成人丘脑肿瘤的临床特点及显微手术治疗

目的探讨丘脑肿瘤的临床特点及显微外科治疗。方法总结48例丘脑肿瘤的临床特点。对其中35例分别采用侧脑室前角入路、侧脑室后部和三角区人路、颞后皮质人路及经胼胝体侧脑室入路手术切除肿瘤，5例行脑室一腹腔分流术，1例行外减压术，余7例拒绝手术。41例手术病人术后除1例海绵状血管瘤病人外，40例行放疗，总剂量40～50Gy。结果35例选择显微手术切除的病人中肿瘤全切25例（71．4％）。近全切7例（20．0％），大部分切除2例（5．7％），部分切除1例（2，8％）。肿瘤切除术后短期症状和神经功能明显改善10例（28．6％）。改善12例（34．3％），无变化10例（28．6％），恶化2例（5，7％），死亡1例（2．8％）。结论丘脑肿瘤以儿童及青年人发病为主。性别差异不明显，病程相对较长，多为恶性肿瘤，部分病例进展较快。临床表现以颅高压及丘脑局限性损害症状为主。丘脑肿瘤治疗首选手术切除．术后应辅以必要的放疗和化疗。     

侧脑室内肿瘤显微手术治疗(附65例报告)

目的 总结侧脑室内肿瘤显微手术治疗的方法特点和所遇到的问题。方法 回顾分析近7年收治的65例侧脑室内肿瘤的病变特征、显微手术方法与问题、辅助治疗和结果等。结果 全切除52例，次全切除9例，部分切除4例。术后手术相关并发症：视野缺损8例、丘脑与基底节区水肿5例、暂时性不全偏瘫3例、失联系症状2例、平衡障碍2例、注意力缺损1例、暂时语言障碍1例。术后非手术入路相关并发症：脑积水11例，脑室内血肿6例，短暂意识障碍6例，脑室内感染3例，硬膜下血肿2例。手术死亡2例，长期昏迷1例。辅助治疗：放疗12例、化疗10例，放疗 化疗14例。随访6个月～8年，失访7例。术后6个月采用Kamofsky评分，80～90分42例，60～70分13例，40～50分2例，10～20分1例。结论 侧脑室内肿瘤以室管膜瘤、脑膜瘤、中枢神经细胞瘤、脉络丛乳头状瘤和星形细胞瘤多见，但各有好发的具体部位。多数起源位于脑室内，也可为脑室周围的结构向脑室突入所致。生长缓慢且发现时体积较大。显微手术为主要治疗方法，各手术入路都有手术难点和内在的并发症，其选择应根据病变的特征做决定。手术中争取全切，但不可强行全切，残留部分可接受放疗和／或化疗。     

脑室外神经细胞瘤的诊断与预后分析

目的探讨脑室外神经细胞瘤诊断学特征和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析7例脑室外神经细胞瘤病例资料,病变部位:颞叶2例,额底、基底核区1例,基底核区2例,小脑蚓部1例,鞍区1例。结果肿瘤全切除6例,部分切除1例。随访5～134个月,平均为(79.3±55.0)个月。死亡2例,其中1例全切肿瘤后因脑出血而死亡,1例为部分切除后因肿瘤复发进展而死亡。结论脑室外神经细胞瘤在影像学上诊断困难,最终依赖于病理学诊断。手术全切脑室外神经细胞瘤能给病人带来相对较好预后。对于部分切除肿瘤,术后放疗可能提升病人的生存期和无进展生存期。     

64例侧脑室内肿瘤手术治疗的探讨

目的:分析和探讨直视手术和显微手术治疗侧脑室内肿瘤的方法,手术入路的选择,术中应注意的问题及疗效。方法:64例侧脑室内肿瘤,直视下手术34例,显微手术30例。两组手术病例中,经额中回入路25例,经旁正中顶枕叶入路30例,经颞中、上回入路6例,经胼胝体入路3例。结果:直视手术组:肿瘤全切除26例,次全切除8例,术后并发症13例,植物生存1例,死亡3例,治愈率70.59％;显微手术组:均达到全切,术后轻度并发症4例,无手术死亡。结论:根据肿瘤在侧脑室内的不同位置,合理地选择相应的手术入路,注意手术技巧,可使大部分侧脑室内肿瘤达到全切而获满意疗效。显微手术治疗明显优于直视手术。     

经胼胝体前部入路治疗侧脑室肿瘤(附15例报告)

目的探讨胼胝体前部入路切除侧脑室肿瘤的显微外科手术技巧.方法回顾性分析15例侧脑室前部肿瘤的临床表现、手术方法、治疗效果以及并发症的处理.结果肿瘤全切除10例,次全切除3例,部分切除2例.术后脑积水和认知能力下降是最常见的手术并发症,无手术死亡.结论充分暴露侧脑室肿瘤和术中行脑室内静脉保护是手术成功的关键,预防和正确处理并发症是减少神经功能缺失.的重要因素.     

神经内镜技术在脑室肿瘤手术的应用

目的总结神经内镜下脑室肿瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析23例脑室肿瘤病例资料,其中侧脑室肿瘤10例,第三脑室肿瘤8例,第四脑室肿瘤5例。病例均接受神经内镜手术。结果脑室镜手术6例(肿瘤全切除2例,肿瘤活检及第三脑室造瘘术4例);Endoport内镜控制手术4例(肿瘤全切除3例,肿瘤部分切除及第三脑室造瘘术1例);神经内镜辅助显微神经外科手术13例(肿瘤全切除12例,次全切除1例)。结论对脑室内肿瘤活检与切除,脑室镜手术比传统方法有显著优势。Endoport内镜控制手术主要用于切除血供丰富的肿瘤。内镜辅助显微神经外科手术用于肿瘤残留位置较偏的病例,为手术肿瘤全切提供保证。     

侧脑室内肿瘤显微外科治疗:29例报告

目的探讨按肿瘤起源决定侧脑室内肿瘤手术入路的经验。方法回顾性分析自2002年1月至2009年1月在我院接受手术治疗的29例侧脑室内肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中15例采用经皮层入路,14例采用经纵裂入路。结果 23例肿瘤全切除,6例次全切除。病理证实良性肿瘤14例,低级别胶质瘤8例,高级别胶质瘤5例,恶性肿瘤2例。经皮层入路组患者术后癫痫发病率明显高于经纵裂入路组。平均随访时间为18.5个月,58.62%恢复良好。结论经纵裂胼胝体入路是治疗侧脑室内肿瘤较理想的手术入路,但对于肿瘤较大或肿瘤向脑实质延伸者或继发性脑室内肿瘤经皮层入路是较好的选择。肿瘤应争取全切,但不可强求全切,残留部分可进行放疗和(或)化疗。     

侧脑室内肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附28例报告)

目的探讨侧脑室内肿瘤的临床特征和个体化显微手术策略及疗效。方法回顾性分析2002年9月至2009年6月手术治疗并经病理证实的28例侧脑室内肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除22例,次全切3例,大部分切除3例。经病理学证实室管膜瘤8例,脉络丛乳头状瘤4例,脑膜瘤6例,少枝胶质细胞瘤4例,星形细胞瘤3例,中枢神经细胞瘤2例,胶质母细胞瘤1例。1例因术后硬膜下血肿再次手术,7例因脑积水而行脑室-腹腔分流术,5例术后出现颅内感染,1例因严重感染并脑积水死亡。术后配合放疗和/或化疗19例。术后随访6个月至3年,2例轻残,10例生活自理,15例可参加日常工作。结论侧脑室内肿瘤的位置、大小和血供影响手术入路、疗效和病人预后。适宜的手术入路和显露,恰当的导航辅助可避免损害脑功能,提高肿瘤切除程度;恶性肿瘤术后行个体化放疗和/或化疗,可显著改善病人预后。     

显微外科治疗侧脑室肿瘤临床分析

目的总结显微手术治疗侧脑室肿瘤的手术策略,以提高侧脑室肿瘤的手术全切率,减少术后并发症,改善手术预后。方法回顾分析2005-08—2011-08我院神经外科32例侧脑室肿瘤患者的临床特征、显微手术治疗经验及术后并发症的防治。结果手术全切22例,次全切6例,大部分切除4例,无手术死亡。结论侧脑室肿瘤的病理性质大多为良性或低度恶性,其性质与病人年龄、肿瘤部位有关。选择适宜的手术入路,显微手术切除侧脑室肿瘤,可获得良好的手术效果。     

脑室内中枢神经细胞瘤的临床诊治体会(附13例临床分析)

目的探讨脑室内中枢神经细胞瘤临床诊治要点和手术策略。方法回顾性分析我科4年来13例脑室内中枢神经细胞瘤患者的临床表现、影像学检查、病理诊断和治疗效果。结果 13例均行经皮层造瘘脑室入路肿瘤切除术,其中肿瘤全切除9例,近全切除4例。术后颅内感染2例,1例治愈,另1例自动出院后死亡。长期随访11例,术后放疗4例,肿瘤复发后死亡1例。术后并发交通性脑积水行V-P分流术治疗1例。结论中枢神经细胞瘤多发于侧脑室的室间孔附近,熟悉局部的显微解剖并熟练运用显微外科技术争取肿瘤全切除是提高患者预后的关键。未全切患者术后放疗可控制残留肿瘤的生长,延缓复发。     

儿童第四脑室肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附43例报告)

目的 探讨儿童第四脑室常见肿瘤的诊断和显微手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析2006~2010年手术治疗的43例儿童第四脑室肿瘤患者的临床表现与影像学等临床资料;根据肿瘤与小脑蚓部和第四脑室的关系,设计个体化手术入路切除肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切除38例,次全切5例(为与第四脑室底粘连紧密者).绝大多数病例无明显并发症或并发症较轻,经治疗后好转.病理结果示髓母细胞瘤27例,室管膜瘤8例,星形细胞瘤7例(其中毛细胞型3例),神经细胞瘤(交界性)1例.髓母细胞及WHOⅢ级的室管膜瘤术后进行了全脑和脊髓放疗,次全切的室管膜瘤和星形细胞瘤进行了局部放疗.结论 儿童第四脑室肿瘤以髓母细胞瘤最多见,其次是室管膜瘤和星形细胞瘤;正确的入路选择和手术技巧是取得良好疗效、减少并发症的关键.     

颅内室管膜下瘤的诊断和显微外科治疗(附33例报告)

目的 探讨颅内室管膜下瘤的临床特点和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析北京天坛医院收治的33例室管膜下瘤患者的临床特点、诊断和治疗.结果 本组33例,男19例,女14例;年龄2～54岁,平均27.4岁;第四脑室13例,侧脑室18例,脑内2例.MRI T1WI呈等或略低信号,T2WI呈高信号;22例无强化,11例呈片状、结节或条索样轻度强化.侧脑室18例,手术全切13例,近全切除5例.第四脑室13例,手术全切3例,近全切除7例,大部切除3例.脑内2例均近全切除.结论 颅内室管膜下瘤少见,影像学有显著特征,有助于术前诊断,显微外科治疗手术全切除预后好.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment of intracranial subependymoma.Method 33 patients with intracranial subependymoma treated with microneurosurgical management at Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 1998 to 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.Results In this serials,19 patients were in male and 14 patients in female.Tumors located in the lateral ventricles in 18 cases,located in the fourth ventricle in 13 cases,intra-brain tissue in 2 cases.On MRI scans,the tumors showed iso/hypointensity on T1-weighted and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images.On enhanced scans,the tumors showed no enhancement or only slightly enhancement.Tumors located in the lateral ventricles,were totally removed in 13 cases and subtotal in 5 cases;tumors located in the fourth ventricle,were totally removed in 3 cases, subtotally in 7 cases and partial in 3 cases; tumors were subtotally removed in 2 cases in intra-brain tissue type.Conclusions MRI may contribute to diagnose the intracranial subependymoma and surgical management.Radical resection usually contributes to a good outcome.     

经额下—第三脑室联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤与颅咽管瘤24例报告

目的 介绍经额下-第三脑室联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤及颅咽管瘤的途径、体会及疗效。方法 额部开颅,先经侧脑室-室间孔达第三脑室,切除第三脑室肿瘤,此时因侧脑室及第三脑室已经开放,颅内压明显降低,可以很容易地抬起额叶,显露并切除鞍上及鞍内肿瘤。结果 4例全切除,20例次全切除,无死亡病例。24例术前均有不同程度视觉障碍,其中10例在住院期间视力视野已有改善,8例术后出现尿崩,经治疗1～2周好转。结论 当垂体瘤或颅咽管瘤长入第三脑室时,经额下-第三脑室入路是较理想的手术入路。     

经额中回-侧脑室-脉络裂入路显微手术切除第三脑室前部肿瘤

目的介绍并探讨一种切除第三脑室前部病变的显微手术入路。方法经额中回-侧脑室-脉络裂入路手术切除第三脑室前部肿瘤10例。结果显微镜下全切除8例,近全切除2例;死亡1例。结论该入路利用脑室的自然裂隙到达第三脑室,几乎不损伤正常脑组织和血管结构,具有手术损伤小,术野暴露清楚等优点,是切除第三脑室前部肿瘤的优选入路之一。     

神经内镜在微侵袭神经外科手术中的应用

目的 探讨内镜在微侵袭神经外科手术中的应用。方法 应用内镜辅助的显微神经外科（EAM）对36例垂体瘤行经鼻蝶入路手术；结合立体定向技术对22例脑积水，11例颅内囊性病变及1例侧脑室内囊虫病进行单纯内镜手术（EN）；应用内镜控制的显微神经外科（ECM）技术对10例三叉神经痛进行微血管减压术。结果 36例垂体瘤中24例全切除，12例次全切除。21例梗阻性脑积水术后脑室缩小，1例术后复发；9例颅内囊性病变术后囊腔缩小，2例出现并发症，1例侧脑室内囊虫病病灶完整除；10例桥小脑角微血管减压术应用内镜效果满意。结论 经鼻蝶入路手术中，内镜可以更充分显露并完全切除鞍区肿瘤。可以同期在直视下进行第三脑室底部造瘘及立体定向活检术；可直视下对颅内囊性病灶进行穿刺冲洗、活检、房腔贯通等操作。可从不同角度观察了解桥小脑角显微解剖结构，微创直观。     

Primary intracranial neoplasms in the first year of life

Forty-one infants with histologically verified primary intracranial neoplasms were studied who had been diagnosed and treated during the first year of life at the Hospital for Sick Children during the years 1975–1986. Forty-one percent of tumors were astrocytomas, 22% were primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and 20% were choroid plexus papillomas. Seventy-one percent were located in the supratentorial compartment and 29% in the infratentorial compartment. Thirty percent were in the cerebral hemisphere, 12% in the optic pathway-hypothalamic region, 5% in the thalamus, 17% in the cerebellum, 5% in the brain stem, 12% in the lateral ventricles, 12% in the III ventricle, and 7% in the IV ventricle. The most common presenting features in this series of patients were vomiting and increasing head size. The symptoms and signs before diagnosis were present for 2 months or less in 87% of cases. Forty-four percent of the tumors were totally resected while only a partial resection or biopsy was carried out in 56%. Sixty-six percent of the patients required a CSF diversionary shunt. Twenty-nine percent of patients received radiotherapy. Slightly more than half of these received radiotherapy immediately after surgery, whereas delayed radiation therapy was performed in the remainder. The surgical mortality was 7.3%. Of the entire group, 39% have died, with most dying within 6 months of surgery. Treatment, survival relative to histologic type, psychomotor development, and neurologic function of the survivors are discussed.     

Central neurocytoma — a rare benign intraventricular tumor

Summary Two cases of Central neurocytoma arising in the lateral ventricles are presented. Both patients had well-circumscribed masses in the right lateral ventricle causing hydrocephalus. The tumors were composed of small round cells forming Homer Wright rosettes against a fine fibrillary background. In one patient surgical removal was complete and no recurrence has been noted approximately one year later. These tumors appear to be benign and complete surgical excision should be curative.     

内窥镜技术在神经外科手术中的应用研究

目的探讨内窥镜技术在神经外科手术治疗中的价值。方法采用神经内窥镜进行内镜下和内镜控制下以及内镜辅助下的各种神经外科手术122例,包括各种颅内肿瘤切除68例,颅内血肿清除51例,颅内囊肿切除2例,脑积水造瘘1例。结果30例高血压性脑出血患者血肿清除满意,21例慢性硬膜下血肿术后无复发;48例肿瘤全切除,15例次全切除,5例大部切除;1例囊肿全切除,另1例囊肿缩小;1例脑积水患者术后症状明显改善,脑室明显缩小。结论内窥镜技术在微侵袭神经外科手术中具有广泛的临床应用前景。     

Lateral ventricle tumors in children: a series of 54 cases

A series of 54 patients with lateral ventricle tumors diagnosed and surgically treated from 1988 to 1998 was reviewed. Neoplasms invading ventricles and originating beyond their walls were excluded. There were 35 male and 19 female patients. Their ages ranged from 15 days to 20 years, and two frequency peaks were observed, one at 2 and one at 11 years. The most frequent signs and symptoms were attributed to increased intracranial pressure. The 54 patients included 41 who developed hydrocephalus, but only 15 of these required shunting. The trigonal region and frontal horn were the most common sites of origin. Surgery was planned with due consideration for the localization of the tumor, its presumptive histology, its main feeding vessels, the parenchymal functionality, and the presence or absence of hydrocephalus. The most frequent tumor types were subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, choroid plexus tumors, ependymoma, and astrocytoma. The most common complications were intraventricular hemorrhage, cortical collapse, subdural collection and seizures. To conclude, tumors located within the lateral ventricles are often very voluminous and are predominantly benign, and the treatment of choice is total resection. In the case of malignancy, postsurgical radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy should be given.