医学整合课程PBL教学中指导教师的角色行为分析

随着医学教育创新改革的不断推进,PBL教学模式已逐渐成为高等医学教育改革的趋势和典范.在PBL教学实践中,教师与学生的角色、理念和行为也发生了转变.与传统教学模式不同,PBL中指导教师(tutor)不再是教学过程的主导者,而是作为学生学习的引导者、促进者和合作者,培养学生自主学习、合作学习的能力.本文以医学整合课程PBL实践为例,分析探讨了指导教师应该如何适应角色行为,做好教学的组织者和管理者、学生的引导与促进者及学生表现的评价者.     

神经解剖学融入神经内科见习PBL教学实践的探讨

基于问题学习(PBL)的教学模式是一种以学生为中心,以教师引导的自我导向式学习模式,本文从神经病学和神经解剖学知识内容整合的角度,探讨将神经解剖学融入神经内科见习的PBL教学实践中,提高神经内科临床教学水平.     

儿童口腔医学PBL教学病例的编制

目的 是在儿童牙外伤生产实习中引入以问题为中心教学法(Problem Based Learning简称PBL),利用自行编制的教学病例进行讨论学习,为PBL教学推广摸索经验.在临床工作中收集牙外伤病例建立素材库,通过分类,整理和筛选,以冠折类外伤病例为基础编制了教学病例,学生实习指导和教师参考用书.通过2轮学生使用逐渐完善.在学习中发现教学病例涵盖了牙外伤基本知识点,使用效果较好,为其他专题教学病例编制积累了经验.     

基于问题学习法在神经生物学教学中应用

<正>基于问题的学习法(problem-based learning,PBL)教学模式由美国神经病学教授Barrows于1969年在加拿大Mc Marster大学创立,其基本教学模式为:提出问题-自学解疑-重点讲授-总结归纳。PBL教学的基本特点是学生与教师相互结合形成小组模式教学,以教师为引导,学生为中心,能够打破学科界限,围绕医学问题编制课程。PBL教学的目标是:获得基本知识,培养有效运用已有知识,去理解获取新知     

实施以问题为基础的创新意识——临床实习教学模式的转变

“PBL模式”,即以问题为基础的学习,是指在临床前期或临床课中,以病人为临床问题来引导学生自学和讨论的学习方法,也是一种通过实践发现问题,再解决问题的教学方法.本文主要介绍了这一教学模式的概念、特点及本所在临床教学中的具体实施过程,并对PBL过程中相关的几个问题进行了探讨和分析.     

PBL教学法在门诊慢性创面处置教学中的实践和探索

医学作为一门实践性学科,最终需要学生独立操作和实践。让学员参与整个教学,尤其是带着问题进行学习才是21世纪培养创新开拓型医学人才的方式。以问题为导向的PBL教学法（problem-based learning,PBL）是在老师引导下建立学生讨论小组,根据不同的临床情况进行具体讨论的一种教学模式。     

妇产科学双语教学查房中PBL教学方法应用效果观察

目的观察妇产科学双语教学查房中PBL教学法的应用效果。方法60名实习本科生,随机分为PBL教学组和对照组各30例。PBL教学组采用PBL教学模式进行双语教学查房,对照组采用常规教学模式。实习结束时对两组学生妇产科专业英语水平（包括听力、阅读和翻译）和临床实践能力（包括临床思维能力、医疗文书撰写能力）进行考核并评分。结果PBL教学组学生妇产科专业英语水平和临床实践能力均优于对照组（P均〈0．05）。结论妇产科学双语教学查房中PBL教学法的应用效果满意。     

妇产科教学中PBL教学法的三要素分析

PBL（Problem—Based Learning）教学模式足以问题为基础的教学模式，是1969年由美国的神经病学Barrow教授在加拿大的麦克马斯特大学首创，80年代后在jE美获得了较快的发展，这种课程模式已经成为当今世界医学教学改革的趋势。PBL与传统的授课为基础的教学模式（Lecture Based Learning LBL）有很大的差异，PBL教学法改变了以往的单向式教学法，它基本特点是以问题为基础、以学生为中心、以教师为引导的小组讨论及自学的教学模式：在这种教学模式中，教师、学生和问题是PBL课程的三个重要要素。我们在2008—2009年期间，对《妇产科学》中的部分课程教学试行了PBL教学模式。     

从医学免疫学PBL授课效果探索教育改革的途径

上世纪六十年代,加拿大的麦克玛斯特大学医学院试行一种新的教学模式,被称为以问题为基础的学习(Problem-based leaning,PBL)。它是指在医学教学中,以病人问题为基础,以学生为中心进行小组讨论式的教学模式。在该过程中,学生围绕问题进行思考、推理和分析,教师只起到导向作用[1]。其特点就是打破学科界限,教师引导学生主体,进行自主的获取知识的过程,从而培养学生发现问题和解决问题的能力。我们进行的免疫学PBL教     

PBL在局部解剖学教学中的应用与研究

PBL是以问题为基础,学生为中心,培养学生自主学习能力的一种新型教学模式。在教学改革中,将PBL教学模式引入局部解剖学教学中,表现出其强大的优势。本文就PBL教学模式在实际应用中应把握的要素提出了看法,以期对PBL教学模式的应用及改革起到借鉴作用。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究

中药石斛早在《神农本草经》中就被列为上品,其应用历史悠久,具有养阴生津、补肾益气、润喉护嗓、活血明目、抗癌防老等功效。本文对国内外石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究进行了综述。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的关节镜治疗体会

目的我科自2001～2005年4月对59例67膝的骨性关节炎（0A），进行关节镜检查及镜下清理术。方法镜检：膝关节骨性关节炎伴不同程度滑膜炎，滑膜皱壁粘连纤维片，关节软骨不同程度破坏。镜下清除增生滑膜，松解粘连，去除剥脱软骨、修复关节面。结果随访2月～4年，平均1.5年，术后综合评估2月～1年，优良率94％；1～2年，优良率79.2％；2年以上优良率54.8％。结论关节镜对膝关节骨性关节炎诊断能提供了比较全面的资料，并对骨性关节炎早期有良好疗效，具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和重复治疗等优点。     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Pathways of the realization of immunomodulating effects of neurotransmitters

Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 115, N ^o 4, pp. 401–404, April, 1993     

Characterization of sterols of three digenetic trematodes of buffalo

Sterols of three digenetic trematodes were isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sterols identified were cholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol and 24-ethylcholestanol.     

Mechanisms of generation of slow components of bioelectric activity in diagnostics of functional state of the gastrointestinal tract

New electrophysiologic devices were used for the diagnostics of the state of excitable structures in the gastrointestinal tract and correction of their motor functions. Bioelectrical and biomechanical activities form the basis of functioning of internal organs. The mechanisms of generation of slow bioelectrical activity that are important for clinical and physiological studies are described. One of these mechanisms is a capacitance parametric transducer converting the energy of contractions into specific electric signals reflecting muscle functions. Another mechanism results from slow oscillations of resting potentials of interrelated excitable cells in large neuromuscular structures of internal organs. The elaborated procedure is efficient for preventing early postoperative paresis of the gastrointestinal tract. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 10, pp. 448–452, October, 1999     

胃小弯侧血管弓的MDCT解剖

目的：研究正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的多排螺旋CT表现。方法：回顾性分析51例正常成人的上腹部CT资料,观察胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的显示情况、血管弓形态及其与胃壁的关系。结果：51例均显示胃小弯侧血管弓,血管弓贲门部属支、胃体部属支和幽门部属支分别显示46例、15例和10例;血管弓与胃壁紧邻41例。结论：MDCT检查可良好显示正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管。     

Assessment of the efficacy of treatment of hemangiomas

Assessment of the aftereffects of cryoexposure and ultrahigh-frequency cryoexposure on hemangioma tissue of various types, cavernous and squamous, showed a higher cryogenic effect in hemangiomatous tissue preexposed to ultrahigh-frequency waves. A quantitative criterion is proposed for assessing the efficacy of the studied methods of exposure. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 6, pp. 669–672, June, 1995