Stress tolerance in patients with right ventricular infarct during the rehabilitation period

199 patients with myocardial infarction were divided into 4 groups according to the localisation of necrosis (anterior, inferior, anterior + right ventricle, inferior + right ventricle). Exercise capacity was determined by bicycle ergometer test at the beginning of rehabilitation and 3 weeks later. Exercise capacity and ejection fraction were better in case of inferior comparing with anterior infarction. There was no significant change in exercise capacity whether inferior or anterior left ventricle necrosis was accompanied by right ventricle infarction. In chronic phase of myocardial infarction exercise capacity of patients is not influenced by right ventricle necrosis accompanied by left ventricle infarction.     

Late postinfarction rupture of the interventricular septum

Postinfarction ventricular septal rupture complicates 1 to 2% of cases of acute myocardial infarction and accounts for 5% of early mortality. This severe complication usually occurs within two weeks after acute myocardial infarction, and the elderly are more susceptible. We present a case of late rupture of the septum. Case report: In a 75-year-old man, a ventricular septal defect developed more than two months after an extensive inferoseptal myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the right coronary artery. After more than two months of no symptoms he was referred to hospital due to symptoms of right ventricle failure. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography, pulmonary artery catheterization and ventriculography. Coronarography was also performed. Intraaortic balloon pump was introduced and the patient was transferred to the operating room. The defect was repaired using a circular polytetrafluoroethylene patch supported by buttressed interrupted sutures from both sides. Due to significant mitral valve regurgitation mechanical bileaflet mitral valve was implanted with preservation of the entire mitral apparatus and the left descending artery was revascularized using a saphenous graft. Conclusion: This case is reported to emphasize that later postinfarction rupture of the ventricular septum may occur with symptoms of right ventricle failure dominating the clinical course.     

A case of pulmonary infarction secondary to emboli of hepatoma

We reported a case of hepatoma who had been treated by TAE for 3 years and controlled well, but tumor thrombosis developed in IVC and right ventricle. The patient died because of subsequent pulmonary infarction secondary to tumor emboli.     

Serum Osteoprotegerin Is an Independent Marker of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy,Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction of the Left Ventricle and the Presence of Pericardial Fluid in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Background: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a molecule which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. OPG concentration is elevated in patients with left ventricle hypertrophy, heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. OPG concentrations rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between OPG concentrations and cardiovascular complications, such as left ventricle hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle and dysfunction of right ventricle in chronic kidney disease patients not treated with dialysis. The relation between OPG and the amount of pericardial fluid was also examined. Methods: One hundred and one men with CKD stage 3–5 not treated with dialysis were included in the study. Overhydration, body fat mass and lean body mass were measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). Echocardiography was performed to evaluate the amount of pericardial fluid and to measure the thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS), systolic and diastolic function of left ventricle, as well as systolic function of right ventricle. Results: We observed a significant positive association between OPG and the thickness of the interventricular septum, the size of the left atrium (LA) and the presence of pericardial fluid. A negative relationship was observed between OPG and ejection fraction (EF). Conclusions: Our results suggest that OPG can be an independent marker of left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle and the presence of pericardial fluid in chronic kidney disease patients.     

In-hospital prognosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction

AIM: To identify prognostic risk factors for in-hospital outcome of right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVI). METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction with a RVI defined by ST segment elevation > or = 1 mm in V3R and V4R leads. RESULTS: The mean age was 62 years. RVI was associated with an inferior myocardial infarction in 18 patients. Half of the patients had hemodynamic complication on admission (cardiogenic shock in 4 cases, right ventricular failure in 6 cases) and third degree atrio-ventricular block was present in 5 patients. Sixteen patients (80%) received thrombolysis and 3 went to an emergency angioplasty. The in-hospital mortality was 25% caused by a cardiogenic shock in 4 patients and a ventricular fibrillation in 1 patient. Statistic analysis showed that cardiogenic shock on admission, the absence of thrombolytic therapy and the low ejection fraction of the left ventricle were associated with a high in-hospital mortality (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION: In-hospital outcome of RVI is characterized by hemodynamic complications leading to a high incidence of mortality. Thus RVI must be diagnosed quickly and maximal therapeutic efforts must be done to procure the opening of the occluded coronary artery.     

Clinical importance of cardiac output dissociation between the right and left ventricle without evidence of an anatomical shunt

Authors took note of transitoric cardiac output dissociation between the right and left ventricle during the treatment of the acute myocardial infarction controlled hemodynamically, without the presence of a provable anatomical shunt. They demonstrate some kinds of clinical appearances and call the attention to the clinical importance of the progressive cardiac output dissociation. The re-establishment of balance of the right and left cardiac output in resting position at the most optimal level of the oxygen demand, simultaneously the correction of the blood pressure and blood volume correlation can help the treatment of such acute cardiovascular cases which are complicated hemodynamic disturbances. The authors demonstrate a simple method for the registration of the cardiac output in the left and right ventricles. It has been found that the right cardiac output determined by the thermodilution method cannot be referred to the left one in such cases when the dissociation of cardiac output is present, because it can cause damage.     

Concentrations of lead,cadmium, and zinc in human heart muscle and aorta after acute myocardial infarction.

Zinc, lead, and cadmium were measured in the myocardium (left and right ventricles) and aorta of 14 women and 12 men who had died from acute myocardial infarction (MI), and of 12 control women and 15 control men who had died of acute trauma. Mineral content of the necrotic areas of the MI patients was also determined. There was little significant correlation with age, and sex could not be shown to influence the cation concentrations. Significantly larger concentrations of lead and cadmium were observed in the right ventricle of women controls. In the four populations, significantly higher zinc concentrations were found in the left ventricle. Lead and cadmium levels in aortas were consistently higher than those in left ventricles, whereas zinc levels were always lower. The lead content in the ventricles and aorta of MI victims was consistently greater than for control subjects, though the difference was not significant. However, in the necrotic area, a significant decrease in zinc concentration was noted. These results are discussed and compared with other results published previously. It is concluded that studies in this area must be continued as there are still many uncertainties.     

主动脉窦瘤破裂手术治疗的临床体会

目的 总结主动脉窦瘤破裂患者破裂类型及外科治疗经验.方法 对19例主动脉窦瘤破裂患者手术治疗情况进行回顾性分析.合并室间隔缺损10例,主动脉瓣关闭不全6例,其他畸形6例(有的同时合并几种畸型),并发感染性心内膜炎2例.所有患者均及时施行了手术治疗.结果 发生于右冠状动脉窦者15例,其中12例破入右室,3例破入右房;发生于无冠状动脉窦者3例,其中1例破入右室,2例破入右房;发生于左冠状动脉窦者1例,破入左室.全组无手术死亡,1例出现主动脉瓣轻至中度返流,全部患者均痊愈出院.结论 主动脉窦瘤以右冠状动脉窦瘤最常见,且多数破入右室;主动脉窦瘤破裂一经确诊,应尽早手术治疗,以免延误手术时机,合并感染性心内 膜炎尤其如此.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the ruptured types and surgical treatment experience for rupture of aortic sinus aneurysm. Methods Nineteen cases with aneurysm of aortic sinus were retrospectively analyzed. There were 10 cases with ventricular septal defect,6 cases with aortic valvular incompetence,6cases with other diseases,2 cases complicated by infective endocarditis. All cases underwent operational treatment. Results There were 15 cases of right aneurysm of aortic sinus,including 12 cases among them ruptured into right ventricle,3 cases rupture was penetrated into right atrium.There were 3 cases of null aneurysm of aortic sinus,including 1 case among them ruptured into right ventricle,2 cases ruptured into right atrium. There was 1 case of left aneurysm of aortic sinus, which ruptured into left ventricle. No operative death occurred in all, 1 case with aortic regurgitation light to moderate,and all cases were recovered.Conclusions The right aneurysm of aortic sinus is the most common types,and always rupture into right ventricle. It is important that aneurysm of aortic sinus should be operated as early as possible in order to avoid losing the chance of operation, particular in the patients complicated by infective endocarditis.     

Anatomic correction of the congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels by the first successful "double switch" operation in Hungary

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare defect characterized by discordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections. Symptoms result from one or a combination of associated cardiovascular malformations, including ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis or atresia, tricuspid valve dysfunction, dextrocardia, hypoplastic left or right ventricle. Correcting exclusively the associated defects, leaving the morphologic right ventricle in systemic position, will determine the patient's life-long prognosis. Anatomic repair by double switch technique may improve survival of patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries by establishing the morphologic left ventricle in the systemic circulation. A 3-year-old girl with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, hypoplastic right ventricle, and previous palliative procedure was corrected by double switch technique and patch closure of ventricular septal defect. The authors prefer the double switch procedure inspite of its many surgical challenges because it has very good long-term outcome. The more simple surgery namely the operation of only associated cardiac defects will involve the possibility of deterioration of right ventricular function.     

超声心动图评估哮喘小儿心功能的变化

目的:探讨支气管哮喘患儿在发作期和缓解期左、右心功能的状况。方法:利用美国Acuson128XP/10彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对40例哮喘发作期和40例缓解期患儿进行左、右心功能测定,并进行组间比较。结果:①支气管哮喘患儿在发作期右心收缩功能受损,左心收缩功能亦减退,舒张功能正常;②右心功能受损较左心多见;③缓解期患儿左、右心收缩及舒张功能指标均正常;④反映左、右心功能损害的敏感指标为RPEP/RVET、PEP/LVET。结论:超声心动图是一种方便、可靠、可反复进行的无创性心功能检查方法,值得临床上广泛应用。     

成人烟雾病的临床表现和影像学特点

目的：分析成人烟雾病的临床表现和影像学特点。方法：对36例确诊的成人烟雾病患者的临床和影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果：本组缺血性卒中占27.8%,临床表现以偏瘫、肢体麻木、失语常见;出血性卒中占72.2%,临床表现以头痛、意识障碍、偏瘫常见。所有患者均有颈内动脉或其分支狭窄或闭塞和烟雾血管形成。结论：成人烟雾病临床表现多样,但以出血最常见。临床上遇到无卒中危险因素的患者出现脑室或脑室周围出血、脑叶出血;出现脑梗死的患者均不存在脑卒中危险因素;脑叶梗死患者发作具有反复性,其会突发短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）或脑梗死;两侧交替的TIA或脑梗死;颅脑CT或MRI显示多发性脑梗死或出血、出血并梗死者应高度警惕烟雾病的可能。     

Mechanical complications due to ischemic damage after an acute myocardial infarct

Three patients, two women aged 61 and 60 years and one man aged 78 years, who had sustained a myocardial infarction shortly before, developed acute dyspnoea, shock and (or) chest pain, and a holosystolic souffle. They suffered from rupture of the interventricular septum, acute mitral valve incompetence due to rupture of the papillary muscles, and rupture of the free wall of the ventricle, and died in spite of attempts at surgical repair. In these relatively infrequent mechanical complications of myocardial infarction the interval between the initial myocardial infarction and the onset of dyspnoea or profound shock is characteristic. With the current thrombolytic therapy and beta-blockade, reduction of the mechanical complications of myocardial infarction is possible, in particular of rupture of the free wall of the ventricle.     

米力农治疗严重充血性心力衰竭患者的心功能及临床观察

观察 2 5例严重充血性心力衰竭患者静脉注射国产米力农 15天后对心功能影响。结果 :显效率 60 % ,总有效率 96% ,治疗前后用脉冲多普勒和M型超声心动图测定其心功能及左房、左室、右室内径。治疗后 ,左室收缩功能 (如每搏量、心排血量、射血分数、左室短轴缩短率、室间隔和左室后壁增厚率 )明显改善 ;而左室舒张功能 (如早期血流峰值速度 ,晚期血流峰值速度及等容舒张期 )得到改善 ;左房、左室及右室内径缩小 ;心率 ,血压无明显变化。治疗过程中未发现严重的副作用。提示国产米力农是治疗严重充血性心力衰竭患者的有效药物。     

Tei指数评价早期慢性阻塞性肺病患者右心功能的研究

目的探讨Tei指数在评价早期慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者右心功能中的研究价值。方法 COPD(缓解期)患者60例,分为慢性支气管炎组30例和慢支炎合并肺气肿组30例;另30例健康体检者作为对照组。分别通过二维超声测量其右心室前后径、右心房上下径、右心室前壁厚度及主肺动脉内径并利用传统脉冲多普勒技术计算右室Tei指数。结果COPD患者右心房室内径、右室前壁厚度及主肺动脉内径较正常对照组有所增大,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与正常对照组相比,COPD患者的Tei明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);与单纯慢性支气管炎患者相比,慢支炎合并肺气肿患者Tei指数显著增高(P0.05)。结论右心室Tei指数可以为临床诊断早期COPD而常规超声心动图未见明显征象者提供敏感的诊断信息;Tei指数可以评价不同程度COPD患者右室功能变化的新指标。     

Successful surgical management of rupture of the papillary muscle diagnosed by ultrasound

The rupture of the papillary muscle is an infrequent complication of myocardial infarction. Survival of the acute phase depends on the severity of the rupture and the remaining function of the left ventricle. Permanent survival may be ensured however only by surgical intervention. The authors present the case record of a patients whose disease in connection with a myocardial infarction was revealed by echocardiography and was operated on successfully. No such data were found in the Hungarian literature.     

Hemodynamic effects of verapamil in pulmonary hypertension caused by heart valve disease

The authors have investigated the haemodynamic effects of verapamil on the pulmonary circulation by 24 patients suffering from secondary pulmonary hypertension, caused by mitral and/or aortic valve diseases. For this purpose the numeric and graphometric analysis of intracavitary right ventricle pressure curve and pulmonary artery pressure tracing was applied. It was observed a selective antihypertensive effect on the lesser circulation. The pulmonary and systemic systolic tension decreased comparing in percentage 3:1, in case of diastolic tension this comparison was 2:1. The decrease in pulmonary circulation was strongly significant. The diminishing of heart rate and the improving of right heart function was not significant. The elevation of end-diastolic pressure of the right ventricle, just as the shape-analysis of pressure curves suggested right ventricle overload.     

Arrhytmogenic right ventricle--prognostic significance of exercise test

The authors summarize the present knowledge on arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Limited data are available about natural history of asymptomatic patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy/dysplasia, who have a ventricular tachycardia during exercise test. A 25-year old female patient was treated with osteosynthesis because of ankle injury. Cardiology consultation was performed because of an abnormal ECG. Physical examination was normal. ECG showed a normal sinus rhythm, left axis deviation, negative T waves in leads II, III, aVF and V2-V6. Chest X-ray and laboratory findings were normal. Echocardiography showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction along with inferior akinesis and dilated right ventricle. Bicycle exercise test revealed a good exercise tolerability (9 MET), and after sporadic ventricular extra systoles ventricular tachycardia developed lasting for 3 minutes, which spontaneously stopped after aborting the test and performed abdominal strain. MRI was performed which has shown normal left ventricular size, wall motion and ejection fraction and depressed right ventricle function (ejection fraction 31.6%) enlarged right ventricular end-systolic and diastolic volumes, hypo-akinetic regions without aneurysm and bulging. No contrast enhancement was seen in the thin right ventricular wall. According to abnormal ECG and MRI findings arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy/dysplasia was diagnosed. No ICD implantation was indicated because the patient was asymptomatic, and no sudden cardiac death occurred in the family. Three month later the patient was found dead. At autopsy the right ventricular chamber was markedly enlarged, with multiple translucent areas of fatty accumulation accompanied with extended myocytes loss. There was a characteristic triangle dysplasia: the inflow, outflow tracts and apical areas. The coronaries were free of atherosclerosis. Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxilin stain demonstrated the presence of fibrosis within the scattered myocardium. Conclusion: malignant ventricular arrhythmia provoked by exercise test in an asymptomatic arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy/dysplasia patient with negative family history should be an indication for ICD implantation.     

脑梗死部位与缺血性进展性卒中的关系

目的：探讨脑梗死部位与缺血性进展性卒中的关系,为早期识别进展性卒中提供可能的影像学依据。方法：回顾性分析发病48 h内入院治疗的653例脑梗死患者的病例资料,根据缺血性进展性卒中诊断标准,将其分为进展性卒中组（进展组155例）和非进展性卒中组（对照组498例）;按梗死部位分为侧脑室体旁梗死（A型）、分水岭梗死（B型）、单个脑叶或基底节或大面积脑梗死（C型）、脑干和/或小脑梗死（D型）4型,比较各型的发生率,对缺血性进展性脑卒中的相关因素进行Logistic回归分析,筛选其发生的危险因素。结果：进展组中A型进展性卒中发病率最高,其次为B型,与其他类型及对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;同组其他类型间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。进展组高血压病史和颈部血管斑块形成发生率显著高于非进展组（P〈0.05）;进展组入院时血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯水平显著高于非进展组（P〈0.05）。颈部血管斑块形成、入院时高血糖、梗死部位与缺血性进展性脑卒中的发生相关（P〈0.05）。结论：颈部血管斑块形成、入院时高血糖、梗死部位与缺血性进展性脑卒中的发生相关。侧脑室体旁梗死、分水岭梗死较易进展。     

New aspects of the Kearns-Sayre syndrome

The case report of the 23 years old female with Kearn-Sayre syndrome started about 15 years ago has some special cardiological aspects. By His band ECG the height of III. degree atrioventricular block was located in the atrioventricular node which is in sharp contrast with all former findings localizing the block into or distal to His band. In the pathogenesis of the unexpected block localisation--besides the muscular degeneration accepted generally in KSS--the recent myocardial infarction of the patient could have a causal role. Electronmicroscopical investigation carried out on the biopsy specimen from the right ventricle revealed both the characteristic hallmarks of "generalized mitochondriopathy" and the pathological glycogen accumulation having been published in skeletal muscles before. The mitral valve prolaps diagnosed in the patient has never been mentioned in KSS. Trauma suffered in early childhood might have a pathogenetic role. In discordance with literature steroid treatment of the diabetic patient with KSS didn't result in lactacidosis.     

急性心肌梗死所致休克的近观

急性心肌梗死(AMI)的治疗已有较大的进展,但AMI并发休克的预后仍较差,急性心梗出现休克主要发生于左室功能不全者,但右室心梗通常伴发左室梗死,所以两者的预后相似。右室心梗有其独特的病理生理特征,因此笔者做一简单总结并强调早期诊断与治疗的重要性。