长白山吸血蠓的垂直分布

长白山吸血蠓的垂直分布空军医学专科学校吉林１３２０１１叶青山，李民飞在不同的地形地带，吸血蠓的组成不同［１］。长白山吸血蠓曾有记述［２］，但吸血蠓的垂直分布尚不了解。为此，作者于１９８８年７－８月选择５个采集点作了调查。调查地区概况长白山位于吉林省东...     

安徽省吸血蠓的种类及分布

蠓类属于双翅目、长角亚目的蠓科(Ceratopogonidae),是一类微小型双翅昆虫。目前,我国已发现除澳蠓亚科外的4亚科38属1000余种,其中非吸血     

新疆蠓类调查研究

１９７９－１９９３年，我们对新疆６３个县（市）的蠓类进行了调查，调查结果证实，新疆现已知有蠓科昆虫１５属，其中有吸血蠓３属６３种，发现新种１２种，中国新记录１０种，自治区新记录１８种。本调查基本渣清了蠓类在新疆的分布；优势种的季节和日数量动态；对人，畜的危害；阐明了它们在时间，空间，地理上的分布状况及危害程度，为我国和新疆地区进行蠓类的研究及蠓媒的防治提供的基础资料。     

新疆南部地区吸血蠓初报

新疆南部地区是指欧亚大陆最大的沙漠性盆地-塔里木盆地及其四周的高原山脉组成的封闭性地理区域。根据既往研究资料表明,该地区吸血昆虫(蚊类)的组成具有一定的区域性特点。但有关新疆南部地区蠓类的调查尚未见报道。作者于1990年7月和1991年8月两次对该地区的和硕、库尔勒、阿克苏、乌什、阿图什、阿克陶、乌恰、于田、和田、若羌(米兰)等10个县(市)进行了初步调查,共发现吸血蠓类有3属23种。其详细名录报告如下: 1.薄明库蠓 culiooides alatavious cutsevich et Smatov 1966     

重庆綦江赶水地区库蠓及其胃血血源分子鉴定

目的 利用物种线粒体CO Ⅰ基因对吸血库蠓胃血来源进行检测,研究库蠓的吸血习性。方法 采用诱蚊灯法于重庆綦江赶水地区不同生境采集吸血库蠓,并调查该地区吸血库蠓种类组成;同时根据周边环境中库蠓可能的吸血对象的线粒体CO Ⅰ基因序列差异,设计物种特异性引物,采用PCR技术对吸血库蠓胃内血粉进行线粒体CO Ⅰ基因扩增,通过将扩增产物与不同物种所对应的目的条带大小进行匹配,检测吸血库蠓胃内血粉种属来源。结果 鸡舍、羊舍和鸡鸭混合圈舍主要以荒川库蠓为主,分别占93.36%、75.26%和94.29%,猪舍以洋岛库蠓为主,占69.44%。通过随机抽样,对6种主要吸血库蠓的190份饱血库蠓胃血进行PCR检测,结果显示上述种类都存在兼性吸血的现象,可同时吸食4~6种动物的血液,其中琉球库蠓和荒川库蠓兼具吸食人血,两者吸食人血比例分别为56.52%和1.39%。结论 本研究初步证实物种线粒体CO Ⅰ基因序列可应用于吸血库蠓胃血来源的检测,同时发现6种吸血库蠓都为兼性吸血,具有吸血习性多样、对象广泛的特点。     

我国库蠓属带纹亚属一新种(双翅目:蠓科)

目的调查上海地区吸血蠓的种类。方法根据上海浦东机场(芦苇湿地)2007-2009年夜间紫外线灯诱获得的蠓类材料,经初步分类后用树胶酚法制作玻片标本,镜检其形态和量度特征,鉴定蠓种。结果发现库蠓属一新种,命名为上海库蠓Culicoides(Beltranmyia)shanghaiensis sp.nov.。该新种鉴别特征为:①翅无斑,基室具0～7根大毛;②雌蠓复眼分离,小眼间具细毛,喙头比(P/H)0.7,头喙比(H/P)1.45,触角比(AR)1.18,触角第3～14节具感器(其中第4～10节的感器出现频率分别为:0.7、0.5、0.5、0.7、0.5、0.8和0.7,呈无规律的缺失),具一个发达的受精囊;③雄蠓阳基侧突基部窄连。新种形态酷似Culicoides homoc hrous Remm,但该种翅基室密布大毛;雌蠓复眼分离、光裸,头喙比为1.03～1.04;雄蠓阳基侧突分离。此外,沟栖库蠓Culicoides charadraeus Arnaud和稀见库蠓Culicoides rarus Das Gupta与本新种亦相似,但前2种雌蠓复眼光裸、密接(或窄离),触角比1.61,翅基室无大毛,雄蠓尾器有明显不同。结论描述采自上海的库蠓属带纹亚属一新种,并与近似种的鉴别作了分析讨论。     

明斑库蠓人工驯化的初步研究

吸血蠓人工驯化的研究,迄今仅见台湾孙克勤氏(1974)的报道。但人工饲养品系至今尚未建立,给吸血蠓防治研究工作带来了一定困难。为此,我们于1983年～1984年间对山东半岛沿海地区和岛屿的主要吸血蠓种——明斑库蠓进行了人工驯化研究。初步结果如下:一、材料和方法     

台湾蠛蠓rDNA-ITS序列测定与分析

目的 探讨rDNA-ITS基因序列在吸血蠓分子鉴定中的应用前景。方法 通过PCR扩增获取台湾蠛蠓rDNA-ITS基因,测定分析ITS1和ITS2基因序列,构建系统发育树。结果 台湾蠛蠓ITS1和ITS2片段长度分别为310 bp与360 bp,与汤斯维尔铗蠓的同源性最大,分别为71%和92%。系统发育分析显示,基于ITS1、ITS2基因序列的分子鉴定结果与传统形态学鉴定结果一致。结论 rDNA-ITS基因序列可作为蠓科昆虫分子鉴定的分子标记。     

黑龙江省东宁县吸血蠓的种群及习性调查

黑龙江省东宁县位于东经 130°19′～ 131°18′,北纬 43°2 5′～44°0 8′,地处长白山东北段 ,海拔 30 0～ 70 0 m ,年均降雨量 5 30mm ,多集中在 6～ 8月份。主要植被有阔叶林、针、阔叶混交林、灌木丛和农作物等。多年来 ,吸血蠓对该地区军民的吸血骚扰危害较甚 ,为了对吸血蠓的防治提供科学依据 ,作者对东宁县的吸血蠓进行了调查 ,现将结果报告如下。调查方法根据东宁县地理景观特征 ,选择针、阔叶混交林、阔叶次生幼林、住室和畜厩作为观察点。用灯诱和挥网法采集吸血蠓。灯诱是将诱虫灯悬挂于厩舍内 ,距地面高为 2 m,每次观察设一盏…     

基于线粒体COI基因序列进行库蠓二囊亚属近似种的分子鉴定

目的 通过采用线粒体COI基因进行库蠓近似种分子鉴定的方法,来弥补传统形态学在种类鉴定中存在的操作繁琐、难度大等不足,从而实现库蠓近似种的快速、准确鉴别。方法 采用DNA测序的方法获得库蠓属二囊亚属的林岛库蠓(C. gaponus)、标翅库蠓(C. insignipennis)、无害库蠓(C. innoxius)、连斑库蠓(C. jacobsoni)、南山库蠓(C. lansangensis)、新竹库蠓(C. liui)、长喙库蠓(C. longirostris)、异域库蠓(C. peregrinus)等8种库蠓近似种的部分线粒体COI序列,并对其进行分子鉴定;基于Kimura 2-parameter模型分析遗传距离,同时应用MEGA 6.0软件以荒川库蠓C. arakawai为外群构建系统发育树。结果 8种库蠓COI序列长度约650 bp;遗传距离在种内和种间具有统计学差异(t=119.452,P<0.05);系统发育树中不同库蠓种类各自构成单系(群),同种类不同地理种群聚为一支。结论 本研究证实了线粒体COI序列可用于进行库蠓近似种的分子鉴定。     

The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA

The bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), an OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants. At least 29 BTV serotypes are described as determined by the outer shell proteins VP2 and VP5. Vaccination is the most effective control measure. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently available. These vaccines have their specific pros and cons, and both are not DIVA vaccines. The BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform is based on LAV without nonessential NS3/NS3a expression and is applicable for many serotypes by the exchange of outer shell proteins. The DISA vaccine is effective and completely safe. Further, transmission of the DISA vaccine by midges is blocked (DISA principle). Finally, the DISA vaccine enables DIVA because of a lack of antibodies against the immunogenic NS3/NS3a protein (DIVA principle). The deletion of 72 amino acids (72aa) in NS3/NS3a is sufficient to block virus propagation in midges. Here, we show that a prototype DISA vaccine based on LAV with the 72aa deletion enables DIVA, is completely safe and induces a long-lasting serotype-specific protection in cattle. In conclusion, the in-frame deletion of 72-aa codons in the BT DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is sufficient to fulfil all the criteria for modern veterinary vaccines.     

The VP3 Protein of Bluetongue Virus Associates with the MAVS Complex and Interferes with the RIG-I-Signaling Pathway

Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, is a major concern of wild and domestic ruminants. While BTV induces type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/β]) production in infected cells, several reports have described evasion strategies elaborated by this virus to dampen this intrinsic, innate response. In the present study, we suggest that BTV VP3 is a new viral antagonist of the IFN-β synthesis. Indeed, using split luciferase and coprecipitation assays, we report an interaction between VP3 and both the mitochondrial adapter protein MAVS and the IRF3-kinase IKKε. Overall, this study describes a putative role for the BTV structural protein VP3 in the control of the antiviral response.     

Vector Competence of Florida Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype-2

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV; family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus of ungulates, primarily white-tailed deer in North America. Culicoides sonorensis, the only confirmed North American vector of EHDV, is rarely collected from Florida despite annual virus outbreaks. Culicoides insignis is an abundant species in Florida and is also a confirmed vector of the closely related Bluetongue virus. In this study, oral challenge of C. insignis was performed to determine vector competence for EHDV serotype-2. Field-collected female midges were provided bovine blood spiked with three different titers of EHDV-2 (5.05, 4.00, or 2.94 log₁₀PFUe/mL). After an incubation period of 10 days or after death, bodies and legs were collected. Saliva was collected daily from all females from 3 days post feeding until their death using honey card assays. All samples were tested for EHDV RNA using RT-qPCR. Our results suggest that C. insignis is a weakly competent vector of EHDV-2 that can support a transmissible infection when it ingests a high virus titer (29% of midges had virus positive saliva when infected at 5.05 log₁₀PFUe/mL), but not lower virus titers. Nevertheless, due to the high density of this species, particularly in peninsular Florida, it is likely that C. insignis plays a role in the transmission of EHDV-2.     

Modeling Abundance of Culicoides stellifer,a Candidate Orbivirus Vector,Indicates Nonrandom Hemorrhagic Disease Risk for White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

(1) Background: Hemorrhagic diseases in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are caused by orbiviruses and have significant economic impact on the deer ranching industry in the United States. Culicoides stellifer is a suspected vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), with recent field evidence from Florida, but its natural history is poorly understood. Studying the distribution and abundance of C. stellifer across the landscape can inform our knowledge of how virus transmission can occur locally. We may then target vector management strategies in areas where viral transmission can occur. (2) Methods: Here, we used an occupancy modeling approach to estimate abundance of adult C. stellifer females at various physiological states to determine habitat preferences. We then mapped midge abundance during the orbiviral disease transmission period (May–October) in Florida. (3) Results: We found that overall, midge abundance was positively associated with sites in closer proximity to large-animal feeders. Additionally, midges generally preferred mixed bottomland hardwood and agricultural/sand/water habitats. Female C. stellifer with different physiological states preferred different habitats. (4) Conclusions: The differences in habitat preferences between midges across states indicate that disease risk for deer is heterogeneous across this landscape. This can inform how effective vector management strategies should be implemented.     

A multimodal bait for trapping blood-sucking arthropods

Artificial baits constitute important tools for the detection and sampling of blood-sucking arthropods, in particular those that are vectors of parasites affecting human health. At present, many different devices have been proposed to attract blood-sucking arthropods, mostly based on the attractiveness of particular chemicals or blends. However, most of them revealed themselves as unpractical (e.g. they require an electrical supply), expensive (e.g. gas bottles) or not efficient enough. On the other hand, the use of living baits is as effective but it has practical constraints and/or raises ethical questions. We present here a multimodal lure to attract blood-sucking arthropods designed taking into account both practical constraints and costs. The main characteristics of our bait are: (1) artificiality (no living-host); (2) multimodality (it associates heat, carbon dioxide and chemical attractants); (3) independency from any energy source; (4) no need for gas bottles; (5) easy to prepare and use in the field; (6) low cost. We tested the ability of the bait to attract blood-sucking arthropods in the laboratory and in the field, using capture sticky-traps. Our bait evinced to be almost as efficient as live hosts (mice) for the capture of Chagas disease and Borrelia vectors in Bolivia. The multimodal lure here presented is a generalist bait, i.e. effective for attracting different haematophagous species.     

Perspectives on the Changing Landscape of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Control

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an insect-transmitted viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants. It was first described following a 1955 epizootic in North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), a species which is highly susceptible to the causative agent of EHD, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). EHDV has been detected globally across tropical and temperate regions, largely corresponding to the presence of Culicoides spp. biting midges which transmit the virus between ruminant hosts. It regularly causes high morbidity and mortality in wild and captive deer populations in endemic areas during epizootics. Although cattle historically have been less susceptible to EHDV, reports of clinical disease in cattle have increased in the past two decades. There is a pressing need to identify new methods to prevent and mitigate outbreaks and reduce the considerable impacts of EHDV on livestock and wildlife. This review discusses recent research advancements towards the control of EHDV, including the development of new investigative tools and progress in basic and applied research focused on virus detection, disease mitigation, and vector control. The potential impacts and implications of these advancements on EHD management are also discussed.