Bilateral coronary arteriovenous fistulas with an oversize left coronary aneurysm

We experienced an interesting case of bilateral coronary arteriovenous fistulas with coronary aneurysms (50 mm in the left and 10 mm in the right) developed in a 66-year-old woman. The pathological findings of both left and right aneurysms were quite similar. Etiological and surgical considerations about coronary aneurysm based on this case are discussed.     

Challenging surgery of giant right coronary aneurysm associated with coronary sinus fistula

Coronary artery fistula is a rare congenital or acquired anomaly. It involves an abnormal connection between the coronary artery and the cardiac chambers or the large thoracic vessels. In some cases, the feeding coronary artery can become extremely dilated. The treatment includes a transcatheter or a surgical intervention depending on the complexity of the anomaly. We present the surgical treatment of the coronary artery to coronary sinus fistula, which includes the complete exclusion of the giant right coronary artery and followed by triple bypass surgery.     

Successful surgical management for aneurysms of single coronary artery with a fistulous connection to the right ventricle

While a coronary artery fistula with aneurysmal formation is rare, a fistula/aneurysm combination occurring in single coronary artery is even rarer. Here, we report the successful surgical correction of a right ventricular fistula with a large aneurysm of 30 mm and a daughter aneurysm within a case of single coronary artery.     

Coronary Artery Spasm

Coronary artery spasm is a transient reduction in lumen diameter of an epicardial coronary artery of sufficient degree to produce objective evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of any significant increase in heart rate or blood pressure. In this article are summarized pathophysiological observations, the coronary angiographic anatomy of patients with coronary spasm, etiologic considerations, methods to provoke coronary artery artery spasm and their clinical usefulness, the role of coronary artery spasm in patients with clinical angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and finally, the role of coronary artery spasm in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张与弥漫性扩张的血管造影特征及心血管危险因素

目的比较冠状动脉瘤样扩张(CAA)与弥漫性扩张(CAE)血管造影特征及心血管危险因素的差异。方法回顾性分析16 778例冠状动脉造影图像。结果 211例存在冠状动脉扩张,包括132例CAA、79例CAE。CAA发病率、合并冠状动脉疾病发生率及其Gensini评分均明显高于CAE(P均0.05);CAA患者冠状动脉血管平均直径小于CAE (P0.05),心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)血流分级均低于CAE(P均0.05)。血脂异常、吸烟及冠状动脉病家族史为CAA的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论 CAA与CAE在血管造影特征及心血管危险因素方面存在显著差异。     

Coronary occlusion using bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting may be partly invasive, particularly to the coronary endothelium that is snared. Efficacy of a simple technique to occlude a coronary artery with elastic sutures bi-directionally stretched just beneath the artery was evaluated.Methods: Test subjects were eighteen adult mongrel dogs weighing 20–30 kg. After systemic heparinization (150 U/kg), the mid-left anterior descending artery (mid-LAD) was exposed with a stabilizer applied and snared using non-elastic sutures (n=6) or elastic sutures (n=6), or occluded with elastic sutures bi-directionally stretched (n=6). The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was anastomosed to the mid-LAD with humidified gas insufflation. After completion of the anastomosis, the mid-LAD was observed endoscopically through the LITA. The coronary endothelium was also observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after perfusion fixation.Results: Bleeding at the anastomotic site with the coronary artery occluded by bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures was observed. However, all anastomoses were done successfully with the aid of humidified gas insufflation. Coronary endoscope showed that the lumens snared with non-elastic sutures were collapsed with folds and often with clots. Coronary arteries snared with elastic sutures appeared similar to the arteries snared with non-elastic sutures endoscopically, but with less clots. In the case of coronary occlusion with bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures, the lumens were occluded in a flattened linear fashion without clots. SEM showed endothelial injuries with blood cells deposited when non-elastic sutures were used. When elastic sutures were used for snaring, endothelial injuries were ameliorated with less blood cells deposited, which were further decreased when elastic sutures were bi-directionally stretched.Conclusion: The coronary artery can be effectively occluded by bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures with minimal endothelial damage.     

冠状动脉CT血管造影评估冠状动脉慢性完全性闭塞

目的 观察冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA)评估冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)的可靠性。方法 回顾性分析201例经有创冠状动脉造影(ICA)确诊的CTO患者共207处病变的CCTA资料,观察CCTA与ICA显示CTO特征的一致性、差异及符合率,包括冠状动脉闭塞段头端形态(钝形/锥形),闭塞段内有无钙化、纡曲、近端分支及闭塞段长度是否≥20 mm。结果 CCTA与ICA检出冠状动脉闭塞段头端钝形(Kappa=0.50)、闭塞段内有无钙化(Kappa=0.48)、闭塞段近端有无分支(Kappa=0.56)及病变长度≥20 mm(Kappa=0.53)与否的结果具有中度一致性(P均＜0.01),二者判断闭塞段是否纡曲的一致性好(Kappa=0.80,P＜0.01)。CTA与ICA对冠状动脉闭塞段钙化[38.65%(80/207)vs.21.74%(45/207)]及闭塞近端分支[31.40%(65/207)vs.43.48%(90/207)]的检出率差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),对闭塞段头端钝形[35.75%(74/207)vs.36.71%(76/207)]、闭塞段纡曲[20.29%(42/207)vs.23.19%(48/207)]及病变长度≥20 mm[38.65%(80/207)vs.41.06%(85/207)]的检出率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。CCTA与ICA检出冠状动脉闭塞段头端钝形、钙化、纡曲、近端存在分支及长度≥20 mm的符合率分别为76.81%(159/207)、77.29%(160/207)、93.24%(193/207)、79.23%(164/207)及77.29%(160/207)。结论 利用CCTA能可靠评估CTO病变特征。     

Coronary artery bypass grafting in children

Background

We present our clinical experience with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in children.

Methods

Ten children who underwent CABG between July 1995 and August 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Data including congenital cardiac malformations, previous surgical procedures, age and sex, type of coronary complications, ischemic events preceding surgery, and ventricular function before and after CABG were recorded.

Results

The study population consisted of five males and five females with a median age of 2.5 years (range, 88 days to 15 years). Eight internal mammary arteries (IMAs) and two saphenous veins were used for grafting. Indications for bypass grafting were coronary artery (CA) complications related to the post‐arterial switch operation in six, CA complications during the Ross procedure in two, and an iatrogenic CA injury during complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot with abnormal CA, crossing the right ventricular outflow tract in two patients. Six of the grafts were performed as rescue procedures. Three patients died during hospitalization. The mean follow‐up time was 6.8 years (range, 3 months to 18 years). Anastomoses were evaluated by coronary angiography in four patients, and were all patent. Echocardiography revealed normal myocardial function in all patients.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the IMA should be the graft of choice in children due to its growth potential and long‐term patency.     

Current status of coronary artery surgery

After a decade of experience with direct coronary artery surgery, certain conclusions have been made regarding its benefits and indications. Conclusion one is that the operation is highly successful in eliminating or alleviating angina; two, it improves exercise tolerance, and three, it prolongs life in patients with significant left main coronary artery disease. The proper selection of patients and the current technique of operation are also presented. Presented at the 79th Annual Congress of the Japan Surgical Society, Sapparo, 1979 May.     

Surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm

Two successful cases of the surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm (non-Kawasaki disease) were reported. The first case had a saccular aneurysm on the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) #14. Resection of the LCx aneurysm was performed subsequent to single vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to the distal portion of LCx#14 under the cardioplegic cardiac arrest. The second case had aneurysms on both the left anterior descending artery (LAD) #7 (fusiform) and the LCx#11 (saccular). After double vessel CABG to LAD#7 and LCx#11, ligation or resection of two aneurysms was performed successfully. Postoperative courses have been uneventful with good angiographic results achieved. Since these surgical procedures demonstrated safety, the patients are expected to achieve a good long-term prognosis.     

冠状动脉支架植入术后患者320排减影冠状动脉CT血管造影图像质量的影响因素

目的 观察冠状动脉支架植入术后患者320排减影冠状动脉CT血管造影(Sub-CCTA)图像质量的影响因素。方法 前瞻性纳入40例冠状动脉支架植入术后冠心病患者,获取320排冠状动脉血管造影(CCTA)及Sub-CCTA,评估图像质量;观察患者基本信息、心率、心脏解剖结构参数和支架情况与Sub-CCTA图像质量的相关性,分析其影响因素。结果 Sub-CCTA图像质量评分与患者性别(r=-0.326,P<0.01)、平均心率(r=-0.328,P<0.01)、心脏左横径(r=0.319,P<0.01)及支架位置(r=0.410,P<0.01)相关。将上述因素纳入logistic分析,结果显示平均心率、心脏左横径及支架位置为Sub-CCTA图像质量的影响因素;基于上述各项建立的模型评估Sub-CCTA图像质量的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为89.21%、63.34%、76.73%及81.00%。结论 冠状动脉支架植入术后患者平均心率、心脏左横径及支架位置为其Sub-CCTA图像质量的影响因素。     

The 2021 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions guideline for coronary artery revascularization. A worldwide call for consistency and logic

1. Download : Download high-res image (252KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Coronary artery and graft spasm after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

We report a case of a 52-year-old man with severe coronary artery and graft spasm after triple-vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Emergent coronary angiography was performed to identify the location and severity of the spasm. Intracoronary injections of several vasodilators failed to relieve the spasm. Observational treatments including intra-aortic balloon pump and inotropic drugs to increase coronary flow were performed until the spasm resolved. The patient recovered and was discharged. A follow-up coronary angiography revealed patent native coronary artery and bypass grafts without evidence of residual spasm.     

Massive coronary spasm of the native coronary system after coronary artery bypass grafting: Two patients with different outcomes

We report the cases of two patients who developed a massive spasm of the native coronary system in the immediate postoperative period, following a coronary artery bypass grafting operation with different outcomes. The first patient was hemodynamic stable and it was manifested as ischemic electrocardiographic changes in different leads (ST elevation or depression). He was treated with intracoronary and intravenous administration of nitroglycerin and calcium channel blocker and had a favorable outcome. The second patient died due to multiorgan failure and hemorrhagic shock, after the implantation of a central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.     

Surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm

Two successful cases of the surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm (non-Kawasaki disease) were reported. The first case had a saccular aneurysm on the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) #14. Resection of the LCx aneurysm was performed subsequent to single vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to the distal portion of LCx#14 under the cardioplegic cardiac arrest. The second case had aneurysms on both the left anterior descending artery (LAD) #7 (fusiform) and the LCx#11 (saccular). After double vessel CABG to LAD#7 and LCx#11, ligation or resection of two aneurysms was performed successfully. Postoperative courses have been uneventful with good angiographic results achieved. Since these surgical procedures demonstrated safety, the patients are expected to achieve a good long-term prognosis.     

Multivessel coronary revascularization and outcomes in kidney transplant recipients

Coronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the kidney transplant population. We compared the long‐term outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for multivessel coronary disease in a contemporary cohort of US kidney transplant recipients. From the U.S. Renal Data System, we identified all adult kidney transplant patients with ≥6 months of Medicare A+B undergoing first recorded multivessel coronary revascularization from 1997 to 2009. The associations of CABG versus PCI with death and the composite of death or myocardial infarction (MI) were compared using proportional hazards regression. Of the 2272 patients included in the study, 1594 underwent CABG and 678 underwent PCI. The estimated 5‐year survival rate was 55% [95% confidence interval (CI) 53% to 57%] following coronary revascularization, with no significant association between revascularization type and death [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.08; CI 0.94–1.23] or the composite of death or MI (aHR = 1.07; CI 0.96–1.18). Separate propensity score‐matched analyses yielded similar results. In this analysis of kidney transplant recipients undergoing multivessel coronary revascularization, we found no difference between CABG and PCI in terms of survival or the composite of death and MI.     

主支支架术＋边支球囊扩张治疗冠状动脉分叉病变的疗效和安全性

目的观察冠状动脉分叉病变患者行主支支架置入术＋边支球囊扩张术的临床疗效和安全性。方法 110例冠状动脉分叉病变患者,采用主支置入支架,边支球囊扩张的手术策略,观察手术对分支血管的影响、临床疗效及主要不良心血管事件发生率。结果手术后即刻成功率98.1%（108/110）,主支置入支架120支,对边支球囊扩张80例,边支置入支架4支。2例（6支）患者支架不能通过,主支未放入支架,手术使边支血管受压发生率为13.3%（20/150）。100例术后获随访,术后6个月随访无症状者95.0%（95/100）,发生稳定型心绞痛2例（2%）,无不良心血管事件发生。结论冠心病分叉病变采用仅主支置入支架＋边支球囊扩张的手术策略,对边支血管影响小,短期观察安全有效。