广东地区妇女乳腺癌高危因素分析与对策

目的 分析广东地区妇女乳腺癌的危险因素,为建立乳腺癌风险模型,有针对性地筛查高危人群进行早期干预提供依据.方法 采用成组配对的病例对照研究,对绝经前和绝经后妇女分别进行乳腺癌人群和非乳腺癌人群危险因素的单因素分析和Logistic多元回归分析.结果 绝经前妇女中,服用避孕药、亲属中有乳腺癌患者、有不良情绪、有不良事件、劳动强度大等因素是乳腺癌的危险因素;有乳腺增生病史、有乳腺组织活检史、有相对剧烈的运动等因素可能是乳腺癌的保护因素.绝经后妇女中,亲属中有乳腺癌患者是危险因素,情绪调节能力强是保护因素.结论 绝经前后乳腺癌的危险因素和保护因素不完全相同,根据不同的影响因素,建立绝经前后不同的乳腺癌预报模型,更有针对性地进行乳腺癌的早期干预应是今后工作的重点.

Abstract：

Objective To screen high-risk population of breast cancer by analyzing the risk factors of breast cancer in Guangdong Province.Methods A case-control study was performed to identify the risk factors of breast cancer between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Chi-square test and unconditional logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results In premenopansal women,prophylactic, family history of breast cancer, bad mood, bad life incidence and work load were the risk factors,and breast hyperplasia history,breast tissue examination history,regular exercise and sleeping without bm were the protective factors.In postmenopausal women,family history of breast cancer was the risk factor, and breast hyperplasia history and mood adjustment were the protective factors. Conclusion The risk and protective factors of breast cancer differ between premenopausal and postmenopausal women,which highlights the importance of using different risk models to screen the high-risk populations.     

Prospective study of relative weight, height, and risk of breast cancer

We examined relative weight and height in relation to subsequent breast cancer risk among 115,534 women 30 to 55 years of age and free from cancer in 1976. By 1984, six hundred fifty-eight premenopausal and 420 postmenopausal breast cancers were documented during 734,716 person-years. Among premenopausal women, risk of breast cancer decreased significantly with increasing relative weight (relative risk for the highest category was 0.6). A similar inverse association was seen for recalled relative weight at 18 years of age. Postmenopausal breast cancer was not associated with relative weight, either recent or at age 18. Height was not associated with breast cancer risk among premenopausal women and only weakly related among postmenopausal women. These data suggest that obesity among premenopausal and early postmenopausal women does not increase breast cancer risk substantially.     

血浆催乳素水平与绝经前乳腺癌危险性的关系评估

目的:评估血浆催乳素(PRL)水平与绝经前女性乳腺癌危险性的关系.方法:采用放射免疫法测定65例绝经前女性乳腺癌患者(病例组)和65例匹配对照者(对照组)的血浆PRL水平,条件logistic回归分析血浆PRL水平与绝经前乳腺癌危险性的关系.根据肿瘤的临床病理特征对病例组再进行分组,评价血浆PRL水平与乳腺癌各亚组危险性的关系.结果:病例组血浆PRL水平显著高于对照组(P < 0.01).血浆PRL水平上四分位数相比下四分位数的调整OR(95%CI)为1.54(0.84～4.07),趋势P=0.031;PRL与绝经前乳腺癌危险性的关系在雌激素受体阳性的肿瘤中稍增强,但不随肿瘤大小、病理类型、肿瘤分级、淋巴结转移情况而变化.结论:血浆PRL水平与绝经前女性乳腺癌的危险性呈正相关,尤其是雌激素受体阳性的乳腺癌患者.     

脂联素、瘦素及可溶性瘦素受体对乳腺癌发病风险影响的人群研究

目的 探讨脂联素、瘦素、可溶性瘦素受体(soluble leptin receptor,sOB-R)对女性绝经前后乳腺癌的单独或联合效应,为揭示肥胖与乳腺癌之间的分子机制提供证据.方法 序贯纳入乳腺癌新发患者469例及同期按1:1年龄频数匹配的469例健康女性为研究对象.采用问卷收集研究对象基线信息,并采用ELISA法...     

Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. A prospective cohort study

In 1976, information on oral contraceptive (OC) use as well as numerous risk factors for breast cancer was provided by 121,964 married female registered nurses aged 30 to 55 years. Ninety-two percent of women in the cohort completed follow-up questionnaires, and vital records were systematically searched to ascertain deaths among nonrespondents. After four years of follow-up, 592 incident cases of breast cancer were identified. Compared with never users, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status, among all women who had ever used OCs was 1.0. Among premenopausal women compared with those who had never used OCs, the RR of breast cancer was 1.5 for current use of OCs in 1976 and 1.0 for past use. Among postmenopausal women, the RR for past use of OCs was 1.0. These estimates were essentially unaltered after controlling for other known risk factors for breast cancer in multiple logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, there was no modification of these effects by family history of breast cancer, age at first use, timing of the first birth, or other breast cancer risk factors. Data on past use of OCs provide substantial reassuring evidence that there is no large excess risk of breast cancer within a few years of cessation of pill use. The observed moderate elevation of breast cancer risk with current use was of borderline statistical significance. However, the observation was based on 29 cases and may reflect the effect of sampling variability, as most other studies have not observed a relationship between current use of OCs and breast cancer in women of this age.     

A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer

To quantify the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on breast cancer risk, we combined dose-response slopes of the relative risk of breast cancer against the duration of estrogen use across 16 studies. Using this summary dose-response slope, we calculated the proportional increase in risk of breast cancer for each year of estrogen use. For women who experienced any type of menopause, risk did not appear to increase until after at least 5 years of estrogen use. After 15 years of estrogen use, we found a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer (relative risk, 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 1.6). The increase in risk was largely due to results of studies that included premenopausal women or women using estradiol (with or without progestin), studies for which the estimated relative risk was 2.2 (CI, 1.4 to 3.4) after 15 years. Among women with a family history of breast cancer, those who had ever used estrogen replacement had a significantly higher risk (3.4; CI, 2.0 to 6.0) than those who had not (1.5; CI, 1.2 to 1.7).     

血浆类固醇性激素水平与女性乳腺癌危险性的关系

目的 :评价绝经前后血浆类固醇性激素水平与汉族女性乳腺癌危险性的关系。方法 :采用放射免疫法检测原发性乳腺癌病例 90例和 116例匹配对照组血浆雌二醇 (E2 )、睾酮 (T)及孕酮 (P)水平 ,并应用条件Logistic回归等方法分析绝经前后血浆E2 、T、P水平 ,以及体质指数 (BMI)和腰臀围比 (WHR)对乳腺癌的危险度 (OR)及 95 %可信限(CI)。结果 :①绝经前 ,病例组血浆P水平显著低于对照组 ;绝经后血浆T、E2 水平、BMI和WHR ,病例组均显著高于对照组 ;②以下四分位 (P2 5)为非暴露参考 ,绝经前 ,血浆P上四分位 (P75)水平调整OR(95 %CI)为 0 .2 1(0 .11～0 .6 0 ) ,趋势P =0 .19;绝经后 ,血浆E2 P75水平OR为 3.74 (1.17～ 11.96 ) ,调整OR为 2 .98(0 .84～ 7.96 ) ,趋势P =0 .0 3;③BMI和WHR与绝经后乳腺癌有正性联系 ,OR分别为 4 .97(2 .0 9～ 11.79)和 2 .80 (1.2 7～ 6 .17)。结论 :血浆性激素水平与乳腺癌的危险性相关。血浆P水平对绝经前乳腺癌有保护作用 ;血浆E2 为绝经后乳腺癌的危险因素 ,且存在剂量反应暴露效应 ;BMI和WHR与血浆E2 呈正相关且为绝经后乳腺癌的危险因素。     

Prolactin and breast cancer risk

A study of 424 women was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between serum prolactin levels and breast cancer; whether prolactin levels would reflect degrees of risk of developing breast cancer; and whether associations between known risk factors for breast cancer and serum prolactin concentrations could be demonstrated. Prolactin levels higher than the median value in control subjects were found to be associated with a more than two-fold increase in the risk of breast cancer (relative risk, 2.1; confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.5). Moreover, a relative risk of 1.7 (CI, 0.9-3.3) for a group of women with benign epithelial hyperplasia (high risk of developing breast cancer), and a relative risk of 1.0 (CI, 0.6-1.8) for a group with benign fibrocystic disease (low risk of developing breast cancer), provided supportive evidence that prolactin plays a role in the development of breast cancer. A considerable fall in the concentration of prolactin at menopause was noted, so those women who have an early menopause have a reduced period of exposure to high concentrations of prolactin. Similarly, there was a considerable reduction in prolactin concentration after the first pregnancy. Finally, our results showed that, in premenopausal women, a high intake of saturated fats was associated with a high prolactin concentration. Our study supports the concept that parity, menstrual status, and saturated fat consumption influence a woman's exposure to prolactin and therefore the risk of developing breast cancer.     

Family history and the risk of breast cancer

To investigate whether a family history of breast cancer increases a woman's risk of developing breast cancer, we analyzed data from the Centers for Disease Control's Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. The 4,735 cases were women 20 to 54 years old with a first diagnosis of breast cancer ascertained from eight population-based cancer registries; the 4,688 controls were women selected at random from the general population of these eight areas. Compared with women without a family history of breast cancer, women who had an affected first-degree relative had a relative risk of 2.3; women with an affected second-degree relative had a relative risk of 1.5; and women with both an affected mother and sister had a relative risk of 14. The risk of breast cancer for a woman was higher if her first-degree relative had unilateral rather than bilateral breast cancer or had breast cancer detected at a younger rather than older age. For women aged 20 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 54 years, the estimated annual incidence of breast cancer per 100,000 women attributable to a first-degree family history of breast cancer was 51.9, 115.1, and 138.6, respectively, and that attributable to a second-degree family history of breast cancer was 12.1, 19.2, and 92.4, respectively.     

The prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations of triple-negative breast cancer patients in Xinjiang multiple ethnic region of China

Background

The screening of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is now an established component of risk evaluation and management of familial breast cancer, early-onset breast cancer and bilateral breast cancer patients. There is still some controversy about whether this screening should be done in triple-negative breast cancers. Therefore, we evaluated the BRCA mutation prevalence in patients with triple-negative breast cancer in a multi-ethnic region of China.

Methods

A total 96 women who were diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer in the Xinjiang region of China were enrolled in this study. BRCA1 and BRCA2 screening was performed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (PCR-DHPLC) sequencing analysis. All mutations were confirmed with direct sequencing.

Results

The prevalence of a BRCA1/2 germline mutation was about 25% (24/96) in the Xinjiang region of China. Among 35 selected cases with a family history and/or bilateral breast cancers, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence was 25.7% (9/35). Of the remaining 61 patients with unselected triple-negative breast cancer, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence was 24.6% (15/61), and all 15 individuals with these mutations were premenopausal patients.

Conclusions

These results suggest that premenopausal women with triple-negative breast cancer may be candidates for genetic testing for BRCA1/2 in the Xinjiang region of China, even in the absence of a family history or bilateral breast cancer.     

乳腺癌患者三苯氧胺治疗后妇科良性疾患的随访研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌患者三苯氧胺治疗后发生妇科良性疾患的特点.方法 采用随访性研究方法对北京朝阳医院2000年1月1日至2007年7月31日间确诊并手术治疗、术后辅助或未辅助三苯氧胺治疗并且经过妇科检查及妇科随访的163例乳腺癌患者的妇科疾病进行随访分析.结果 随访时间12～96个月,中位随访时间31个月.乳腺癌患者术后症状性子宫肌瘤的发生率9.20%,其子宫肌瘤的发生同服用三苯氧胺呈显著负相关性(P<0.05),未服用三苯氧胺患者子宫肌瘤的发牛率明显高于服用者(32.72%比17.59%),生育期服用三苯氧胺的乳腺癌患者子宫肌瘤的发生率明显低于未服用者(P<0.05),绝经后子宫肌瘤的发生与三苯氧胺无相关性(P>0.05).绝经后服用三苯氧胺患者子宫内膜病变的发生率显著高于未服用者(P<0.05).生育期服用三苯氧胺的患者附件囊肿的发生率明显高于未服用者(P<0.05).结论 乳腺癌患者三苯氧胺应用是绝经后子宫内膜病变、生育期附件囊肿发生的危险因素,是生育期患者子宫肌瘤的保护性因素.     

A prospective study of selenium status and breast cancer risk

Low dietary intake of selenium has been proposed as a risk factor for breast cancer. To address this hypothesis, we collected toenail clippings from 62,641 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort who were free from cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 1982 and 1983. The selenium concentration in nails has been shown to reflect dietary intake of selenium. During 53 months of follow-up, 434 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed among women who had submitted a set of toenail clippings, and we matched one control free from breast and other cancers to each case. The mean selenium level in toenails in the cases (0.823 microgram/g; SD, 0.197) was almost identical to that of the controls (0.821 microgram/g; SD, 0.174). After controlling for known breast cancer risk factors, the relative risk for women in the highest quintile of selenium as compared with the lowest quintile was 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.72) and there was no trend across quintiles. Results were similar for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Although these data do not exclude a possible influence of selenium intake before adulthood on subsequent risk of breast cancer, selenium intake later in life is not likely to be an important factor in the etiology of breast cancer.     

Reproductive events and family history as risk factors for breast cancer in northern Alberta.

Reproductive events and family history as risk factors for breast cancer in northern Alberta were investigated with the use of data from a computerized population-based registry. Women aged 30 to 79 years attending diagnostic breast clinics at the Cross Cancer Institute from 1971 through 1975 constituted the two study groups; 1232 women had diagnosed breast cancer (malignant disease group) and 602 women were clinically free of all types of breast disease (control group). An increased relative risk of breast cancer was found in women with a family history of breast cancer, those who gave birth to their first term infant at age 30 years or older, those in whom more than 15 years elapsed between menarche and that birth, and those with a late natural menopause. There was a decreased risk, relative to nulliparity, in the postmenopausal women who first gave birth to a term infant 5 years or less after menarche. Artificial menopause (bilateral oophorectomy), parity and age at menarche had no apparent effect on the risk. The pattern of risk factors in northern Alberta differed from that reported for other geographic areas, including other provinces of Canada, thus emphasizing the need for local studies in the planning of screening programs.     

Risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer

CONTEXT: Oral contraceptive (OC) use is weakly associated with breast cancer risk in the general population, but the association among women with a familial predisposition to breast cancer is less clear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the association between OC use and risk of breast cancer is influenced by family history of the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: Historical cohort study of 426 families of breast cancer probands diagnosed between 1944 and 1952 at the Tumor Clinic of the University of Minnesota Hospital. Follow-up data on families were collected by telephone interview between 1991 and 1996. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 394 sisters and daughters of the probands, 3002 granddaughters and nieces, and 2754 women who married into the families. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative risk (RR) of breast cancer associated with history of OC use by relationship to proband. RESULTS: After accounting for age and birth cohort, ever having used OCs was associated with significantly increased risk of breast cancer among sisters and daughters of the probands (RR, 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-6.7), but not among granddaughters and nieces of the probands (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-2.0) or among marry-ins (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.9). Results were essentially unchanged after adjustment for parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, age at menopause, oophorectomy, smoking, and education. The elevated risk among women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer was most evident for OC use during or prior to 1975, when formulations were likely to contain higher dosages of estrogen and progestins (RR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.5-7.2). A small number of breast cancer cases (n = 2) limited the statistical power to detect risk among women with a first-degree relative with breast cancer and OC use after 1975. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that women who have ever used earlier formulations of OCs and who also have a first-degree relative with breast cancer may be at particularly high risk for breast cancer. Further studies of women with a strong family history who have used more recent lower-dosage formulations of OCs are needed to determine how women with a familial predisposition to breast cancer should be advised regarding OC use today. JAMA. 2000;284:1791-1798.     

2016~2020年北京某地区5879名女性乳腺癌筛查结果分析

目的 探讨近年来适龄健康女性乳腺疾病的发病情况、影响因素及适合我国国情的乳腺癌筛查方法。方法 选择2016～2020年北京某地区5879名女性作为筛查对象,外科临床检查配合专业的彩色B超和乳腺钼靶,并对筛查结果进行统计学分析。结果 5879名女性中,47.28%的女性患有各种乳腺疾病,术后病理证实5例乳腺癌,检出率0.085%。月经初潮时间早、绝经时间晚、乳腺癌家族史等高危因素均会增加乳腺疾病的发病率,且乳腺癌的发病趋于年轻化。结论 针对个体的不同,给予不同的筛查手段,可大规模节约人员和经济成本,使我国适龄女性能更好地从乳腺癌筛查中获益。     

中国汉族女性血清脂联素水平与乳腺癌关系的Meta分析

目的：综合评价中国汉族女性血清脂联素水平与乳腺癌的关系。方法：收集1995年1月至2012年11月国内公开发表的有关文献进行评述,提取信息,并进行Meta分析。结果： 最终有8篇文献纳入本研究,乳腺癌组481例,正常对照组346例。对纳入研究数据进行Meta分析,结果显示:① 与健康对照组相比,乳腺癌血清脂联素水平显著降低［P<0.01,加权均数差(WMD)=-2.412,95％CI为-3.173～-1.651］。绝经前乳腺癌患者血清脂联素水平显著低于绝经前健康女性(P<0.01,WMD=-1.884,95％CI为-2.770 ～-0.998)。② 与淋巴结未转移组相比,乳腺癌淋巴结转移组血清脂联素水平也显著降低(P=0.002,WMD=-1.981,95％CI为-3.238～-0.724)。结论：中国汉族女性低脂联素血症可能是乳腺癌发病危险因素,且与乳腺癌预后不良相关。     

女性乳腺癌危险因素BRCA1基因突变的观察

目的检测有危险因素者BRCA1第11外显子的突变率。方法38例有危险因素者,年龄29-71岁,有乳腺癌及卵巢癌家族史18例,其中3例本人患乳腺癌;有其他恶性肿瘤家族史者17例;有良性病变者8例,其中1例本人患宫颈癌。25例无危险因素者为对照组。受检者抽取外周血进行DNA提取,经PCR扩增后测序,与NCBI基因库比对。结果1例乳腺良性病变伴宫颈癌者检出4个碱基的缺失突变。危险因素组与对照组另检出6个相同位点的突变,其中5个位点在危险因素组和对照组突变率分别为65.8%和36.0%,两组间存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论发生于性器官的恶性肿瘤可能有共同的突变位点,危险因素组突变率显著高于对照组,提示家族性乳腺癌可能与更常见的、低外显率基因变异的综合作用有关。     

Oral contraceptive agents and breast cancer: a population-based case-control study

In this population-based case-control study that was conducted in Adelaide, South Australia, and which involved 395 case subjects and 386 control subjects who were aged 20 years to 69 years, the adjusted relative risk of breast cancer for women who had ever used oral contraceptive agents was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.60). Relative risks that were associated with use of oral contraceptive agents for one month to 18 months and for 19 months or more before a first pregnancy were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.45-2.62) and 1.67 (95% CI, 0.63-4.42), respectively, but the trend was not statistically significant. Relatively-little variation in risk was found in association with the total duration of the use of oral contraceptive agents and with years since the first and the last use of oral contraceptive agents. When the risk of breast cancer in association with the use of oral contraceptive agents was examined across levels of risk factors of breast cancer (history of benign breast disease, family history of breast cancer and parity), the only relative risk which deviated markedly from unity was that which was associated with use of oral contraceptive agents in women with a history of benign breast disease; however, the relative risk of 1.77 (95% CI, 0.35-8.97) was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the results of this study support those of the majority of previous studies in showing no overall relationship between the use of oral contraceptive agents and the risk of breast cancer.     

合肥市女性乳腺癌危险因素研究

对合肥市１００例女性乳腺癌病人进行１：１配对病例对照研究，通过条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型单因素及多因素分析，得到合肥市女性乳腺癌的危险因素有：室内工作场所被动吸烟，人际关系不协调，生活事件，初潮至周期性月经的时间，晚婚，乳房良性肿块史，直系亲属乳腺癌史等。     

胰岛素样生长因子-1在妇科疾病中的作用

在许多组织增生过程中，通过内分泌、旁分泌和自分泌会产生胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)。最近的研究发现，IGF-1存在于各种增生组织，如子宫内膜和卵巢组织。患有严重子宫内膜异位症时，血清中IGF-1水平较高，而子宫内膜局部的：IGF-1水平减低，这可能是导致不孕的原因，多囊性卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者卵巢局部的IGF-1活性增强，与患者肥胖、高雄激素水平等一系列临床症状有关。IGF-1在良、恶性肿瘤中也起着重要的作用，IGF-1能刺激子宫肌瘤细胞的生长。围绝经期妇女若存在高IGF-1和低IGF-1结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)水平，则患乳腺癌的风险增大。绝经前后女性的高IGF-1水平与宫颈癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌的发病率存在相关性。