妊娠期PM_(2.5)暴露与新生儿低出生体重的meta分析

目的定量分析和评价妊娠期PM_(2.5)暴露对新生儿低出生体重的影响。方法通过计算机联机检索国内外文献数据库,采用meta分析对妊娠期PM_(2.5)暴露与新生儿低出生体重关系的研究进行整合分析。经异质性检验后选择合适的效应模型进行统计量的计算合并,同时检验结果的稳健性及是否存在发表偏倚。结果最终筛选出16篇文献,meta分析结果显示,整个妊娠期PM_(2.5)暴露浓度每升高10μg/m~3,新生儿发生低出生体重的风险增加9.53%(95%CI:3.92%~14.84%);妊娠早、中、后期PM_(2.5)暴露浓度每升高10μg/m~3,新生儿发生低出生体重的风险分别增加6.77%(95%CI:-4.08%~17.40%),5.83%(95%CI:-2.02%~13.98%),2.96%(95%CI:-3.05%~9.53%)。敏感性分析发现,所获得的研究结果相对稳定可靠,但在分析整个妊娠期PM_(2.5)暴露对新生儿低出生体重的影响时仍存在一定的发表偏倚。结论整个妊娠期PM_(2.5)的暴露可能增加新生儿发生低出生体重的风险。     

新生儿出生体重与母亲孕期体重增长相关性研究

目的调查沈阳地区新生儿出生体重及分布状况,探讨新生儿出生体重与母亲孕期体重增长的相关性。方法以人群为基础整群分层抽样调查沈阳市2010年10月1日至2011年9月30日出生的6162例新生儿出生体重分布情况及影响因素,回顾性调查母亲《孕妇保健手册》,获得母亲孕期体重增长指标,同时进行问卷调查,采用单因素分析方法进行统计分析。结果沈阳市新生儿出生体重均值为3399．24g,新生儿低体重发生率为3．55％,巨大儿发生率为10．68％。新生儿出生体重与母亲孕期体重增长呈正相关（r=0．15,P〈0．05）。结论母亲孕期体重增加越多,新生儿出生体重越大。     

Is maternal asthma a risk factor for low birth weight?

The association between history of asthma in the mother and low birth weight (<2,500 g) was studied in 2,929 primary schoolchildren, randomly selected from three areas of the Lazio Region, Italy, and enrolled in a cross-sectional survey to assess their health status in relation to environmental factors. A history of asthma in the mother was associated with a higher prevalence of low birth weight, with a crude OR of 2.95 (95% CI 1.10–6.72). After stratification for other variables, an association was still present only for males (OR 4.13; 95% CI 1.01–12.53), when mothers had smoked in pregnancy (OR 8.02; 95% CI 1.63–32.28) and were resident in an industrial town (OR 10.21; 95% CI 2.69–32.27). An OR of 6.43 was also found when mothers belonged to low social class, but the 95% CI included the unity. These results suggest that a history of asthma in the mother is a risk factor for low birth weight, but only when other adverse factors are concurrently present.     

临夏县低出生体重与危险因素聚集关联性分析

目的探讨早产、胎次、妊高症、婴儿性别的聚集与甘肃省临夏县发生低出生体重危险性的关联性,为采取干预措施提供参考依据。方法采用自行设计调查表对甘肃省临夏县整群随机抽取的6乡共3 195名婴幼儿的父母进行面访调查。结果调整母亲民族和婴幼儿出生地区前后,妊高症、生育胎次≥2次、早产和女婴均与低出生体重危险性相关联,其OR值差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001);调整母亲民族和婴幼儿出生地区后,危险因素聚集1、2和≥3项的OR值分别为1.919(95%CI=1.268~2.904)、5.333(95%CI=3.391~8.387)和5.706(95%CI=2.025~16.08)。结论甘肃省临夏县低出生体重危险性随着危险因素聚集项数的增加而增大。     

兰州市低出生体重儿妊娠期危险因素的病例对照研究

目的:了解甘肃省兰州市低出生体重儿妊娠期的危险因素。方法:采取整群抽样的方法获取研究对象,以2010年6月～11月在兰州大学第一医院,兰州大学第二医院和甘肃省妇幼保健院29例低体重儿的产妇为病例组,以基线资料相同的41例分娩正常体重儿的产妇为对照组,采用病例对照研究方法对兰州市低出生体重儿妊娠期危险因素进行非条件Logistic多元逐步回归分析。结果:孕周小于37周(OR=22.162,P<0.05)、妊娠期每日餐数≤3次(OR=20.907,P<0.05)和妊娠期间较少摄入鸡蛋(OR=47.357,P<0.05)均是低出生体重儿发生的危险因素。结论:兰州市低出生体重儿妊娠期危险因素较多,预防早产和提高产妇孕期营养可能是减少低体重儿出生的有效手段。     

Respiratory symptoms associated with sulfur dioxide exposure

Summary Exposures to sulfur dioxide (SO₂) have been associated with progressive, dose-dependent bronchoconstriction in sensitive individuals. The clinical significance of such changes remains poorly characterized. We studied subjective responses following exposure to low level concentrations of SO₂ (< 1 ppm) in a group of 10 healthy and 10 asthmatic subjects. The number and severity of complaints associated with SO₂ increased with concentrations in both healthy and asthmatic subjects. Asthmatics indicated progressive lower respiratory complaints, such as wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea and cough with increasing levels of SO₂ while healthy subjects complained more frequently of upper airway complaints such as taste and odor with increasing levels of SO₂. Exercise increased the frequency of lower airway symptoms in asthmatics but led to no increases in symptoms in healthy subjects.From the Pulmonary Section, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 3333, 333 Cedar Street, and the John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06510 (203) 785-4165Presented in part at the International Conference on Indoor Air Pollution August 10–24, 1984     

274例住院低出生体重儿和极低出生体重儿患病病种分析

目的:探讨住院低出生体重儿(LBW I)、极低出生体重儿(VLBW I)的患病病种,以便更好地预防、诊治及护理。方法:回顾性分析274例住院LBW I、VLBW I病种。结果:LBW I、VLBW I患儿患病病种分别为肺炎(98.1%)、缺氧缺血性脑病(H IE,69.7%)、酸碱失衡(47.1%)、病理性黄疸(43.8%)、新生儿硬肿症(43.1%)、血糖异常(26.6%)、电解质紊乱(22.3%)、颅内出血(21.5%)、呼吸暂停(14.2%)、败血症(12.8%)、缺氧缺血性心肌损害(11.3%)、应激性溃疡(8.0%)、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(3.6%)、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(3.3%)。VLBW I组颅内出血、低体温、应激性溃疡、低钾血症、低钠血症、低镁血症、呼吸暂停、肺透明膜病、肺出血、肾功能衰竭的发病率分别为41.5%、48.8%、19.5%、17.1%、9.8%、7.3%、34.1%、12.2%、7.3%、4.9%,均高于LBW I组(P<0.05)。结论:LBW I、VLBW I患病病种繁多、病情危重,以肺炎、H IE为主,VLBW更易发生颅内出血、低体温、应激性溃疡、电解质紊乱、呼吸系统疾病,是住院期间应密切诊治及护理的重点。     

孕期增重与新生儿出生体重及身长的相关性研究

目的:探讨孕前体重、孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及身长的影响。方法:于孕12周内建立围产期保健基线资料,随访观察新生儿的出生体重与身长。结果:新生儿出生体重、身长与孕妇孕前体重、孕期增重均存在正相关关系。结论:孕前BMI、孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及身长具有一定的影响。重视并适时提供咨询和干预,维持适宜的孕期增重可以降低母婴并发症,减少低出生体重儿和巨大儿的发生率。     

醌氧化还原酶NQO1基因多态性与低出生体重的关系

目的:探讨醌氧化还原酶NQO1(C609T)基因多态性与新生儿低出生体重的关系。方法:采用病例对照研究方法,收集母亲和新生儿资料,采用PCR-RFLP法分析母亲NQO1基因型,采用Logistic回归法分析母亲NQO1(C609T)基因型与新生儿出生体重的关系。结果:两组NQO1 C609T基因型频率观察值与期望值之间无统计学差异(χ2=159,P>0.05;χ2=0.12,P>0.05),表明两组NQO1基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。调整主要混杂因素前后,NQ01(C609T)突变基因型对低出生体重影响显示出显著相关性(OR=1.922,95%CI1.205~3.066,P=0.005;OR=4.533,95%CI1.732~11.867,P=0.002)。结论:母亲NQO1基因多态性与低出生体重有显著相关性。     

上海市早产低体重儿与足月小样儿体重及增重速率比较

[目的 ]　比较上海市早产低体重儿及足月小样儿 0～ 12月龄的体重及增重情况。　 [方法 ]　收集上海市区1999～ 2 0 0 1年出生的 3 5 7例低出生体重婴儿 ( <2 5 0 0 g)的胎龄、出生体重及 0～ 12月随访体重等资料 ,对其中资料完整的14 9例 (男 5 0名 ,女 99名 )进行逐月分析。并按婴儿 10～ 12月龄时是否达到上海市婴儿年龄别体重标准 (P5 0 ) ,将男女婴分别分为达标组和未达标组 ,每组再分早产和足月两个亚组。采用差值平均法 ,计算男女婴 0～ 12月整月龄时的平均体重 ,及各月龄段的平均日增重速率。　 [结果 ]　①足月小样儿不论男女 ,其出生体重均高于早产低体重儿 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;②足月达标组男婴在第 5个月达标 (P <0 .0 1) ,而早产达标组男婴则至第 10个月才基本达标 ;早产与足月达标组女婴同时在第 8个月时体重达标 (P <0 .0 1)。③男女婴达标组第 1年增重模式相同 ,维持高、中、低增重速率均为 4、3、5个月 ,而未达标组也相同 ,均为 3、3、6个月。　 [结论 ]　早产儿和足月小样儿达标组男女婴儿的体重及增重模式与未达标组明显不同。     

壮族孕妇血红蛋白浓度和低出生体重关联强度剂量反应关系

目的 探讨孕期血红蛋白(Hb)浓度和低出生体重儿（LBW）的剂量-反应关系。方法 选取广西武鸣、平果、靖西、德保、隆安、田东等县级医院2015年1月 - 2017年12月入院的12 468例壮族孕妇作为研究对象,回顾性收集研究对象的一般人口学资料、孕期产检以及出生结局资料,采用非条件logistic回归分析孕期贫血、Hb变化对LBW的影响,限制性立方样条模型分析不同孕期Hb浓度、Hb变化和LBW的剂量-反应关系。结果 调整混杂因素后,非条件logistic回归显示,孕早期贫血组发生LBW的风险是非贫血组的1.69倍(aOR = 1.69,95%CI:1.38～2.07,P＜0.001);孕期Hb变化最低组发生LBW的风险是中值组的1.67倍(aOR = 1.67,95%CI:1.12～2.48,P = 0.012)。限制性立方样条显示,孕早期Hb浓度与LBW呈非线性 “L” 型剂量-反应关系(非线性检验:P＜0.001),孕晚期Hb浓度与LBW呈非线性 “U” 型剂量-反应关系(非线性检验:P＜0.001),孕期Hb变化与LBW倒 “L” 型剂量-反应关系(非线性检验:P＜0.001)。结论 孕早期贫血可增加LBW的发生风险,孕期Hb浓度及Hb变化与LBW呈非线性剂量-反应关系。     

Preterm birth and exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy

Background

Research has shown that prenatal exposure to air pollutants may have a detrimental effect on fetal development, with the strength of the relationship depending on the effect being studied. The evidence to date, however, is insufficient to establish a direct causal link between such exposure and preterm delivery. This study evaluates the specific effect of prenatal exposure to NO₂ and benzene on preterm births.

Methods

The population under study comprised 785 pregnant women who formed part of the INMA cohort in Valencia, Spain (2003–2005). Multiple regression models were used for mapping outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and benzene levels throughout the area. Individual exposure was assigned as the estimated outdoor levels at each woman’s home measured during each trimester as well as throughout the entire pregnancy. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated in order to assess the association between preterm birth and exposure to NO₂ and benzene. The shape of the exposure–response curve between air pollution and the risk of preterm birth was analyzed with a flexible approach, introducing a natural cubic spline for air pollution levels into the model.

Results

Pregnant women exposed to NO₂ and benzene have an increased risk of preterm birth. This risk was shown to be significant when women were exposed to NO₂ levels >46.2 μg/m³ during the second and third trimesters as well as throughout the entire pregnancy and to benzene levels >2.7 μg/m³ throughout the entire pregnancy.

Conclusion

These results suggest that maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution is associated with preterm birth.     

Traffic-related air pollution, preterm birth and term birth weight in the PIAMA birth cohort study

Background

Maternal exposure to air pollution has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few studies took into account the spatial and temporal variation of air pollution levels.

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy on preterm birth and term birth weight using a spatio-temporal exposure model.

Methods

We estimated maternal residential exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), particulate matter (PM_2.5) and soot during pregnancy (entire pregnancy, 1st trimester, and last month) for 3853 singleton births within the Dutch PIAMA prospective birth cohort study by means of temporally adjusted land-use regression models. Associations between air pollution concentrations and preterm birth and term birth weight were analyzed by means of logistic and linear regression models with and without adjustment for maternal physical, lifestyle, and socio-demographic characteristics.

Results

We found positive, statistically non-significant associations between exposure to soot during entire pregnancy and during the last month of pregnancy and preterm birth [adj. OR (95% CI) per interquartile range increase in exposure 1.08 (0.88–1.34) and 1.09 (0.93–1.27), respectively]. There was no indication of an adverse effect of air pollution exposure on term birth weight.

Conclusions

In this study, maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy was not associated with term birth weight. There was a tendency towards an increased risk of preterm birth with increasing air pollution exposure, but statistical power was low.     

低出生体重影响因素分析

目的:分析低出生体重儿体格检查的一般情况并探讨影响低出生体重的因素。方法:调查产妇及新生儿父母亲的年龄、民族、文化程度、职业、吸烟饮酒史、既往疾病史、高血压家族史以及体格检查,产妇孕产史、妊娠并发症和合并症、分娩情况,新生儿出生情况、体格检查,同时对这些因素进行统计描述,并用二分类Logistic回归模型对低出生体重的影响因素进行分析。结果:单因素分析结果显示,家庭住址边远、婴儿母亲为少数民族、终止妊娠时间较早、父母亲受教育程度低、父母亲从事较重体力劳动职业、父母亲BMI值低、父亲存在既往病史、母亲孕期食用油种类、食用肥瘦肉比例不均、补充维生素不足、食盐量过多或过少、每周食用鸡蛋量少、每周食用鱼量少、家庭其他成员吸烟、母亲孕期与家庭成员相处不融洽以及存在产时并发症、产前检查次数较少、孕期增重少、双胎或多胎等可能是影响低出生体重的因素。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,产前检查次数较少、终止妊娠时间较早、孕期高血压和感染可能是低出生体重的危险因素。结论:母亲孕期相关因素可能会对低出生体重产生影响,加强孕期体格检查和卫生知识宣教可以有效降低低出生体重儿的发生率。     

低出生体重儿的影响因素研究

目的:应用描述性研究的方法,找出低体重儿的危险因素,为避免低体重儿的发生即优生优育提供可靠的理论依据。方法:符合纳入和排除标准的5842例确立为分析和研究的对象。结果:①通过低出生体重儿的影响因素单因素非条件Logistic回归分析发现:产次、孕次、孕周、产前空腹血糖、产前血压、季节、脐带长度有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中产次、孕次、孕周(37～40周)、产前血压是危险因素;秋季、脐带长度(30～70cm)是保护因素。②影响低出生体重儿的计量资料分析,通过成组t检验发现:产妇的产前体重、产妇的身高、胎盘重量有统计学意义,都对低出生体重儿有影响。③通过低体重儿多因素非条件Logistic回归结果发现:孕周、产前血压、秋季有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中孕周、秋季是保护因素,可避免低出生体重儿的发生;产前血压是危险因素,易导致低出生体重儿的发生。结论:孕妇的身高、体重、胎盘重量、孕次、产次、秋季是低出生体重儿的影响因素,其中孕周、秋季、产前空腹血糖、脐带长度是低出生体重儿的保护因素;产前血压是低出生体重儿的危险因素。     

不同季节与早产儿/低出生体重儿发生规律的相关性研究

目的:探讨早产儿/低出生体重儿与不同季节的相关性.方法:收集2008年5月～ 2010年5月在江西省妇幼保健院出生早产儿/低出生体重儿临床资料,分析各月份及各气候季型中早产儿分布、死亡情况及与气候的关系.结果:研究期间出生的早产儿/低出生体重儿l 638例,占该医院同期出生总人数的7.72％(1 638/21 229).其中秋冬季节早产儿/低出生体重儿占8.16％高于春夏季节7.21％(P＜0.01);秋冬季节早产儿/低出生体重儿病死率2.92％和春夏季节2.31％差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:秋冬季节早产儿/低出生体重儿的发生显著高于春夏季节,表明气候与早产儿/低出生体重儿的发生相关.     

孕期营养与出生体重关系探讨

评价孕期营养状况的指标很多,每种指标都各有所长也有一定的局限性。胎儿的出生体重与多种因素有关,关于孕期营养与胎儿出生体重的关系目前的研究结果还存在很大分歧,正常出生体重儿在营养充足的基础上大多数营养素与胎儿的出生体重无很强的相关性,在异常出生体重儿如巨大儿中可能会得到不同的结果。孕期营养与胎儿出生体重的关系有待进一步研究。本文就孕期营养与胎儿出生体重的关系的最新研究进展作以综述。     

妊娠期大气二氧化氮暴露与孕妇维生素D缺乏症的关联

目的 孕妇维生素D缺乏症与妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压、孕妇贫血以及胎儿生长受限和早产等不良妊娠结局密切相关。本研究旨在探讨妊娠期大气二氧化氮（nitrogen dioxide,NO2）暴露与孕妇维生素D缺乏症的关联。方法 选取2013年5月-至2014年５月,在某市妇幼保健院建卡的孕妇作为初始研究对象。按照入选和排除标准最终纳入3244名孕妇进入本研究。通过问卷调查收集孕妇的一般人口学信息;利用环境监测站点的数据模拟孕妇在妊娠期间大气NO2的暴露水平;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测孕晚期孕妇血清中25（OH）D的浓度。结果 孕妇在孕早期、中期、晚期以及整个孕期NO2暴露水平的中位数分别为:39.52、36.84、28.09以及31.90μg/m3。孕晚期血清中25(OH)D浓度的平均值为42.09nmol/L。多元线性回归分析的结果显示,孕中期、孕晚期以及整个孕期NO2的暴露水平每增加10μg / m3,孕妇血清中25（OH）D的水平分别降低2.224nmol/L（95%CI:-2.777,-1.671）,2.240nmol/L（95%CI:-2.665,-1.816）以及5.299 nmol/L（95%CI:-6.481,-4.177）。多元logistic回归分析的结果显示,随着孕中期、孕晚期以及整个孕期NO2的暴露水平的增加,孕妇VD缺乏症发生的风险增加,其OR值分别为1.338（95%CI:1.225,1.461）,1.347（95%CI:1.259,1.442）以及2.049（95%CI:1.709～2.456）。结论 孕期NO2暴露是孕妇维生素D缺乏症发生的一个危险因素。在制订维生素D缺乏症的防控措施时需要考虑孕期NO2的暴露。     

Ambient air pollution exposure, residential mobility and term birth weight in Oslo, Norway

Environmental exposure during pregnancy may have lifelong health consequences for the offspring and some studies have association between maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and offspring’s birth weight. However, many of these studies do not take into account small-scale variations in exposure, residential mobility, and work addresses during pregnancy.We used information from the National Birth Registry of Norway to examine associations between ambient environmental exposure such as air pollution and temperature, and offspring’s birth weight taking advantage of information on migration history and work address in a large population-based cohort. A dispersion model was used to estimate ambient air pollution levels at all residential addresses and work addresses for a total of 25,229 pregnancies between 1999 and 2002 in Oslo, Norway.Ambient exposure to traffic pollution for the entire pregnancy was associated with a reduction in term birth weight in crude analyzes when comparing children of the highest and lowest exposed mothers. No evidence for an association between exposure to traffic pollution at home and work addresses and term birth weight after adjustment for covariates known to influence birth weight during pregnancy. After stratification, small statistically non-significant reductions were present but only for multiparious mothers. This group also had less residential mobility and less employment during pregnancy.The overall findings suggest no clear association between term birth weight and traffic pollution exposure during pregnancy. However, mobility patterns could introduce possible confounding when examining small-scale variations in exposure by using addresses. This could be of importance in future studies.     

Prenatal exposure to wood fuel smoke and low birth weight

BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to wood fuel smoke may lead to impaired fetal growth due to hypoxia and or oxidative stress from smoke constituents such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter. OBJECTIVES: We studied the risk of low birth weight (LBW) and reduced mean birth weight in relation to reported use of wood for cooking during the prenatal period, compared with natural gas (NG). METHODS: We studied a historical cohort of women who had a singleton live birth in the years 2000-2002, from a semirural area of Pakistan. Infant's birth weight was obtained from records, and prenatal records had data for maternal body mass index and parity. Cooking habits, daytime sleep habits, and type of fuel used during the pregnancies in 2000-2002 were ascertained by a survey done in 2004-2005. We performed multiple linear and logistic regression modeling using propensity scores to adjust for confounding variables. RESULTS: Unadjusted mean (+/- SD) birth weight was 2.78 +/- 0.45 kg in wood users, and 2.84 +/- 0.43 kg (p < 0.06) in NG users. Infants born to wood users averaged 82 g lighter than infants born to NG users when weight was adjusted for confounders (p < 0.07). The rate of LBW (< 2,500 g) was 22.7% among wood users compared with 15.0% in NG users (p < 0.01), for an adjusted relative risk of 1.64 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.34). The population attributable risk for LBW explained by wood use was estimated to be 24%. CONCLUSION: Cooking with wood fuel during pregnancy, a potentially modifiable exposure, was associated with LBW and marginally lower mean birth weight compared with using NG.