高职助产专业病理学试卷分析与评价

目的:通过分析漳州卫生职业学院2012级高职助产专业学生病理学期末考试试卷,衡量学生对该课程的掌握程度,并对教学质量进行评估。方法:随机抽查2012级助产专业学生的148份考试试卷进行统计分析。结果:考试成绩呈正偏态分布,平均成绩为49.93分。试卷难度为0.499,区分度为0.4045,信度为0.8277。结论:这份试卷的成绩是可靠的,能较全面地评价学生对课程的掌握程度及教学质量。试题难度适中,区分度尚可,为今后提高试卷的命题水平及题库建设提供了经验。通过试卷分析有助于提升教师的教学能力。     

项目反应理论在基础医学综合测试免疫学试题中的应用

目的与医学整合教育相适应的综合测试可以评估学生学习情况,评价教学改革效果。鉴于综合测试的特性,本课题拟通过运用项目反应理论分析基础医学综合测试免疫试题的方式,试说明该理论在医学测试方面的应用方法,阐述其在医学综合测试质量控制方面的作用和意义。方法使用在线项目反应理论(e-irt)软件和SPSS软件分析6年间基础医学综合测试180道免疫学试题,测算出各项参数,进行等值处理,绘制特征曲线和信息函数曲线。结果基础医学综合测试免疫学试题信度较好,但难易度、区分度多低于试卷整体水平;各年度间试题参数、考生能力有差异;部分免疫学试题没有达到理想标准,需要分析原因。结论整合后我校学生对于免疫学知识掌握情况良好。项目反应理论通过同一尺度比较不同年度的试卷、试题、考生能力,可以发现试题、教学、考生存在的问题;提高命题质量;有助于建设标准化试题库。     

《组织学和胚胎学》试题质量分析

试卷分析包括4部分:考试成绩的有效性与可靠性,试题质量分析,成绩分析,提出问题及改进意见。其中试题质量分析至关重要。我们以2004级高级护理学专业《组织学和胚胎学》期末考试试卷为例,进行试题质量分析。     

五年制和七年制临床医学专业病理生理学教学工作的比较研究

目的： 比较我校五年制和七年制学生对病理生理学教学需求的不同，分析在实施了不同内容和形式的教学计划后两种学制学生病理生理学考试成绩的差异，评价专业理论考试的质量，为五年制、七年制临床医学生的教育改革提供参考依据。方法: 采用问卷调查形式，分析本校2002级临床医学七年制和2003级临床医学五年制学生对教学要求的不同；运用标准化试题库编制试卷,对试卷质量和考试结果分析。结果: 问卷调查显示七年制学生更加赞成PBL和双语教学方式。试卷设计质量很高（各题P≥0.50,D≥0.15）。五、七年制学生考试试卷平均区分度分别为0.27±0.03和0.24±0.06，试卷的分半信度为0.75±0.05。七年制学生平均成绩为（69.1±10.2）分，χ2=0.990，P>0.05。五年制学生平均成绩为（74.4±11.3）分，χ2=0.111，P＜0.01。结论: 针对不同层次学生，我们的教学内容安排及试卷设计都是合理的。     

护理高职连续四年药理学试卷分析

目的 了解学生对药理学课程的掌握程度及教师在教学过程中是否达到教学目的 .方法 通过等距抽样方法 将样本试卷及四个年级的成绩输入电脑,利用分析软件进行分析.结果 在对试卷难度及区分度、效度和信度的分析中,这四年的试题不能合理分配试卷难度,区分度也不能很好体现出来.结论 为了使考试尽可能地反应学生及教师的教学结果 ,很有必要建立质量较高的试题库,并结合本门课程的新进展,开展教学研究,提高教学效果.     

《护理药理学》考试试卷分析与思考

对西安医学院2007级理学专业220名学生的药理学期末考试试卷进行统计分析。最高分99分,最低分41分,相差58分,平均分75．43分,标准差为13．35,难度系数（P）为0．75,区分度（D）为032。试卷性对较容易,区分度尚可,但区分度较差的试题所占比例偏大,考察记忆知识点内容较多．应适当增加考察综合应用知识点的试题数量,合理调整试题区分度,以期更好的评价学生水平,提高试卷质量。     

组织学多媒体标本考试系统试题分析

组织学是一门具有很强的直观性的基础医学微观形态学科。组织学实验课对于培养学生的实际操作能力 ,使学生能够理论联系实践 ,更加形象生动、深入透彻地掌握组织学基本内容具有至关重要的意义。实验考试作为评价学生观察组织学切片效果好坏的标准之一 ,是组织学教学活动中的重要环节 ,其试题的质量直接影响着考试质量。近几年来 ,我室标本考试均采用音像题库。经过不断的总结完善 ,今年制作了多媒体标本考试系统 ,并采用标准化题型。为了检测该试题的质量 ,笔者从试题的难度、区分度、信度三方面采用量化手段对考试结果作了深入分析 ,旨在通…     

应用Microsoft Excel软件进行《组织学与胚胎学》考卷组织的体会

考试是教学活动中的一个重要环节,目前考试成绩仍然是衡量教学质量最常用的指标,而考卷的质量直接影响到学生的考试成绩。为了更好地组织出符合教学大纲要求,既能涵盖《组织学与胚胎学》主要内容,又能够有一定区分度的试卷,我们将Microsoft Excel软件应用到其中,具体体会报道如下。     

医学教育题库生理学A型选择题质量分析

目的:分析医学教育题库A型选择题质量,为今后课堂教学和试卷制作提供参考。方法:用Excel转换474名学生的答题卡机读结果,对信度、难度、区分度,尤其是选项频数进行分析,并通过查看原题分析原因。结果:试卷信度0.863,可靠性好;难度和区分度一般。选项分析中大部分试题选项设计合理,同时发现学生在个别知识点学习出现问题。结论:试题质量整体符合全国性题库的要求;通过选项分析能发现试题设计和课堂教学中的一些问题;采用Excel分析A型选择题质量具有较好的实用性。     

1996 级组织学与胚胎学成绩、试卷及题型测量质量分析

试卷统计测量分析对提高试题和试卷质量，了解教学质量及学生的学业情况，为今后改进教学方法，提高教学质量是非常必要的，现就我校１９９６级首届３００名本科生期终理论考试成绩、试卷及题型质量进行测量分析如下：１试卷的组成与测量方法 此试卷是按教学大纲自制试题卷，共分四种题型，第Ｉ填空题４０分；第Ⅱ是非题１０分；第Ⅲ选择题３０分；第Ⅳ问答题２０分。对全卷及各题型的难度采用通过率测量其难度；采用极端分组法计算区分度；库德法测验其信度。２结果（１）试卷质量测量结果：最高分９７、最低分４０、平均（Ｘ分 ７４．４５…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.