应用弹力袜预防神经外科患者术后深静脉血栓形成的意义

【摘要】 目的 探讨弹力袜应用在预防神经外科患者术后深静脉血栓形成中的价值。方法 将180例住院拟行开颅手术患者随机分成3组:常规护理组(对照组)、术中应用组(A组)、术后应用组(B组)。对照组给以常规护理预防措施,A、B两组在常规护理基础上,分别在术中及术后加用医用弹力袜。通过双下肢彩色超声多普勒或静脉造影检查了解深静脉血栓发生情况。结果 A组术后深静脉血栓发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05);且A组术后深静脉血栓发生率均低于B组(P<0.05)。结论 医用弹力袜能有效地预防神经外科患者术后深静脉血栓的形成,术中即开始使用效果更好。     

胸腰椎骨折术后口服利伐沙班预防深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨胸腰椎骨折术后口服利伐沙班预防深静脉血栓形成的效果。方法选择160例行胸腰椎骨折手术治疗的患者,根据不同的抗凝治疗方案分为试验组80例(术后6 h口服利伐沙班)和对照组80例(术后6 h口服安慰剂),于术后1、4、8、12周复查双下肢动静脉血管彩超,根据患者术后复查结果进行针对性处理,比较抗凝效果。结果术后1、4、8、12周下肢深静脉血栓发生率试验组分别为6.25%、3.75%、2.50%、1.25%,均低于对照组的15.00%、12.50%、10.00%、7.50%,两组各时段比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后1周试验组凝血酶原时间高于对照组,纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001);两组术后均未见明显出血相关并发症。结论脊柱胸腰椎骨折术后口服利伐沙班进行抗凝治疗能够有效预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。     

两种抗凝药物预防胸腰椎骨折内固定术后深静脉血栓形成的有效性和安全性

目的探讨胸腰椎骨折内固定术后应用不同抗凝药物预防深静脉血栓(DVT)的有效性和安全性。方法将60例行胸腰椎骨折内固定术患者随机分为两组,每组30例。观察组术后给予每日1次利伐沙班口服10 mg×10 d;对照组每日1次皮下注射低分子肝素钙4 000 IU×10 d。观察两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)指标的变化以及术后引流量、出血倾向。结果观察组和对照组各发生DVT 1例,发生率均为3. 33%。术后第10天,PT观察组明显低于对照组(P 0. 05),D-二聚体、APTT、Hb、PLT两组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后引流量、出血倾向发生率观察组少于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论利伐沙班和低分子肝素钙均可以有效预防胸腰椎骨折内固定术后DVT的发生,但利伐沙班具有更好的安全性。     

早期弹力袜对易栓症患者异位妊娠腔镜术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的防治作用

【摘要】 目的 异位妊娠需要接受腹腔镜手术的易栓症患者术后早期应用弹力袜防治下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床意义。方法〓选取我院2014年1月~2015年12月因异位妊娠而接受腹腔镜手术的患者共132例,共38例符合入组及排除标准,对比这些易栓症患者术后早期应用弹力袜处理(观察组)及非弹力袜处理(对照组),比较术后下肢深静脉血栓及肺栓塞的发生率,以及术后D2聚体的变化。结果〓观察组术后下肢深静脉血栓的发生率较对照组显著下降(5.6% VS 35%,P=0.045),而术后肺栓及D2聚体的变化在两组中没有显著性差异。结论〓尽管本研究在设计及样本量存在相对的不足,但是易栓症患者因为异位妊娠接受腹腔镜手术,在术后早期应用弹力袜防治下肢深静脉血栓形成是有效的,且相对安全的。     

骨科大手术中物理预防患者深静脉血栓的研究进展

骨科大手术术中深静脉血栓发生的危险因素包括患者个体因素和手术因素;物理预防措施包括间歇性气动加压装置、弹力袜及足底静脉泵的应用.提出需对手术室护士加强针对性培训,以提高护士对术中预防深静脉血栓发生重要性的认知,积极采取防范措施,降低骨科大手术患者术中深静脉血栓的发生风险.     

间歇充气装置与医用弹力袜预防腹腔镜手术患者下肢深静脉血栓效果比较

目的比较间歇充气装置与医用弹力袜预防腹腔镜手术患者下肢深静脉血栓的效果。方法将腹腔镜胃肠道肿瘤切除手术患者200例按照时间顺序分组,对照组(2016年1月至2017年1月)100例术中采用医用弹力袜预防深静脉血栓,观察组(2017年2月至2018年2月)100例术中使用间歇充气装置,观察两组下肢深静脉血栓发生率、持续时间及手术前后凝血/纤溶指标变化。结果观察组下肢深静脉血栓发生率显著低于对照组,下肢深静脉血栓持续时间显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。观察组手术开始2 h PT、tPA-Ag值显著高于对照组(均P0.01);术后24 h PT值显著低于对照组(P0.01),ATTP、tPA-Ag值与对照组差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论术中间歇充气可有效降低患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率,改善凝血/纤溶指标。     

高龄髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的防治

目的探讨高龄患者行人工髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的防治。方法21例高龄患者行髋关节置换术,术后深静脉血栓形成时立即进行超声多普勒检查。结果术后死亡1例,20例中出现深静脉近端血栓6例,远端血栓14例,无全静脉血栓。经卧床休息、抬高患肢、使用弹力袜,抗凝溶栓治疗好转。结论高龄患者多伴有心血管或呼吸系统疾病,围手术期的正确处理和规范细致的手术操作可以减少和治疗髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的形成。     

全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的发生情况及预防治疗措施。方法：对220例（244髋）全髋关节置换患者围手术期皮下注射低分子肝素来预防治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后第7天行彩色多普勒超声检查。结果：58例发生下肢深静脉血栓，其中远端血栓33例，近端血栓14例，全静脉血栓11例，DVT发生率26．4％，未发生1例肺栓塞。结论：围手术期低分子肝素应用可降低全髋关节置换术后DVT发生率，且安全可靠。     

围手术期间歇性充气加压预防重度颅脑损伤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的将围手术期间歇性充气加压用于预防重度颅脑损伤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成,并观察其预防效果。方法将68例重度颅脑损伤患者随机分为观察组与对照组各34例。观察组在术前、术中、术后均使用间歇性充气加压,对照组在术后开始使用间歇性充气加压。比较两组不同阶段的D-二聚体浓度,术后下肢肿胀程度及下肢深静脉血栓形成发生情况。结果观察组下肢肿胀程度轻于对照组,D-二聚体水平及下肢深静脉血栓发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论围手术期间歇性充气加压可有效降低重度颅脑损伤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的发生率。     

磺达肝癸钠预防髋膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨磺达肝癸钠预防髋、膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的有效性和安全性。方法：选择89例连续的行人工髋、膝关节置换手术患者,随机分为对照组45例：给予肢体气压泵预防深静脉血栓;磺达肝癸钠组44例：给予磺达肝癸钠联合肢体气压泵预防。术后观察比较血小板、凝血功能指标变化情况及深静脉血栓形成。结果：两组患者总失血量、血小板、凝血酶原时间及活动度与活化部分凝血酶时间变化比较均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;磺达肝癸钠组无1例发生深静脉血栓,对照组16例深静脉血栓形成（χ2=19.073,P＜0.01）。结论：使用磺达肝癸钠预防髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成对凝血功能、血小板无明显影响,是安全有效的。     

Prospective randomized trial of warfarin and intermittent pneumatic leg compression as prophylaxis for postoperative deep venous thrombosis in major urological surgery.

Postoperative deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus remain a major source of morbidity and mortality for the urological surgery patient. We report the results of the first 100 patients in a prospective, randomized trial of low dose warfarin and intermittent pneumatic leg compression for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative real-time ultrasound imaging and Doppler flow studies of the popliteal, femoral and iliac veins for the evaluation of deep venous thrombosis. Our results indicate that low dose warfarin is as effective as intermittent pneumatic leg compression for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis. Low dose warfarin can be used effectively without any significant bleeding complications. We recommend the use of low dose warfarin as an alternative to intermittent pneumatic leg compression for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis of the urological patient undergoing a major urological operation.     

Thromboembolic complications after major thoracolumbar spine surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Adult spinal surgery patients were studied prospectively to determine the incidence of subclinical deep venous thrombosis. An overlapping group of patients was reviewed retrospectively for symptomatic thromboembolism. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic thromboembolism in spinal surgery patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although thromboembolic complications are known to occur after spinal operations, there are limited published data on the incidence of pulmonary embolus or deep venous thrombosis after major spinal surgery. METHODS: One hundred sixteen adult spinal surgery patients were examined with duplex ultrasound to determine the incidence of deep venous thrombosis. Seventy-three of these patients also underwent lung perfusion scans to look for subclinical pulmonary embolism. A retrospective review was conducted of symptomatic thromboembolic complications occurring in a 2-year period at the authors' center. Three hundred and eighteen major spinal reconstructive procedures were performed during the period reviewed, which included the period of the prospective study and therefore the patients of the prospective group. Thigh-length compression stockings and pneumatic compression leggings were used for prophylaxis in all patients. RESULTS: One patient had an asymptomatic iliac vein thrombosis, and seven patients had symptomatic pulmonary embolism (2.2%). Six of the symptomatic pulmonary emboli occurred after combined anterior/posterior spinal fusions (6%), whereas only one occurred after posterior decompression and fusion (0.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Duplex ultrasound appeared insensitive for diagnosing clots before embolization in this patient group. Simple mechanical prophylaxis for thromboembolism, which may be adequate for patients undergoing posterior procedures, may not be as protective for patients undergoing combined anterior/posterior spine surgery.     

Thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in patients with hip fracture: a multimodal approach

OBJECTIVES: To assess if pneumatic compression in conjunction with chemoprophylaxis is an effective way to reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in orthopedic trauma patients sustaining fragility hip fractures. DESIGN: Two hundred patients admitted to the authors' institution between May 1998 and June 2002 for fractures of the hip were prospectively studied. All patients were treated operatively and received the VenaFlow calf compression device on both lower extremities immediately following surgery. Chemical prophylaxis of either aspirin (n = 67) or warfarin (n = 133) was administered in addition to mechanical compression. A noninvasive serial color flow duplex scan was performed 1 to 11 days postoperatively (mean 4.5 days) to determine the presence or absence of deep vein thrombosis. All patients were followed clinically 3 months postoperatively for a clinical evaluation of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: Overall, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 3.5% (7 of 200) and included only 1 proximal thrombosis (1 out of 200, or 0.5%) and no pulmonary embolism. Five of the 7 patients positive for deep vein thrombosis were in the mechanical compression and warfarin prophylaxis group and 2 were in the aspirin arm of the study. For patients with deep vein thrombosis, the average number of risk factors was 3.71, whereas patients without clots averaged 1.75 clinical risk factors (P < or = 0.05). Three patients in the warfarin group developed bleeding complications (1 with a gastrointestinal bleed and 2 with minor bleeding not at the operative site). No evidence of a symptomatic deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism was reported within a 3-month period following hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest mechanical compression with the VenaFlow calf compression device in conjunction with chemoprophylaxis is an effective means of reducing thromboembolic disease in this high-risk population.     

Incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgical procedures. In contrast to other surgical fields, the incidence of these life-threatening conditions has not been studied in our specialty. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus in patients after otolaryngologic operations and to identify specific risk factors that may contribute to the development of these conditions. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done of 12,805 total operations on adults done by the Department of Otolaryngology at our institution from January 1987 to December 1994 to determine the number of patients in whom postoperative deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus developed. Patients in whom a postoperative thromboembolic event developed after an otolaryngologic surgical procedure were identified by the medical records department with use of an abstracting database. This search cross-referenced disease-specific codes for otolaryngologic procedures with the codes for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus to identify the 34 patients in this report. Results (rounded to the nearest decimal point) were then categorized according to the different subspecialties within otolaryngology, and appropriate statistical analysis tests were performed on the resulting data. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with postoperative deep vein thrombosis were identified during the study period, for an overall incidence of 0.3%. Of these 34 patients, 24 also had a pulmonary embolus for an overall incidence of 0.2%. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (and pulmonary embolus) in the subspecialties was as follows: head and neck surgery, 0.6% (0.4%); otology/neurotology, 0.3% (0.2%); head and neck trauma and plastic surgery, 0.1% (0.1%); and general otolaryngology, 0.1% (0.04%). Only the patient’s age and the presence or absence of pneumatic compression devices were identified as independent risk factors for the development of a thromboembolic event. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative pulmonary embolus is a rare occurrence in the field of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. When it does occur, it causes significant morbidity and increases the cost of care for that patient. We discuss our approach to categorizing patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, as well as prophylaxis against pulmonary embolus. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:777-84.)     

Deep vein thrombosis and malignancy: a surgical oncologist's perspective

Oncology patients are at increased risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its potentially fatal sequel, pulmonary embolism. This is due to multiple factors, including the presence of the malignancy itself, comorbid factors and therapy-related interventions. Issues that are peculiar to venous thrombosis in the oncology setting are discussed, based on a MEDLINE search of the English literature. These include the need to screen for malignancy in idiopathic DVT, a high index of suspicion for venous thrombosis in the cancer patient, the use of vena cava filters, and the anti-neoplastic effects of heparin. Asian patients appear to have a lower incidence of DVT compared to Caucasians. A recommended regimen for prophylaxis of DVT must take into account the varying thrombosis risk associated with different malignancies. Cancer patients not undergoing abdominal, pelvic or orthopaedic surgery (e.g. mastectomy) should use elastic compression stockings and be mobilized early, whereas low-molecular-weight heparin should be given to those undergoing more major surgery. In advanced malignancy, treatment of DVT palliates symptoms. These patients may need long-term anticoagulation with warfarin.     

A comparison of discharge and two-week duplex ultrasound screening protocols for deep venous thrombosis detection following primary total joint arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic disease in the form of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism is a risk following hip and knee joint replacement. Prophylactic and screening protocols have been employed to prevent thromboembolic disease following lower extremity joint reconstruction. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate two noninvasive venous screening protocols, specifically, compression ultrasonography performed either at the time of hospital discharge or two weeks after the operation. METHODS: From 1994 through 2001, 2364 patients undergoing primary unilateral total hip or total knee arthroplasty were managed with an anticoagulation chemoprophylaxis protocol (adjusted-dose warfarin) until the time of noninvasive venous screening with use of one of two protocols. Nine hundred thirty-one patients (406 hips and 525 knees) underwent compression ultrasonography prior to hospital discharge, and the other 1433 patients (614 hips and 819 knees) underwent ultrasonographic screening two weeks after the operation. RESULTS: Twenty-three proximal deep venous thromboses (prevalence, 2.5%) were identified in the group that underwent ultrasound screening at the time of hospital discharge, and thirty-one proximal thromboses (prevalence, 2.2%) were identified in the group that underwent ultrasound screening two weeks after the operation. There was no significant difference between the two protocols with regard to the detection of deep venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the group that received two weeks of warfarin chemoprophylactic prophylaxis and the group that was screened at the time of hospital discharge with regard to the detection of deep venous thrombosis with use of compression ultrasound. On the basis of these findings, we no longer screen asymptomatic patients for deep venous thrombosis following hip and knee replacement, and all patients receive warfarin anticoagulation for two weeks.     

胸腰椎后路内固定翻修术的原因及对策

目的:分析胸腰椎骨折后路内固定术后翻修术的常见原因,寻求减少内固定失败和内固定翻修的有效措施。方法:对因胸腰椎骨折后路内固定术后需要进行翻修术的35例患者的内固定材料、翻修原因等进行回顾性分析。结果:本组病例随访3~46个月,平均18.5个月。按照VAS、ODI评分对患者主观感觉进行疗效判定,优10例,良17例,可8例。结论:严格掌握内固定的适应证、术中操作规范,是减少翻修的有效途径,翻修手术只要处理得当,仍可获得较好的疗效。     

The use of indium-111 labeled platelet scanning for the detection of asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis in a high risk population

Five hundred indium-111 labeled platelet imaging studies (387 donor and 113 autologous) were performed postoperatively in 473 patients who had undergone total hip replacement, total knee replacement, or internal fixation of a hip fracture to detect occult deep venous thrombosis. All patients had been anticoagulated prophylactically with aspirin, warfarin sodium (Coumadin), or dextran. Thirty-four possible cases of proximal deep venous thrombosis were identified in 28 asymptomatic patients. To verify the scan results, 31 venograms were performed in 25 patients (three refused). In 21 of 31 cases, totally occlusive thrombi were detected; in 5 cases, partially occlusive thrombi were detected; in 5 cases, no thrombus was seen. No patient who had a negative scan nor any patient who had a verified positive scan (and received appropriate heparin therapy) subsequently developed symptoms or signs of pulmonary embolism. One hundred forty-one indium study patients also underwent Doppler ultrasonography/impedance plethysmography (Doppler/IPG) as a comparative non-invasive technique. In 137 cases, the results of the indium study and Doppler/IPG studies were congruent. The indium study had no false negative results that were detected by Doppler/IPG. No patient had any clinically evident toxicity. These results suggest that indium-111 labeled platelet scanning is a safe, noninvasive means for identifying DVT in high risk patients.     

Efficacy of combined modality prophylaxis including short-duration warfarin to prevent venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty

This study reviewed the effectiveness of a trimodality deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylactic regimen after primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. Seven hundred five patients were treated with pneumatic compression, adjusted dose warfarin (7 days), and early mobilization. Bilateral lower extremity venous ultrasonography was obtained on postoperative day 3 or 4. The incidence of asymptomatic DVT, symptomatic DVT/pulmonary embolus events within 90 days of surgery, and potential influence of risk factors was retrospectively assessed. Deep venous thrombosis incidence was 4.4% with one (0.1%) nonfatal pulmonary embolus. Increased age, male sex, and DVT history were significant risk factors for thromboembolic events within 90 days of hip arthroplasty. The combination of short-duration warfarin and mechanical prophylaxis with predischarge ultrasound screening was safe and effective in limiting the occurrence of venous thromboembolism.     

Thromboembolism following hip fracture

Two hundred forty-eight patients following hip fracture were studied for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Ventilation-perfusion lung scans and contrast ascending venography were performed on the sixth to eighth postoperative days. Low-dose intravenous heparin (3,000-5,000 units every 6 hours) was followed by a decreased incidence of pulmonary embolism more than twofold. Although heparin administration was not associated with a significantly decreased incidence of deep venous thrombosis as assessed by venographic studies, thrombi in the nonheparin-treated patients were more likely to occur above the knee and were at higher risk for pulmonary embolus. Pneumatic and mechanical compression devices alone did not protect patients from deep venous thrombosis above the knee, but were associated with a decreased incidence of pulmonary embolus compared to control.