临床应用进展作一综述。