保乳术后瘤床放疗的研究进展

早期乳腺癌术后单纯瘤床放疗是指保乳术后在较短时间内完成对瘤床的照射.主要有近距离治疗和适形放疗两种治疗方式,其中对近距离治疗的研究较多.目前保乳术后单纯瘤床放疗仍为试验性研究.     

保乳术后瘤床放疗的研究进展

早期乳腺癌术后单纯瘤床放疗是指保乳术后在较短时间内完成对瘤床的照射。主要有近距离治疗和适形放疗两种治疗方式 ,其中对近距离治疗的研究较多。目前保乳术后单纯瘤床放疗仍为试验性研究     

乳腺癌保乳术后加速部分乳腺照射的靶区确定

目前,保乳治疗已经成为Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的主要治疗方式.保乳术后放疗的目的主要是提高局部肿瘤控制率和乳房保全率.一直以来,全乳房照射加瘤床补量的放疗模式是乳腺癌保乳术后放疗的常规选择,因为这种放疗模式明显降低了局部肿瘤复发率.大量研究证明,保乳术后复发绝大多数发生在瘤床及其附近区域,因此单纯针对瘤床的部分乳腺照射（partial breast irradiation,PBI）成为近期乳腺癌放疗研究的热点.PBI的剂量分割方式通常为加速分割,因此亦可称其为加速部分乳腺照射（accelerated partial breast irradiation,APBI）.以下重点综述APBI的靶区确定.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后10年局部复发与部分乳腺放疗

目的:总结早期乳腺癌保乳手术后局部复发的表现,分析全乳放疗的作用.方法:1990年4月至1995年12月保乳治疗原发性早期乳腺癌49例.行象限切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术40例,单纯肿块局部广泛切除术9例.术后全乳切线加瘤床放疗39例,全乳切线照射整个乳房,6-MV X线,中平面剂量45GY,瘤床补加电子束剂量15GY.结果:本组10年复发3例,占6.12%(3/49),均为非浸润性癌.术后不加全乳放疗组局部复发率高(2.56%与20.00%).行象限切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫手术组局部复发率低于单纯肿块局部广泛切除术组(2.5%与22.22%).局部复发病例l00%为原位复发.结论:保乳术后放疗是必要的,只限于肿瘤邻近区域足够剂量的放疗方式应该是可行的.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割照射同步瘤床加量的临床分析

目的：观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割照射同步瘤床加量的短期疗效与不良反应。方法64例早期乳腺癌患者保乳术后行两野切线全乳照射,全乳腺照射40．5 Gy／15 f,单次剂量2．7 Gy／f,同步瘤床推量至48 Gy／15 f,单次剂量3．2 Gy／f,总疗程3周,观察分析患者局部复发情况、美容效果及不良反应。结果中位随访时间17月,随访率为100％,无局部复发情况发生。3例患者表现乳腺中度胀痛;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级急性皮肤反应发生率分别为17．2％、4．7％、1．6％;Ⅰ级血小板下降发生率与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级中性粒细胞减少发生率分别为1．6％、4．7％;放疗完成后4、7月美容优良率分别为90．6％、87．5％。结论早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳放疗同步瘤床加量的短期疗效与以往常规放疗方式相似,缩短放疗时间,不会增加皮肤不良反应及降低美容效果。     

乳腺癌瘤床插植(保乳)放射治疗59例

目的　探讨乳腺癌保乳手术加根治性放疗和瘤床间质放疗的治疗原则及近期疗效。　方法　59例各期乳腺癌患者施保乳手术(单纯肿瘤切除 腋淋巴结清扫术)、术中或术后瘤床插植HDR192Ir针管放疗±化疗。靶区一次性放疗8Gy。手术后2～4周再接受全乳腺外照射,乳腺用切线野在5周被照射50Gy。随访时间平均为37个月。　结果　59例患者全部存活,无一例出现局部复发。无明显放射反应。双乳对称,外形美观。　结论　早期乳腺癌患者接受保乳手术加根治性放疗可以取得满意的临床效果,可成为早期乳腺癌的常规治疗方法     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗的治疗效果

目的观察早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗的疗效。方法对可行保乳的12例患者先行乳房区段切除及同侧液窝淋巴结清扫；待伤口愈合后行根治性放疗。对照11例患者行乳房全切加同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫术。腋淋巴结阳性者行CMxF或CAF方案6个周期的化疗。结果23例患者近期无瘤生存，局部无复发。结论早期乳腺癌规范的保乳手术加根治性放疗可达到同根治术加全程化疗一样的控制率。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后的部分乳腺照射

早期乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗已被证实能提高肿瘤控制率及生存率。保乳术后放疗中最早应用且疗效肯定的是全乳腺放疗加局部瘤床加量。近年来,全乳加速放疗和加速部分乳腺照射研究也在逐渐展开。研究结果提示,早期乳腺癌保乳术后行部分乳腺照射能获得与全乳腺放疗同等的疗效,且有放疗总疗程短、毒副作用更小的优点。全文对早期乳腺癌术后的放射治疗情况进行回顾,并重点探讨部分乳腺照射的研究进展。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗Ⅱ期临床研究——中期安全性及有效性分析

背景与目的：乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割放疗的安全性和有效性在多项随机临床试验中已经得到证实，但全乳大分割瘤床同期加量的放疗模式目前仍不明确。本研究旨在探讨中国人群早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗同期瘤床加量的安全性及有效性。方法：前瞻性入组保乳术后切缘阴性、病理诊断为浸润性癌、分期pT_1-2N₀M₀、术中瘤床钛夹标记的患者接受全乳大分割同期瘤床加量放疗（ClinicalTrail.gov: NCT02617043）。放疗处方剂量为全乳计划靶体积（planned target volume，PTV） 40 Gy/15次/3周，同期瘤床加量至48 Gy/15次/3周。放疗后评估急性不良反应、美容效果以及预后。结果：2015年1月—2016年8月，共计358例患者前瞻性连续性入组本研究。患者中位年龄45岁（25~71岁），71.2%（255例）为绝经前的年轻女性，其中T1和T2患者分别为276例（77.1%）和82例（22.9%）。放疗期间及放疗后3个月内，53.6%和8.1%的患者出现Ⅰ~Ⅱ度的放射性皮炎，主要表现为放疗区红斑（38.8%）以及放疗后干性脱皮（41.3%）。13例（3.6%）患者出现湿性脱皮，主要位于乳头、乳晕区，无Ⅲ度以上放射性皮炎。4例Ⅰ度放射性肺炎，1例Ⅲ度放射性肺炎。美容效果自评“极好”和“好”率分别为37.0%和44.8%。中位随访28.3个月（6.0~40.7个月），3例患者出现局部区域复发，4例远处转移（2例合并复发），2年无病生存率（disease-free survival，DFS）为98.6%。结论：对于早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者，全乳大分割同期瘤床加量放疗不良反应轻、耐受性好，具有一定的安全性及有效性，其晚期不良反应以及对疾病局部控制的有效性仍需长期随访来证实。     

早期乳腺癌保乳治疗12例临床治疗体会

目的:总结早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床治疗体会.方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2004年12月保乳治疗的12例早期乳腺癌患者的手术资料、术后近期并发症及随访情况.结果:12例手术均顺利,无术后并发症,11例坚持完成术后放疗及化疗,随访至今未见局部复发与远处转移,1例失访.除1例乳房过小者外,其余10例对术后乳房外形及生活质量满意.结论:保乳治疗是早期乳腺癌很好的治疗方法,不仅同样可以根治肿瘤,而且能够提高生存质量.     

Intraoperative radiotherapy given as a boost after breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer patients

Conventional radiotherapy after breast-conserving therapy is confined to 50-55 Gy external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to the whole breast and 10-16 Gy external boost radiation to the tumour bed or brachytherapy to the tumour bed. Local recurrence rate after breast-conserving surgery varies between 5 and 18%. External boost radiation can partially miss the tumour bed and therefore can result in local failure. Intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) as a high precision boost can prevent a 'geographical miss'. From October 1998 to December 2000, 156 patients with stage I and stage II breast cancer were operated upon in a dedicated IORT facility. After local excision of the tumour, the tumour bed was temporarily approximated by sutures to bring the tissue in the radiation planning target volume. A single dose of 9 Gy was applied to the 90% reference isodose with energies ranging from 4 to 15 MeV, using round applicator tubes 4-8 cm in diameter. After wound healing, the patients received additional 51-56 Gy EBRT to the whole breast. No acute complications associated with IORT were observed. In 5 patients, a secondary mastectomy had to be performed because of tumour multicentricity in the final pathological report or excessive intraductal component. 2 patients developed rib necroses. In 7 patients, wound healing problems occurred. After a mean follow-up of 18 months, no local recurrences were observed. Cosmesis of the breast was very good and comparable to patients without IORT. Preliminary data suggest that IORT given as a boost after breast-conserving surgery could be a reliable alternative to conventional postoperative fractionated boost radiation by accurate dose delivery and avoiding geographical misses, by enabling smaller treatment volumes and complete skin-sparing and by reducing postoperative radiation time by 7-14 days.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割三维放疗Ⅱ期临床观察

目的 观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割三维放疗的疗效、美容效果和不良反应。
方法 2009-2010年45例pT is~2N 0~1M 0期乳腺癌患者保乳术后行三维适形或简化调强放疗,全乳43.5 Gy,瘤床补量8.7Gy,2.9Gy/次, 总疗程24 d。33例接受了化疗,其中新辅助化疗2例、术后化疗31例。局部区域控制率和总生存率用Kaplan Meier法计算。
结果 随访率100%。2年局部区域控制率、生存率均为100%;1例单发骨转移。2级乳房水肿1例,2级乳房纤维化6例,2级上肢水肿1例。2级放射性皮炎4例,1、2级放射性肺炎分别为5、2例。与同期保乳术后常规分割放疗相比,放疗次数由30次降至18次,疗程由40 d缩短至24 d,费用由30450元降至19770元。
结论 乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割放疗的疗效和美容效果较好,不良反应可接受,且能显著降低治疗时间和费用。     

Clinical analysis of intraoperative radiotherapy during breast-conserving surgery of early breast cancer in the Chinese Han population

Purpose

While results of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) during breast-conserving surgery (BCS) have been reported when used either as a boost at the time of surgery or as the sole radiation treatment, the clinical safety and cosmetic outcome of IORT in the Chinese Han population has not. This report reviews oncologic and cosmetic outcomes for Chinese Han breast cancer patients who received IORT either as a boost or as their sole radiation treatment at our hospital.

Method

From July 2008 to December 2012, 50 early-stage Chinese Han breast cancer patients received BCS and IORT, either as boost or as their sole radiation treatment. Patients received adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, according to our institution''s guidelines. Patients were followed to determine oncologic events, short-term toxicity and overall cosmesis.

Results

With a median follow-up of 51.8 months (range 22.6 months to 75.7 months), 2 patients (4.0%) developed local relapses and were salvaged by mastectomy. There were no metastases and no deaths. The average wound healing time was 17 days. Three patients (6.0%) developed postoperative infection, 5 patients (10.0%) had delayed wound healing, and 2 patients (4.0%) experienced wound edema. There were no lyponecrosis or hematomas observed. The evaluation of cosmetic outcome showed 44 patients (88.0%) graded as excellent or good while 6 patients (12.0%) were graded as fair or poor. No patients experienced radiotherapy related acute hematological toxicity, but 3 patients (6.0%), all IORT boost patients, developed skin pigmentation.

Conclusion

For early-stage breast cancer patients, intraoperative radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in the Chinese Han population is both safe and reliable and has resulted in very acceptable cosmetic outcomes.     

Hypofractionation with no boost after breast conservation in early-stage breast cancer patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate local control, survival and toxicity profile of a consecutive cohort of early-stage breast cancer (EBC) patients treated with adjuvant hypofractionated radiotherapy (HF) with no boost delivered to the lumpectomy cavity, after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Between 2005 and 2015, a total of 493 women affected with EBC were treated with HF (46 Gy/20 fractions or 40.05 Gy/15 fractions) to the whole breast without boost to tumor bed, because of age and/or favorable tumor characteristics. The primary endpoint was 5-year actuarial local control (LC); secondary endpoints included survival, toxicity profile and cosmesis. Median follow-up was 57 months (range 6–124). Actuarial 5-year overall, cancer-specific, disease-free survival and LC were 96.3, 98.9, 97.8 and 98.6 %, respectively. On multivariate analysis, tumor stage (T1 vs. T2) and hormonal status (positive vs. negative estrogen receptors) were significantly correlated with LC. Only 2 % of patients experienced ≥G3 acute skin toxicity. Late toxicity was mild with only 1 case of G3 fibrosis. Most of the patients (95 %) had good–excellent cosmetic results. HF to the whole breast with no boost delivered to the tumor bed is a safe and effective option for a population of low-risk breast cancer patients after BCS, with excellent 5-year LC, mild toxicity profile and promising cosmetic outcome. A subgroup of patients with larger tumors and/or with no estrogen receptor expression may potentially benefit from treatment intensification with a boost dose to the lumpectomy cavity.     

乳腺癌保留乳房术后大分割调强放疗初步临床观察

目的：观察早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后三维适形放疗（three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3-DCRT）、常规分割调强放疗（intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT）及大分割调强放疗（hypo-fractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy,hIMRT）的疗效、不良反应及美容效果。方法：选择2009～02—01—2013-01—31潍坊市人民医院放疗科早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后女性患者66例,根据患者意愿分别纳入3-DCRT、IMRT或kIMRT组行放疗。3DCRT组采用6Mv_X射线切线野照射,全乳腺Dr50Gy／25次,2Gy／次,后续9／12MeV电子线予瘤床区补量10Gy／5次,2Gy／次;IMRT组：采用逆向动态调强技术,以切线野方向为调强主野的入射方向,全乳腺50Gy／25次,2Gy／次,瘤床区用X射线同步加量至60Gy／25次,2．4Gy／次,或全乳腺放疗结束后行电子线补量（方式及剂量同3DCRT）;h-IMRT组：全乳腺42．5Gy／16次,2．66Gy／次,瘤床区同步X射线加量至48Gy。结果：3-DCRT组、IMRT组、h_IMRT组分别入组46、12和8例,中位随访23．9个月（2．1～48．0个月）,3组患者免疫组化结果、病理类型、TNM分期、放化疗顺序及化疗方案、年龄、手术与术后’放疗时间间隔、肿瘤最大径和腋窝淋巴结转移数目差异均无统计学意义,P〉0．05;3组放疗时间差异有统计学意义,P〈O．01,其中h-IMRT组周期最短。单变量一般线性模型三因素方差分析显示,放疗前后乳头纵向、横向位置,乳房横径,乳根位置差异均无统计学意义,P〉O．05;保留乳房术后患者健侧乳头比患侧低,P〈0．05;3组间乳头横向位置和乳房横径差异有统计学意义,P〈O．05。3组患者均发生不同程度的急性血液系统和皮肤反应,但差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05,无Ⅲ度及更严重的急性放射性皮肤反应,均未影响放疗计划的顺利进行。结论：短期随访结果显示,早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后大分割调强放疗组可以明显缩短放疗时间,未加重血液系统及皮肤急性毒副作用,未增加局部复发风险,未降低总生存,未降低美容效果,很有可能成为中国女性早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后安全有效的放疗模式。     

乳腺癌保乳术后化疗加调强放疗的疗效观察

目的 观察Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳术后化疗加调强放疗的疗效及副反应.方法 108例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者均行肿瘤扩大切除及腋窝淋巴结清扫的保乳术,大部分患者瘤床放置银夹标记.术后采用NE(诺维本+表阿霉素)或TE(紫杉醇+表阿霉素)或CEF(环磷酰胺+表阿霉素+氟尿嘧啶)方案化疗6周期.化疗后全乳接受调强放疗50 Gy分25次,瘤床电子线补量10 Gy分5次.ER/PR阳性的患者均给予三苯氧胺为主的内分泌治疗.结果 随访截至2007年12月,随访率为100%,随访满1、2、3年的例数分别为108、88、58例.1、2、3年生存率分别为100%(108/108)、100%(88/88)、98%(57/58),局部复发3例;放疗期间出现不同程度的皮肤反应,乳房远期外观形状良好,未出现放射性肺炎、肺纤维化及心脏损伤等副反应.结论 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳术后化疗加调强放疗生存率高,复发转移少,副反应轻,达到了提高患者生存质量及局部控制率目的 .     

放射治疗在早期乳腺癌保乳术中的价值

目的：进一步证实放射治疗在早期乳腺癌保乳术中的重要性。方法：1994年12月～2001年12月本院共收治237例早期乳腺癌。其中83例做保乳手术。154例做改良根治术。保乳术后全部患者接受放疗。放疗的范围根据肿块的大小、部位、腋淋巴结是否受累而定。胸壁切线剂量予8MV—X线5000cGy。肿瘤瘤床加电子线1500cGy。改良根治术后仅3例作放疗。结果：保乳组和改良组局部复发各1人。保乳组区域淋巴结复发1例。改良组无区域淋巴结复发，有肝转移、肺转移各1人。两组各死亡1人。保乳组五年生存率96．49％，改良组98．61％。保乳组双侧乳房外形基本一致，柔软，有弹性。结论：早期乳腺癌保乳术加放射治疗，效果与改良根治术相似，并伴良好美容效果。     

Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen or anastrozole with or without whole breast irradiation in women with favorable early breast cancer

PURPOSE: In women with favorable early breast cancer treated by lumpectomy plus tamoxifen or anastrazole, it remains unclear whether whole breast radiotherapy is beneficial. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Between January 1996 and June 2004, the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG) randomly assigned 869 women to receive breast radiotherapy +/- boost (n = 414) or not (n = 417) after breast-conserving surgery (ABCSG Study 8A). Favorable early breast cancer was specified as tumor size <3 cm, Grading 1 or 2, negative lymph nodes, positive estrogen and/or progesterone receptor status, and manageable by breast-conserving surgery. Breast radiotherapy was performed after lumpectomy with 2 tangential opposed breast fields with mean 50 Gy, plus boost in 71% of patients with mean 10 Gy, in a median of 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was local relapse-free survival; further endpoints were contralateral breast cancer, distant metastases, and disease-free and overall survival. The median follow-up was 53.8 months. RESULTS: The mean age was 66 years. Overall, there were 21 local relapses, with 2 relapses in the radiotherapy group (5-y rate 0.4%) vs. 19 in the no-radiotherapy group (5.1%), respectively (p = 0.0001, hazard ratio 10.2). Overall relapses occurred in 30 patients, with 7 events in the radiotherapy group (5-y rate 2.1%) vs. 23 events in the no-radiotherapy group (6.1%) (p = 0.002, hazard ratio 3.5). No significant differences were found for distant metastases and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Breast radiotherapy +/- boost in women with favorable early breast cancer after lumpectomy combined with tamoxifen/anastrazole leads to a significant reduction in local and overall relapse.     

乳腺癌保乳术后全乳放疗瘤床同步补量研究进展北大核心CSCD

放疗为乳腺癌保乳治疗的重要组成部分,目前大分割已成为全乳照射的首选剂量分割模式。瘤床补量可进一步提高局部控制率,推荐高危患者行瘤床序贯补量。随着适形调强放疗的广泛应用,瘤床同步补量提供了剂量学优势和实践便利。本文就乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床补量指征及瘤床同步补量的研究进展进行综述,特别关注全乳常规分割瘤床同步补量和全乳大分割瘤床同步补量的安全性及疗效,并介绍目前正在进行的全乳大分割瘤床同步补量的Ⅲ期随机临床研究。