MSCT后处理技术诊断特发性脊柱侧凸畸形的临床价值

目的：探讨MSCT后处理技术在特发性青少年脊柱侧凸畸形中的临床价值。方法：搜集2008年～2009年我院特发性青少年脊柱侧凸畸形病例25例,均行脊柱X线正、侧位片,MSCT检查及三维重建。在经验丰富的外科医生指导下进行Lenke分型、腰椎侧凸修正分型、胸椎矢状面后凸分型,并结合MSCT后处理技术影像学资料及术中数据进行综合评价,评估MSCT后处理技术在外科学脊柱侧凸分型中的应用价值。结果：Lenke Ⅰ型11例,最为多见;Lenke Ⅲ型5例,Lenke Ⅴ型7例,Lenke Ⅵ型2例。腰椎侧凸进一步分型中,A型6例,B型5例,C型14例。胸椎侧凸矢状面进一步分型,正常20例,后凸角度增大2例,后凸角度减小3例。结论：MSCT后处理技术是Lenke分型的补充,也是Lenke分型弯曲类型、腰弯修正型、胸椎矢状面修正型三种基本类型有机、立体、直观的结合在一起的桥梁。     

同种异体骨在重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸矫治术中应用的对比研究

目的 探讨凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉技术对重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸矫治效果的影响.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月-2008年12月施行手术矫治的重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者37例,其中男12例,女25例,年龄14～38岁,平均17岁.18例采用后路凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉法矫治脊柱侧凸(实验组),19例采用常规后路钉棒法(对照组),比较两组的手术时间、出血量以及手术前后的站立位主侧凸冠状面Cobb角、主侧凸顶椎偏距、身高等指标.结果 平均随访18个月,实验组主侧凸冠状面Cobb角矫正率平均为51.2%,对照组为42.0%,实验组主凸顶椎偏距矫正率平均为41.1%,对照组为36.2%,身高增长实验组平均为6cm,对照组为3cm,以上指标两组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).两组手术时间、出血量比较无明显差异(P0.05).结论 凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉法可提高重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸的矫正率,安全可靠.     

凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉技术对提高重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸矫治效果的作用

目的 探讨凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉技术对重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸矫治效果的影响.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月-2008年12月施行手术矫治的重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者37例,其中男12例,女25例,年龄14～38岁,平均17岁.18例采用后路凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉法矫治脊柱侧凸(实验组),19例采用常规后路钉棒法(对照组),比较两组的手术时间、出血量以及手术前后的站立位主侧凸冠状面Cobb角、主侧凸顶椎偏距、身高等指标.结果 平均随访18个月,实验组主侧凸冠状面Cobb角矫正率平均为51.2%,对照组为42.0%,实验组主凸顶椎偏距矫正率平均为41.1%,对照组为36.2%,身高增长实验组平均为6cm,对照组为3cm,以上指标两组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).两组手术时间、出血量比较无明显差异(P0.05).结论 凹侧双棒全椎弓根螺钉法可提高重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸的矫正率,安全可靠.     

特发性脊柱侧凸不同固定术式疗效分析

目的 分析治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的不同手术方法和效果.方法 对1989年～2005年收治的34例特发性脊柱侧凸术前、术后临床资料进行分析,总结所采用不同术式的治疗效果.结果 34例分别采用了Harrington术式、联合Harrington-Luque(H-L)术式、Cotrel-Dubousset(C-D)双棍法及Texas Scottish-Rite Hospital(TSRH)三维矫正,平均矫正率分别为36.42%、45.18%、55.68%、63.28%,采用H-L、C-D和TSRH手术方法的矫正度均高于Harrington方法,其中以TSRH、C-D三维矫正系统效果最好.结论 手术矫正特发性脊柱侧凸效果是明显的,尤以近年运用的三维矫正系统效果更为优良.     

脊柱侧凸支点X线投照和预测

目的配合临床评价支点弯曲位X线片在预测特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱矫形融合术效果价值。方法对40例特发性脊柱侧凸患者的45个结构性弯曲行术前站立位,仰卧正侧位,仰卧正屈位和支点弯曲位X线摄片。结果术前对胸弯和腰弯仰侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为43°和22°,支点弯曲X线片测量平均Cobb角分别为38°和19,°术后Cobb角分别为37°和19°。严重侧弯组和中度侧弯组仰卧侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为52°和22°,支点弯曲位平均为49°和19°,术后Cobb角分别为45°和22°。结论支点弯曲位X线片比传统摄片更好地为临床提供更多信息。     

EOS~(TM)在青少年脊柱侧凸中的应用

脊柱侧凸是青少年常见的脊柱畸形。传统的X线摄影只能从二维平面评估侧凸畸形,且辐射剂量高。近年来新出现的EOS影像采集系统采用低于传统X线及CT的辐射剂量即可同步获得人体站立位正侧位全脊柱影像,并能通过三维重建获得多种测量参数,从而量化评估脊柱轴面旋转,有助于脊柱侧凸的诊断、分级、手术方案制定及术后随访,尤其适用于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人。就EOS的原理、优势及在青少年脊柱侧凸中的应用予以综述。     

脊柱侧弯矫形术的手术配合

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）是指10岁以上儿童至发育成熟前的一种脊柱侧凸畸形,是小儿骨骼肌肉系统中最常见的畸形之一,约占青少年人口的2%～3%,占整个脊柱侧凸发病率的80%,严重危害着青少年的健康〔1〕。我院从2005～2010年对7例脊柱侧凸病人实施了矫形手术,均取得了满意效果,现将手术护理配合总结如下。     

Luque技术矫正脊柱侧凸X线摄影分析

本文对15例Luque技术矫正脊柱侧凸进行X线摄影分析,其中包括特发性脊柱侧凸12例,先天性脊柱侧凸3例。男7例,女8例。年龄10～28岁,平均18岁。作者对其X线摄影技术和脊柱侧凸测量及X线观察问题进行了简要讨论。     

MRI评价青少年脊柱侧凸患者T_1斜率与颈椎曲度及椎间盘退变的关系

目的 MRI评价青少年脊柱侧凸患者T_1斜率与颈椎曲度及椎间盘退变的关系。方法回顾性分析青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者MRI图像385例,依据患者的颈椎曲度形态分为曲度正常、变直和反曲3组,测量患者的T_1斜率和颈椎间盘退变分级。结果 385例青少年脊柱侧凸患者,颈椎曲度正常90例(23.4%),T_1斜率均值为28.1°±3.8°;颈椎曲度变直205例(53.2%),T_1斜率均值为16.6°±5.5°;颈椎曲度反曲90例(23.4%),T_1斜率均值为9.8°±4.1°,颈椎曲度正常与异常者间T_1斜率差异有统计学意义(F=331.8,P0.01);颈椎曲度异常及T_1斜率与各个独立椎间盘退变有显著相关性。结论青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的T_1斜率和颈椎曲度及颈椎间盘退变有明显相关性,颈椎曲度异常患者T_1斜率较低,颈椎间盘退变率高,低T_1斜率是脊柱侧凸患者颈椎退变的潜在风险因素。     

脊柱侧凸与脊髓异常的影像学评价

目的 :探讨儿童脊柱侧凸伴随脊髓异常的发病情况及相应的影像学评价。方法 :2 6例脊柱侧凸患者 ,10例行CT检查 ,应用表面遮盖成像 (SSD)三维重建及部分病例采用在二维重建图像基础进行曲面多层面成像 (CMPR ) ,11例行MRI检查 ,5例行CT和MRI两种检查。结果 :2 6例脊柱侧弯 ,婴幼儿型 4例 ,儿童型 13例 ,青年型 9例 ,其中 8例合并脊髓异常 (前两者占 6例 ) ,且全部见于 17例脊柱左凸患者。结论 :年龄较小者及脊柱左侧凸的患者拟行手术治疗时 ,术前应常规进行MRI检查 ,在伴有复杂椎体及附件畸形时 ,结合多层螺旋CT二维及三维重建技术 ,可为临床提供丰富而实用的信息。     

Understanding the Lenke Classification for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)

For over 20 years, the Lenke classification has been used as a standard to describe and classify scoliosis patterns in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Based on this classification, patients are given a treatment recommendation, which is usually surgical. The Lenke classification has proven to be a reliable and reproducible classification for patients with AIS; however, it still proves to be complex in daily clinical practice. This study presents a simple approach to the Lenke classification for AIS patients that is easier to understand and to apply.     

The relationship of hip loading asymmetry and radiological parameters of the spine in Lenke type 1 idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundIdiopathic scoliosis does not only cause structural changes in the spine, but also functional changes of the musculoskeletal system.Research questionDoes idiopathic scoliosis lead to asymmetric hip loading in severe Lenke type 1 deformity?Methods23 patients (18 girls, 5 boys) aged 15 ± 2.8 years with an adolescent idiopathic main thoracic curve (Cobb angle 48.8°+/- 9.2°) were included. Measured X-ray parameters were: Cobb angle of primary thoracic and secondary lumbar curve, translation of the C7- plumb line, apical thoracic vertebra and apical lumbar vertebra from the central sacral vertical line. Subjects were examined by means of kinematic and kinetic gait analysis. The symmetry index (SI) was calculated as a ratio of hip frontal moments during a single stance for both sides when the symmetrical load was considered SI = 0 + /- 29.36 (0 +/- 1 SD of the mean SI of the healthy population). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to show the relation between hip loading and radiologic measures of spinal deformity.ResultsOnly 34.8% of subjects with Lenke type 1 deformity showed symmetrical hip loading. Significant negative correlation was proved between SI and apical thoracic vertebra translation (R = - 0541; p < 0,05) as well as between SI and coronal imbalance (R = −0,5197; p < 0,05). There was no correlation between SI and the magnitude of the primary thoracic curve (R = −0.19; p = 0.385). Coronal imbalance correlates positively with translation of apical thoracic vertebra (R = 0,7255; p < 0,05).SignificanceTwo-thirds of subjects with Lenke type 1 deformity showed asymmetrical hip loading. This asymmetry is related to the translation of the apical thoracic vertebra and coronal imbalance and is not related to the magnitude of the main thoracic curve. On the contrary, the secondary lumbar curve plays role in the compensatory mechanism of the trunk.     

Computed tomographic myelography in the investigation of childhood scoliosis and spinal dysraphism

The combined investigations of positive contrast myelography and computed tomographic (CT) myelography were performed on 53 consecutive children. Thirty-eight (72%) of these investigations were performed as a routine pre-operative procedure to identify occult spinal dysraphism in patients with childhood scoliosis; the remainder were because of the "orthopaedic syndrome", cervical radiculopathy, back pain and patients with clinical findings to suggest spinal dysraphism. In the 20 patients (38%) with idiopathic scoliosis, there was no case of spinal dysraphism and CT myelography provided no additional information to the myelogram. In the seven patients with spinal dysraphism the plain radiographic abnormalities identified were lumbar vertebral abnormalities (five), thoracic vertebral abnormalities (one), and sacral agenesis (one). Diastematomyelia was found in four patients, a low tethered cord and lipoma in two patients and a large lipoma in one patient. In all of these cases the myelogram indicated the intraspinal abnormalities; however, CT myelography provided more precise anatomical detail. We conclude that CT myelography is not indicated in the initial preoperative assessment of idiopathic scoliosis but should be reserved for patients with congenital or complicated scoliosis where the association with dysraphism is well recognised.     

Position of the major curve influences asymmetrical trunk kinematics during gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background and purposeAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural, lateral curvature with rotation of the spine that develops around puberty. The influence of this spinal deformity on three-dimensional trunk movements during gait has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of spinal curve pattern (single thoracic curve vs. single lumbar curve) on trunk kinematics during gait.MethodsTwenty-two patients with a single thoracic curve (Lenke type 1) and 17 patients with a single lumbar curve (Lenke type 5) were included in this study. Trunk symmetry in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes during gait was evaluated using an optoelectronic motion capture system.ResultsIn the type 1 group, the trunk was significantly rotated towards the concave side in the transverse plane during gait (mean difference of transverse rotation angle between concave side load and the convex side load, 8.8 ± 0.6°, p < 0.01). In the type 5 group, the trunk was significantly rotated towards the convex side in the coronal plane throughout the stance phase of gait (mean difference of coronal inclination angle, 1.9 ± 0.3°, p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe AIS patients with a single thoracic curve showed asymmetrical trunk movement in the transverse plane, and patients with a single lumbar curve showed asymmetrical trunk movement in the coronal plane. These results indicate that the spinal curve pattern influenced trunk kinematics, and suggest that the global postural control strategy of patients with AIS differs according to the curve pattern.     

The prevalence of disc aging and back pain after fusion extending into the lower lumbar spine. A matched MR study twenty-five years after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term outcome after fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in terms of degenerative disc findings diagnosed using MR imaging and to elucidate the clinical consequences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, who had undergone spinal fusion using Harrington rods to the lower lumbar spine with one or two unfused discs below the fusion, were re-examined 25 years after the fusion. The re-examinations included validated questionnaires, clinical examination, full standing frontal and lateral radiographs and MR examination of the lower lumbar region. Curve size and degenerative findings on MR images were evaluated by two unbiased radiologists, blinded to the clinical findings. A matched control group of 32 persons without scoliosis was subjected to the same examinations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significantly more degenerative disc changes (p<0.0001), disc height reduction (p=0.0010) and end-plate changes (p<0.0001 for both upper and lower end-plates) in the lowest unfused disc in the patient group compared with the control group. The MR findings in the lowest unfused disc, but not the one above, in the patient group correlated to lumbar pain intensity as well as to the diminished lumbar lordosis.     

An autopsy case of sudden death in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis

A 38-year-old woman with idiopathic scoliosis (right convex thoracic scoliosis, 78 degrees; left convex lumbar curvature, 75 degrees) died suddenly. Forensic autopsy and histopathologic examination revealed chronic congestive oedema, numerous cavities and atrophic changes of heart. These changes, including both respiratory changes and biventricular failure caused by hypoplastic cardiac changes, were due to a deformed thoracic cage. This case illustrates that not only abnormalities of respiratory function and cor pulmonare, but also hypoplastic cardiac changes, may cause sudden death in a patient with untreated scoliosis.     

Quantifying spinal gait kinematics using an enhanced optical motion capture approach in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background and purposeThe pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains poorly understood. Previous research has indicated possible relationships between kinematics of the spine, pelvis and lower extremities during gait and the progression of AIS, but adequate evidence on spinal kinematics is lacking. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed assessment of spinal gait kinematics in AIS patients compared to asymptomatic controls.MethodsFourteen AIS patients and 15 asymptomatic controls were included. Through introducing a previously validated enhanced trunk marker set, sagittal and frontal spinal curvature angles as well as general trunk kinematics were measured during gait using a 12-camera Vicon motion capture system. Group comparisons were conducted using T-tests and relationships between kinematic parameters and severity of scoliosis (Cobb angle) were investigated using regression analyses.ResultsThe sagittal thoracic curvature angle in AIS patients showed on average 10.7° (4.2°, 17.3°) less kyphosis but 4.9° (2.3°, 7.6°) more range of motion (Cobb angle-dependent (R² = 0.503)). In the frontal plane, thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar curvature angles indicated average lateral deviations in AIS patients. General trunk kinematics and spatio-temporal gait parameters, however, did not show any clinically relevant differences between the groups.ConclusionsThis demonstrates that the dynamic functionality of the scoliotic spine can be assessed using advanced non-invasive optical approaches and that these should become standard in clinical gait analysis. Furthermore, curvature angle data might be used to drive sophisticated computer simulation models in order to gain an insight into the dynamic loading behavior of the scoliotic spine during gait.