大面积Ⅲ度烧伤三种植皮方法的临床效果比较

【目的】探讨大面积Ⅲ度烧伤三种手术方法的效果和特点。【方法】1985年1月至2008年12月应用保痂肉芽创面植皮、切痂微粒皮植皮、削痂微粒皮植皮三种治疗方法,处理156例大面积Ⅲ度烧伤创面并对治疗结果进行分析。【结果】创面平均愈合时间：保痂肉芽创面植皮组（65．6±9．8）d,切痂微粒皮植皮组（53．8±9．2）d,削痂微粒皮植皮组（45．5±9．5）d。保痂组病程长,病人消耗大,并发症发生率高,死亡几率增大;切痂组手术损伤重,对病人烧伤后第二次打击大,愈后外形和功能差,丧失了皮肤附属器,对功能康复影响大;削痂组创面愈合快,并发症少,疤痕平坦、柔软。【结论】伤后及时清除坏死组织,对创面进行有效的覆盖,对加快创面愈合,减少创面侵袭性感染,减少脓毒症的发生,保护各脏器的功能,缩短病程,减少医疗费用非常重要。削痂微粒皮植皮治疗大面积Ⅲ度烧伤,可保留皮肤组织的部分功能,减少疤痕,愈后外形和功能良好。     

Endotoxemia after burn injury: effect of early excision on circulating endotoxin levels

Serial circulating endotoxin measurements (quantitative chromogenic limulus assay) were performed in sera from 19 burned patients to determine the profile of circulating serial circulating endotoxin after burn and the effect of early wound excision on serial circulating endotoxin level. Results indicate an early endotoxemia with the peak serial circulating endotoxin levels 7 to 12 hours and 4 days after burn. More importantly, the level of circulating serial circulating endotoxin can be diminished by early excision; late wound excision was associated with a transient increase of serial circulating endotoxin level. Early excision, therefore, may play a critical role in limiting endotoxemia after burn injury.     

Blood transfusions are associated with increased risk for development of sepsis in severely burned pediatric patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of developing sepsis following transfusion of blood products in severely burned pediatric patients. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING: Shriners Hospital for Children and University Hospital. PATIENTS: Severely burned pediatric patients with >30% total body surface area (TBSA) burn. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven pediatric burn patients over a period of 7 yrs (1997-2004) were included in the study, with 25 patients being septic at admission and therefore excluded. Patients were stratified according to TBSA burn and presence or absence of inhalation injury. The amounts of packed red blood cells (RBCs) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were recorded during hospital stay before the development of sepsis. Blood product administration was normalized for the number of surgeries and divided into two groups: high (RBCs>20/FFP>5) or low (RBCs<20/FFP<5) amount of blood products. Sepsis was diagnosed based on the criteria set by the Society of Critical Care Medicine in conjunction with positive blood culture or presence of organisms in the organs at autopsy. By stratifying the groups into low and high blood transfusion, we found that patients with >60% TBSA burn with inhalation injury have an 8% risk of developing sepsis in the low RBC group, which increases to 58% in the high RBC group (p<.05). Similar results were found for RBCs per operation, FFP, and FFP per operation (p<.05). There were no differences in age and gender between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric burn suffering from a 60% TBSA burn with concomitant inhalation injury are more likely to develop sepsis if they are given high amounts of blood products, indicating an immunocompromised state following blood transfusion.     

碳素钓鱼杆致高压电烧伤5例报道

文章总结了科室自2001年5月至8月连续收治的5例由于钓鱼杆致高压电烧伤患者的诊治情况，这5例患者皆合并有电流损伤和电弧光烧伤。其中4男1女，年龄8－61岁，致伤电压1－1．1万伏。平均烧伤面积54％TBSA，深度为深2－3度，其中一例70％烧伤均为3度创面，伴深处肌肉，神经和血管严重损伤，有4例合并轻至重度吸入性损伤，3例特重度烧伤患者早期出现肝肾，消化道功能异常及电解质紊乱，1例经削痂后换药治疗痊愈，2例经早期双上肢切开减压，气管切开插管抢救成功存活，早期切痂植皮后经后期补植及皮瓣转移痊愈。2例由于重度吸入性损伤，G^-败血症合并多器官功能衰竭死亡，由于在一些高压电线周围缺乏应有的标记，许多钓鱼者也缺少必要的安全知识，往往导致这类严重损伤的发生，因此预防非生产性高压电烧伤的发生还有赖于各方面的共同努力。     

Transpulmonary thermodilution for hemodynamic measurements in severely burned children

Introduction

Monitoring of hemodynamic and volumetric parameters after severe burns is of critical importance. Pulmonary artery catheters, however, have been associated with many risks. Our aim was to show the feasibility of continuous monitoring with minimally invasive transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) in severely burned pediatric patients.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was conducted in patients with severe burns over 40% of the total body surface area (TBSA) who were admitted to the hospital within 96 hours after sustaining the injury. TPTD measurements were performed using the PiCCO system (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany). Cardiac Index (CI), Intrathoracic Blood Volume Index (ITBVI) (Stewart-Hamilton equation), Extravascular Lung Water Index (EVLWI) and Systemic Vascular Resistance Index (SVRI) measurements were recorded twice daily. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with the post hoc Bonferroni test for intra- and intergroup comparisons.

Results

Seventy-nine patients with a mean age (±SD) of 9 ± 5 years and a mean TBSA burn (±SD) of 64% ± 20% were studied. CI significantly increased compared to level at admission and was highest 3 weeks postburn. ITBVI increased significantly starting at 8 days postburn. SVRI continuously decreased early in the perioperative burn period. EVLWI increased significantly starting at 9 days postburn. Young children (0 to 5 years old) had a significantly increased EVLWI and decreased ITBVI compared to older children (12 to 18 years old). EVLWI was significantly higher in patients who did not survive burn injury.

Conclusions

Continuous PiCCO measurements were performed for the first time in a large cohort of severely burned pediatric patients. The results suggest that hyperdynamic circulation begins within the first week after burn injury and continues throughout the entire intensive care unit stay.     

Effect of graft bed on long-term functional results of extremity skin grafts

The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the long-term functional results of extremity burns grafted on fat were different from those grafted on fascia. Twelve patients (mean burn size, 38% TBSA) who had fascial excision of the majority of one or more extremities were examined a minimum of one year postinjury. Range of motion, motor strength, and sensation of the fascially excised extremities were measured. Twelve comparable patients with extremity burns (mean burn size, 35% TBSA) who had grafts placed on fat were used as positive controls. Patients whose burns were excised to fat had better joint mobility (P = 0.001) and sensory function (P = 0.001) than did patients whose burns were excised to fascia. Both groups had comparable muscle strength. These results indicate that patients with full-thickness burns of the extremities who have grafts placed on fat have significantly better long-term extremity function than do patients who have their skin grafts placed on fascia.     

小鼠烫伤创面区域巨噬细胞集落刺激因子表达的变化

目的：通过应用逆转录多聚酶链式反应（RT-PCR）及巢式多聚酶链式反应（Nest-PCR）技术，研究创面区域巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M-CSF）mRNA的表达情况，探求创面区域M-CSF水平升高的来源。方法：清洁级无特异病原体C57BL/6小鼠18只，随机分为烫伤组（n=9）及假烫组（n=9），烫伤组造成20％TBSAIII度烫伤。分别于烫伤后第1、10天取创面区域组织及相应背部皮肤，抽提组织总RNA。RT-PCR及Nest-PCR产物经2％琼脂糖电泳，溴化乙锭染色、紫外灯下照相，密度分析软件分析密度。结果：在烫伤后第1天创面组织中几乎检测不到M-CSFmRNA的表达，而在烫伤后第10天创面组织中的M-CSFmRNA明显高于假烫组。结论：结合组织学检查结果，我们推测创面区域M-CSF表达的升高可能与创面局部的成纤维细胞、内皮细胞有关。     

NT-proBNP浓度改变对重度烧伤患者中长期合理控制输血补液量的指导意义

目的探讨全血N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)浓度与重度烧伤患者补液量的相关性;评价重度烧伤患者监测NT-proBNP的预警意义。方法选取2012年9月至2015年9月解放军第100医院烧伤科收治的重度烧伤患者53例,入院前均无重大疾病史、遗传史。其中烧伤面积在35%~50%总体表面积(TBSA)或者Ⅲ度10%~20%TBSA共25例为A组,烧伤总面积50%TBSA或Ⅲ度20%TBSA共18例为B组,烧伤总面积90%且复合爆震伤患者共10例为C组;所有患者入院第1~30天监测NT-proBNP浓度用于指导输血及补液。对照组为53例同期年龄相仿的整形美容患者。与补液量计算公式相比,比较NT-proBNP的指导优势。结果此次纳入研究的烧伤患者实际补液量均高于通用补液公式计算出的结果,烧伤越严重,NTproBNP浓度越高,血制品需求量越多;C组与B组、B组与A组间进行比较,NT-proBNP浓度、补液量、MAP输注量、血小板输注量差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NT-proBNP浓度改变对重度烧伤患者中长期合理控制输血输液量可能有较高的指导和预警意义。     

Clofelin in the regimen of intravenous anesthesia during surgery for severe burns

The data on clofelin effect on the course of total anesthesia are contradictory. Clofelin effect on hemodynamics, drug doses, depth of anesthesia, and time of awakening after surgery was studied in 28 male patients with extensive deep thermal injuries in a state of acute burn toxemia and septicotoxemia. Randomized double blind study was carried out in 2 groups: study group, in which clofelin was injected intravenously (2.6 +/- 0.15 micrograms/kg) before induction to anesthesia and placebo group (0.9% NaCl, 20.0). Similar operations were carried out in both groups: debridement of burn wounds with autodermoplasty on body surface of different area. Methods of anesthesia were similar in both groups: premedication with reladorm at night and phenasepam before surgery; induction with phentanyl and thiopental and laryngeal mask installation; maintenance anesthesia with midasolam, thiopental, fentanyl, tracrium, and artificial ventilation of the lungs. The following parameters were recorded: hemodynamic (HR, ADsys, dia, mean); EEG (bispectral index--BIS, 95% right spectrum frequency--SEF-95). Drug consumption, volume of infusions, blood loss, and time of awakening were recorded. The authors failed to detect pronounced analgesic and sedative effects, which are assigned to clofelin, after its single use in the above mentioned dose, but noted its obvious stabilizing effect on hemodynamics, which persisted for up to 1.5 h after injection. Clofelin is recommended to be used in a dose of 2.5 micrograms/kg 10-15 min before induction in patients with burns with hyperdynamic circulation.     

严重烧伤患者外周血单核细胞表面人白细胞DR抗原变化的初步研究

目的 :探讨烧伤后外周血单核细胞表面人白细胞 DR抗原受体 (HL A DR)的动态变化规律及意义。方法 :选取临床烧伤患者 30例 ,依据病程长短选取病程中 1～ 5个时间点静脉采血 ,以流式细胞仪测定外周血单核细胞 HL A DR的表达率 ,并根据烧伤程度分组进行分析。结果 :伤后患者外周血单核细胞 HL A DR的表达率明显降低 ,降低程度及持续时间与伤情有关 ,特重烧伤患者与中度烧伤患者〔(4.30± 1.5 0 ) %比(13.86 %± 2 .4 0 ) %〕、中度烧伤患者与轻度烧伤患者〔(13.86± 2 .4 0 ) %比 (5 8.80± 5 .6 0 ) %〕比较差异均显著(P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :单核细胞 HL A DR的表达率是反映免疫功能的简单实用的指标。重症烧伤后免疫麻痹可持续较长时间 ,必要的免疫加强治疗有重要意义。     

Infection control in severely burned patients

In the last two decades, much progress has been made in the control of burn wound infection and nasocomial infections (NI) in severely burned patients. The continiually changing epidemiology is partially related to greater understanding of and improved techniques for burn patient management as well as effective hospital infection control measures. With the advent of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents, infection of the wound site is now not as common as, for example, urinary and blood stream infections. Universal application of early excision of burned tissues has made a substantial improvement in the control of wound-related infections in burns. Additionally, the development of new technologies in wound care have helped to decrease morbidity and mortality in severe burn victims. Many examples can be given of the successful control of wound infection, such as the application of an appropriate antibiotic solution to invasive wound infection sites with simultaneous vacuum-assisted closure, optimal preservation of viable tissues with waterjet debridement systems, edema and exudate controlling dressings impregnated with Ag (Silvercel, Aquacell-Ag). The burned patient is at high risk for NI. Invasive interventions including intravenous and urinary chateterization, and entubation pose a further risk of NIs. The use of newly designed antimicrobial impregnated chateters or silicone devices may help the control of infection in these immunocomprimised patients. Strict infection control practices (physical isolation in a private room, use of gloves and gowns during patient contact) and appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy guided by laboratory surveillance culture as well as routine microbial burn wound culture are essential to help reduce the incidance of infections due to antibiotic resistant microorganisms.     

Cost-effective use of helicopters for the transportation of patients with burn injuries

We performed a retrospective review to analyze the use of helicopters for the transportation of patients with burn injuries to determine whether a more cost-effective approach could be developed without impairing the quality or delivery of health care. Charts were reviewed for all patients with burn injuries who were transported by helicopter to our hospitals during a 2-year period. Patients with inhalation injuries, with burn injuries received more than 24 hours before admission or more than 200 miles from our burn center, with more than 30% total body surface area (TBSA) burned, or with associated trauma injuries were excluded. Control patients with burn injuries who were transported by ambulance were identified and matched to the patients with burn injuries transported by helicopter for the percentage of TBSA burned, the percentage of third-degree burns, transport mileage, and age. The outcome was evaluated by comparison of length of stay, days on ventilator, and mortality rate. Comparisons were performed with Student t test. The transportation charge was determined for the patients transported by helicopter who we believed were eligible for transport by ambulance. Forty-seven of 85 patients transported by helicopter matched the inclusion criteria and had survived. There was no statistically significant difference between the percentage of TBSA burned, the percentage of third-degree burns, length of stay, days on ventilator, age, or transport mileage. There was, however, a significant difference in the time from the injury to admission to the hospital, as well as in the charge for transportation. Patients who had less than 30% TBSA thermal cutaneous injuries without evidence of inhalation injury, and who are less than 200 miles from a burn center may be safely transported by ambulance. Ambulance transportation may take additional time; however, stricter protocols for helicopter transportation of patients with burn injuries will result in potentially substantial savings without affecting outcomes for patients.     

Cultured epidermal autograft and the treatment of the massive burn injury.

As a rule, adult and pediatric patients with thermal injuries that involve more than 90% total body surface area (TBSA) burn have poor prognoses. Even for patients who are 5 to 34 years old with a 70% TBSA burn, the mortality rate is 80%. Lack of autologous donor skin, which is essential for permanent wound closure, is the major problem. Recent advances in growth of cultured epidermal autograft (CEA) have allowed closure of full- and partial-thickness burns; in approximately 3 weeks, a 2 cm2 biopsy specimen will produce enough CEA to cover a pediatric patient. Since 1989, we have used this product on nine patients; the average age was 39, and the average TBSA burn was 70% (range, 44% to 93%). We report our approach to use of CEA in six of these patients, including topical applications of 1% silver sulfadiazine and excision of full- and deep partial-thickness wounds within 2 weeks of injury. Temporary closure was achieved with cadaver allograft. "Take" of the allograft forecasted take of CEA. The total operative time of CEA placement was decreased by a two-step technique that obviates repeating debridement: the technique consists of debriding and grafting with allograft, then removing it at the time of CEA placement. CEA take is best on early granulation tissue or freshly excised wounds. Early excision of burn eschar, temporary wound closure with cadaveric allograft and Biobrane (Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, Wound Care Div., Fountain Valley, Calif.), and permanent closure with CEA may improve survival rates among patients with massive burn wounds. CEA is a tremendous asset to the management of massive burn injuries.     

What are the acute cardiovascular effects of subcutaneous and topical epinephrine for hemostasis during burn surgery?

Although subcutaneous and topical epinephrine are widely used for hemostasis during burn surgery, the acute systemic cardiovascular effects of the epinephrine are neither well documented nor completely understood. The purpose of this work was to prospectively study the acute cardiovascular responses to epinephrine (epi) administered subcutaneously and topically during burn surgery. Consecutive patients who received subcutaneous and topical epi during burn surgery were monitored prior to the administration of epi, at 2-minute intervals during subcutaneous epi infiltration, and then after epi infiltration (during which time, topical epi was applied). This period of monitoring lasted up to 20 minutes and was referred to as an epinephrine event (EE). A total of 100 EEs from 38 operations in 24 patients (mean +/- SD: age 43 +/- 16 years, mean % TBSA burn 23 +/- 17%) were studied. The mean dose of subcutaneous epi was 30 +/- 30 microg/kg. Although all patients received topical epi, it was impossible to document the topical dose. There was no significant increase in heart rate from baseline, and no arrhythmias occurred. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) did acutely increase significantly by 17.0 +/- 14.1% from baseline (P =.009) and increased more than 10% from baseline in 64/100 EEs. However, the increase in MAP was independent of the dose of epi (r =.053). The increase in MAP was not clinically significant, did not require intervention, and did not appear to be related to the type of wound that received epi (donor site vs burn wound), or the depth of anesthesia, analgesia, or sedation. On the basis of these findings, the use of subcutaneous and topical epi appears to be safe and produces minimal acute cardiovascular effects.     

Herpes simplex infection in a minor burn wound: a case report

The etiology of herpetic lesions on burn wounds generally is believed to be a reactivation of previous infection or possible exposure to the pathogens under an immunocompromised status. However, this scenario rarely happens in a non-immunocompromised infant with low burned body surface area (<4% TBSA). We report a case of previously healthy 21-month-old boy who sustained minor scald burn injury involving only 4% TBSA that was complicated with herpes simplex type 1 viral infection. The infection presented with ulcerative burn wound and delayed wound healing. The Tzanck smear of vesicular fluid for the identification of multinucleated giant cells is helpful in making the decision for the early initiation of acyclovir. In this work, we describe a case of pediatric burn patient with herpetic infection and emphasize the need for careful and impartial examination of the child to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.     

血浆代用品血定安应用于烧伤休克复苏的临床研究

目的 :验证血浆代用品 (血定安 )在烧伤休克液体复苏中的临床疗效。方法 :2 0例烧伤总体表面积( TBSA)大于 40 %且因延迟复苏导致休克的烧伤患者 ,随机分为血定安复苏组 (血定安组 ,n=11)和血浆复苏组 (血浆组 ,n=9)进行复苏 ,观察休克期心排血量 ( CO)、氧供给 ( DO2 )、血细胞比容、血液黏度、血浆黏度、乳酸( L A)含量及碱缺失 ( BD)等血流动力学、血液流变学及氧代谢指标的变化。结果 :快速补液 2 h后 ,CO和 DO2显著升高 ( P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,血细胞比容、血液黏度、血浆黏度、L A和动脉血 BD显著下降 ( P<0 .0 5或P<0 .0 1)。两组间比较 ,伤后 2 4h内血定安组补液后血浆黏度显著低于血浆组 ( P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,其余指标无显著性差异 ( P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :在烧伤后休克复苏中 ,血浆代用品血定安与血浆的疗效相近 ,可以在烧伤休克早期救治中广泛应用。     

The practical procedure of tumescent technique in burn surgery for excision of burn eschar

The tumescent technique, which involves injection of large volumes of dilute epinephrine solution into subcutaneous fat, has been shown to markedly increase the safety of liposuction surgery, which is associated with risks of blood loss. The authors use this technique during burn surgery and developed a practical method of determining the amount of solution injected. The authors have applied the tumescent technique consisting of subeschar infiltration of dilute epinephrine (1 mg/L) in thermoneutral (37 degrees C) saline. Preoperatively, a 5 x 5 cm square grid pattern is drawn on the burn wound, which facilitates estimation of the amount of infiltrated solution. The authors injected 20 ml of solution per square in the grid. Ten consecutive patients underwent 15 surgical procedures for tangential excision and split-thickness skin grafting. There were no complications during the intraoperative or postoperative period. Their method using a grid pattern drawn on the tissue being treated by the tumescent technique in burn surgery facilitates the excision of burn eschar.     

Effects of body surface thermal injury on apparent renal and cutaneous blood flow in goats

The etiology of postburn circulatory impairment ("burn shock") is multifactorial and incompletely understood. However, systemic vasoconstriction is a consistent observation during this period and occurs in spite of aggressive fluid resuscitation therapy. We studied the degree and time course of systemic vasoconstriction in goats for 24 hours following burns of two sizes (20% and 35% TBSA), in which fluid resuscitation was performed according to a common clinical crystalloid regimen. Cardiac index and urine output (reflecting renal perfusion) fell dramatically at two hours after burn, but returned slowly to preburn levels by 24 hours. The degree of fall and rate of recovery were dependent on burn size. Dermal perfusion was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in both burned and unburned skin. Dermal perfusion was negligible in burned skin. Unburned skin blood flow fell with increasing burn size, progressively recovered to preburn levels after the small burn, but at 24 hours remained significantly depressed after the larger burn. The stimulus for this persistent skin vasoconstriction is unclear.     

Assessment of biochemical markers in the early post-burn period for predicting acute kidney injury and mortality in patients with major burn injury: comparison of serum creatinine,serum cystatin-C,plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

Introduction

The reported mortality rates range from 28% to 100% in burn patients who develop acute kidney injury (AKI) and from 50% to 100% among such patients treated with renal replacement therapy. Recently, the serum cystatin C and plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels have been introduced as early biomarkers for AKI; the levels of these biomarkers are known to increase 24 to 48 hours before the serum creatinine levels increase. In this study, we aimed to estimate the diagnostic utility of the cystatin C and plasma and urine NGAL levels in the early post-burn period as biomarkers for predicting AKI and mortality in patients with major burn injuries.

Methods

From May 2011 to July 2012, 90 consecutive patients with a burn wound area comprising ≥ 20% of the total body surface area (TBSA) were enrolled in this study. Whole blood and urine samples were obtained for measuring the serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, and urine and plasma NGAL levels at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after admission. Receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the curve, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the predictive values of these biomarkers for AKI and mortality.

Results

In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, all variables, including age, percentage TBSA burned, sex, inhalation injury, and serum creatinine levels, serum cystatin C levels, and plasma and urine NGAL levels were independently associated with AKI development. Moreover, age, sex, percentage TBSA burned, and plasma and urine NGAL levels were independently associated with mortality. However, inhalation injury and the serum creatinine and cystatin C levels were not independently associated with mortality.

Conclusions

Massively burned patients who maintained high plasma and urine NGAL levels until 12 hours after admission were at the risk of developing early AKI and early mortality with burn shock. However, the plasma and urine NGAL levels in the early post-burn period failed to predict late AKI and non-burn shock mortality in this study. Nevertheless, the plasma and urine NGAL levels were independently associated with AKI development and mortality within 48 hours after admission.     

Major thermal burn as a result of intraoperative heating blanket use.

A 72-year-old woman sustained a 30% full-thickness total body surface area burn as a result of a malfunction in a heating blanket during coronary artery bypass surgery. Early burn wound excision and wound closure with skin grafts were performed. The patient experienced wide swings in systolic blood pressure. She was treated with antibiotics and received maximal mechanical support. However, cardiac collapse occurred, and the patient died on the tenth day after burn injury. Previous case reports have discussed only minor burns that resulted from heating blanket use. The magnitude of this injury and the death that resulted from it highlight the importance of preoperative and intraoperative equipment checks and careful intraoperative core temperature monitoring.