Surgical repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in immunosuppressed patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

The authors performed retinal reattachment surgery in 29 eyes of 24 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus with retinal detachment associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and documented the course of eight additional untreated eyes. Retinal detachment repair using vitrectomy, posterior hyaloid removal, and intraocular tamponade with silicone oil or SF-6 gas resulted in a total retinal reattachment rate of 76% and a macular attachment rate of 90% in one operation. The mean postoperative visual acuity (best corrected) was 20/60, but, in some patients, the visual acuity decreased because of progressive retinitis. Prophylactic laser photocoagulation of fellow eyes to surround CMV lesions did not appear to prevent retinal detachment. The mean postoperative survival was 37 weeks (range, 8 to 127 weeks). The surgical techniques used and pathophysiology of these retinal detachments are discussed.     

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Six eyes in four patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis developed retinal holes and retinal detachment. Holes appeared in areas of necrosis and were typically large and round with shaggy edges. Differentiation from exudative detachment was sometimes difficult because of obscuration of the fundus by vitreous haze. Cryotherapy was successful in closing open breaks without detachment; cryotherapy and exoplant surgery were used effectively to treat the initial detachments. The occurrence of massive periretinal proliferation and late development of new areas of hole formation or retinitis complicated therapy for these detachments.     

Incidence and management of cataract after retinal detachment repair with silicone oil in immune compromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of and risk factors for cataract and to describe the visual outcomes of cataract surgery in eyes with cytomegalovirus-related retinal detachments repaired with silicone oil. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A prospectively generated database of all patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis examined at a single tertiary care institution was used to identify all cases of retinal detachment between October 1983 and August 1997. Data on retinal detachment repair, development of cataract, and outcomes of cataract surgery were obtained retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 904 eyes of 587 immune-compromised patients diagnosed with cytomegalovirus retinitis, 198 eyes of 155 patients developed retinal detachment. Among these, 106 eyes of 90 patients underwent retinal detachment repair with silicone oil. The Kaplan-Meier estimated median time to cataract was 1.8 months after surgery with silicone oil. The adjusted relative risk of cataract in eyes that underwent retinal detachment repair with silicone oil compared with eyes that did not was 6.74 (P <.0001). Eight of the eyes that developed cataract underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery by phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Among these, six eyes experienced >or=2 lines of improvement in visual acuity. All developed posterior capsule opacification a median of 7 days after cataract surgery. Four of five eyes that that underwent neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy experienced >or=2 lines improvement in visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of cataract after surgery with silicone oil tamponade for cytomegalovirus-related retinal detachment. Posterior capsule opacification occurs rapidly after cataract surgery in these patients.     

Prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in treated cytomegalovirus retinitis

Seventeen patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis were treated with the antiviral drug ganciclovir (9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy-methyl]-guanine, DHPG). Eight eyes of five patients developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after initiation of treatment. Multiple breaks in areas of peripheral, healed, atrophic retina accounted for the detachments. All seven eyes that underwent surgery had extensive retinal detachments that were reattached with vitrectomy and silicone oil. Retinotomy and retinal tacks were necessary in two cases that were complicated by severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In the fellow eye of one patient, laser treatment was used prophylactically to wall off a peripheral patch of healed retinitis. Endoretinal biopsies and culture were taken in five eyes; evidence of persistent cytomegalovirus was seen in two cases despite concurrent and clinically effective antiviral therapy.     

Prophylactic argon laser coagulation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

· Background: The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reaches 20–45%. Despite aggressive medical treatment, rhegmatogenous retinal detachments develop in up to 30% of the affected eyes. Surgical repair is often difficult due to multiple, large and hardly visible retinal holes with vitreal traction. Pars plana vitrectomy with instillation of silicone oil is the procedure of choice, giving limited functional results with anatomical reattachment. · Methods: We performed prophylactic laser coagulation in AIDS patients with medically treated CMV retinitis to prevent a progressive retinal detachment. Twenty-two quiescent CMV lesions in 22 eyes of 20 patients were treated with argon green laser coagulation. Each CMV lesion was completely surrounded with a double or triple row of laser spots (500–600 μm; 0.2 s; gray-white lesions). · Results: The duration of follow-up was 2–24 months. Histopathologic evaluation was possible in two eyes of one patient. Reactivated or smoldering CMV retinitis crossed the laser scars in 11 eyes, making additional laser coagulation necessary. In four eyes retinal holes in the CMV scar tissue led to retinal detachment, which stopped at the laser scar. In three eyes the detachment is still controlled by the laser scar. In one eye, the detachment stopped at the laser scar for 6.5 months and then slowly progressed across it. There were no complications associated with our laser treatment. · Conclusion: Prophylactic argon laser coagulation in quiescent CMV retinitis seems to reduce the rate of progressive retinal detachment with no need for vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. Received: 25 January 1997 Revised version received: 20 August 1997 Accepted: 1 October 1997     

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with cytomegalovirus retinitis

The most important ocular opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS is cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Management of CMV retinitis has become complex, as the life expectancy of many patients has increased exponentially. Most retinal detachments in CMV retinitis are rhegmatogenous in nature. Because of atrophic changes in the retina and alterations in the vitreous, surgical management of these detachments leads to a stepladder approach. Options include laser demarcation, scleral buckle, and vitrectomy with silicone oil. In some patients, a combination of all three procedures may be necessary. Management in all cases should be individualized, with the realization that failure of retinal reattachment may occur.     

Giant retinal tears, retinal detachment and retinitis pigmentosa

A patient with retinitis pigmentosa and sensorineural deafness presented with bilateral giant retinal tears and a unilateral retinal detachment. The peripheral visual field loss could have been erroneously ascribed to the primary retinal dystrophy. A retinal detachment must be considered in patients with a sudden loss of visual acuity or field even if they have a primary retinal dystrophy.     

Surgical repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in eyes harboring active retinoblastoma

Background: Intraocular surgeries are classically contraindicated for patients with active Retinoblastoma (RB) due to the risk of tumor dissemination. Unfortunately, RB treatment may be complicated by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) that necessitates surgical repair especially in a child who is monocular from enucleation of the contralateral eye.

Objective: To assess the outcome of surgical repair of rhegmatogenous RD in children with RB using non-drainage scleral buckling.

Results: Rhegmatogenous RD was diagnosed in three eyes of three children during treatment of RB; one of which had associated tractional RD. All patients received systemic chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and thermal therapy. RD was present at the site of the most recent cryotherapy in all of the three eyes. RD was repaired externally with a scleral buckling procedure without subretinal fluid drainage in each of the three eyes. The retina reattached completely after surgery in two eyes and only partially in one eye. In one eye, which had the tractional component, complete retinal attachment was not achieved and thus enucleation was performed. Orbital or metastatic retinoblastoma was detected in none of the cases on follow-up at 6–36 months.

Conclusions: Scleral buckling without subretinal fluid drainage is a useful technique for repairing rhegmatogenous RD in eyes with RB mainly in the absence of a tractional component.     

Repair of retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Twenty-two eyes of 19 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had pars plana vitrectomy and silicone-oil injection after retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis were studied. All patients but one were monitored until time of death. The postoperative survival time and the factors that predicted anatomic success (retinal attachment) and functional success (visual acuity) were analyzed. No intraoperative complications were encountered. The mean survival time after surgery was four months. Of all of the preoperative and intraoperative factors studied, only the duration of cytomegalovirus retinitis was predictive of survival (P less than .03). The anatomic success rate was 89.5% (17 of 19 patients). None of the factors showed a trend or statistical significance in relation to anatomic success. Fifteen of 19 patients (79%) had lost at least two lines of Snellen visual acuity at time of death. Vision declined in a bimodal pattern (within the first postoperative month and after four months postoperatively). The optic nerve was pink and well perfused preoperatively in 16 of 19 patients (81.8%), but optic-nerve atrophy was observed postoperatively in 18 of 19 patients (95.5%). There was a trend for functional success to be influenced by increased intraocular pressure and optic-nerve atrophy, although our sample size was too small for statistical significance.     

A case of retinal detachment in retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To report case of retinitis pigmentosa in association with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: An eight year old boy complained of a sudden visual loss. The patient had night blindness, bone spicule-like hyperpigmentation, pale optic disc in both eyes, and the retina was totally detached in the right eye. RESULTS: He was initially treated with conventional scleral buckling surgery, then pars plana vitrectomy with silicone tamponade was performed and retinal reattachment was established. After the phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal the final visual acuity of counting fingers was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The association of retinitis pigmentosa and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is uncommon in young patients.     

Posterior retinal hole secondary to a candida retinitis

CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a 36-year-old man with a history of intravenous heroin use, who was HIV negative. Left ocular examination disclosed a focal candida retinitis in the posterior pole associated with vitritis and moderate iritis. Treatment with fluconazole inactived the chorio-retinal lesion and resolved the vitritis, but developed an inner limiting membrane contraction over the macula. Two years later, vitreous traction produced a retinal hole that needed argon laser photocoagulation. DISCUSSION: Candida retinitis which penetrates into the vitreous cavity can produce retinal holes by vitreous traction over the lesion.     

Neurosensory retinal detachment secondary to torpedo maculopathy

BackgroundTorpedo maculopathy has been characterized as a congenital retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) nevus.CaseA 38-year-old black woman presented with a chief complaint of intermittent floating spots in the right eye of 7 months' duration. Dilated fundoscopy found a “torpedo-shaped” lesion, with the tip of the lesion pointing toward the temporal macula. Visual field testing found a paracentral nasal defect, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) found a sensory retinal detachment.ConclusionThis lesion was unique because of the visibly detectable alterations seen in the photoreceptor layer of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the setting of what was confirmed as a neurosensory retinal detachment. Torpedo maculopathy, although benign, may be visually devastating if its neurosensory etiopatholgy involves the macula. Even so, it rarely requires intervention.     

继发于圆形视网膜裂孔的视网膜脱离临床分析

目的探讨继发于圆形视网膜裂孔的视网膜脱离临床特点、手术方式及治疗效果。方法对67例(73只眼)继发于圆形视网膜裂孔的视网膜脱离患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析患者年龄、性别、屈光状态、术前视力、视网膜裂孔数量分布、视网膜脱离范围、玻璃体后脱离以及手术方式、手术效果、术后视力。结果患者平均年龄30.12岁,以女性(64.17%)和近视(87.37%)为主,46只眼(63.01%)不伴有玻璃体后脱离。对侧眼视网膜变性和圆形裂孔31只眼(42.46%)。71只眼行巩膜扣带术。2只眼行玻璃体切割术。手术复位71只眼(97.26%)。结论继发于圆形视网膜裂孔的视网膜脱离多发于女性患者尤其是女性近视患者,病情进展缓慢,多不伴有玻璃体后脱离,由于双眼同时发病概率较高,必须常规进行对侧眼检查。巩膜扣带术是治疗该类病变的有效方法。