三维适形放射治疗老年人前列腺癌34例临床分析

目的分析三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）联合内分泌治疗，对老年人前列腺癌的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析本院3D-CRT联合内分泌治疗老年前列腺癌患者34例，29例放射治疗前接受双侧睾丸切除，1例行睾丸放疗去势，4例应用抑那通药物去势。采用3D-CRT技术，1．8～2．0Gy／次，5次／周，D768-72Gy，中位66．7Gy。结果随访时间18个月（4～69个月），3年和5年生存率分别为72．6％和53．7％，5年肿瘤特异生存率为71．8％，1、2、3级急性胃肠道反应发生率分别为52．9％、8．8％和2．9％，1、2级急性泌尿生殖系统反应发生率分别为44．1％和8．8％。结论3D-CRT治疗老年人前列腺癌效果满意，不良反应小。     

三维适形放射治疗70岁以上老年人非小细胞肺癌48例临床观察

目的探讨70岁以上非小细胞肺癌患行（NSCLC）三维适形放射治疗的疗效。方法对48例70岁以上NSCLC患者实施了三维适形放射治疗,周边剂量每次5～7 Gy,每周3次,共6～10次,生物等效剂最（BED）70～80Gy。结果在治疗结束时,42例临床症状获得改善;肿瘤获得完全缓解14例,部分缓解28例,无变化6例;1、2、3年生存率分别为52.1%、37.3%和27.1%,中化生存时间18个月。结论三维适形放射治疗对于70岁以上的NSCLC患者是一种痛苦较小、安全有效的冶疗措施。     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌三维适形放疗联合TP化疗疗效分析

目的探讨三维适行放疗(3D-CRT)加同步TP方案化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)临床疗效。方法 56例局部晚期NSCLC其中ⅢA32例,ⅢB24例,3D-CRT治疗,每次2 Gy,每周5次,TD 60～72 Gy/6～7.5周。第1周和第4周采用(TP)方案化疗,PTX 175 mg/m2,静脉滴注3 h,d1;DDP 30 mg/m2,静脉滴注,d1～3,21 d为1周期,共2个周期。结果 56例全部完成治疗计划,CR 16例,PR 24例,SD 11例,PD 5例,有效率71.4%;1.2.3年局控率为80.2%,53.5%和28.6%;1、2、3年生存率为67.9%,35.7%和21.6%。Ⅰ～Ⅱ级放射性食道炎35例,Ⅰ～Ⅱ级放射性肺炎18例。结论 3D-CRT加TP方案同步化疗治疗局部晚期NSCLC可以提高肿瘤的局部控制率,提高近期疗效,延长生存期,是局部晚期NSCLC治疗中安全有效的治疗方法,值得进一步临床研究。     

老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者三维适形放疗疗效观察

目的分析三维适形放疗在老年人非小细胞肺癌的临床应用效果和放射性损伤情况。方法58例老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,中位年龄72岁,采用三维适形常规分割,总剂量60~70GY,6~7周完成治疗。结果58例全部完成了适形放疗计划,完全缓解12例(21%),部分缓解38例(66%),无变化6例(11%),恶化2例(4%),1.2.3年生存率分别为65%和33%、28%。急性放射性肺炎2级5例,3级1例,晚期放射性肺炎2级6例,3级3例。结论采用三维适形放疗技术治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌有比较好的近期疗效,无严重不良反应,有助于提高肿瘤的局部控制率,改善患者生活质量,减少并发症。     

后程紫杉醇增敏三维适形放疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌临床观察

目的观察后程紫杉醇增敏三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效和毒副反应。方法对34例局部晚期NSCLC患者采用3D-CRT治疗,总DT 66～72 Gy、中位剂量68 Gy。后程(放疗4周后)同步应用紫杉醇每周45 mg/m2,连用3周。结果完全缓解(CR)6例,部分缓解(PR)21例,稳定(NC)7例,进展(PD)0例;总有效率(CR+PR)为79.4%。平均生存期为17.1个月,平均局部无进展生存时间为9.2个月。12、3、年生存率分别为67.6%3、8.2%和20.6%。结论后程紫杉醇增敏3D-CRT局部晚期NSCLC具有较好的近期与远期疗效,毒副反应可耐受。     

三维适形加量放射治疗非小细胞肺癌32例分析

目的探讨三维适形加量放射治疗非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的优势。方法32例中央型非小细胞肺癌,cT模拟机定位,输入TPS（Pinnacle37．4／7．6）,勾画GTV1,先行三维适形放疗36Gy／18F～40Gy／20F,第2次CT定位,勾画GTV2,继续给予三维适形放射治疗至66Gy／33F～70Gy／35F。全程均按CTVl设置靶区,为Plan1,为初始计划,为虚拟计划;而前半程按CTV1,后半程按CTV2制定治疗计划为Plan3,为实际执行计划。结果NSCLC放射治疗中肿瘤退缩比例为12．3％～57．8％,平均比例37．1％,大于40％的有13例（40．6％）,t=2．96,P〈0．05。CR6例（18．8％）,PR23例（71．9％）,NC3例（9．4％）。1年生存率84．4％（27／32）,死亡5例（15．6％）。远处转移9例（28．1％）。早期放射性肺损伤1级19例（59．4％）,2级9例（28．1％）,3级3例（9．4％）。放射性食管炎：1级22例（68．8％）,2级10例（31．2％）。后期放射肺纤维化：0级3例（9．4％）,1级24例（75％）,2级5例（15．6％）。结论三维适形加量放射治疗NSCLC过程中,GTV存在明显退缩,再次重新勾画GTV并加量,但对PVV未产生明显影响,但根据退缩后肿瘤重新勾画靶区使心脏接受剂量的降低具有统计学意义,对肺V20和MLD剂量降低接近统计学意义。     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌后程加速超分割放射治疗临床分析

目的观察局部晚期非小细胞肺癌后程加速超分割放射治疗（LCAHRT）的毒性和疗效。方法从2000年8月至2002年3月56例经病理诊断或细胞学确诊不能手术Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌患者随机进入研究，放疗第1阶段大野前后对穿垂直照射原发灶、转移淋巴结、同侧肺门和纵隔淋巴引流区，2．0Gy／次，1融d。总剂量40Gy。第2阶段缩野照射原发灶和转移淋巴结，1．5Gy／次，2次／d，总剂量26～30Gy。结果放疗结束1个月后增强CT评价疗效，56例有效率67．9％，其中完全缓解（cR）3例．部分缓解（PR）35例，稳定（SD）14例，进展（PD）4例。中位生存时间12个月，1、2、3、4年总生存率分别为53．6％、19．6％、5．4％、3．6％。Ⅲa、Ⅲb期中位生存期分别为13、9个月。急性放射反应有放射性食管炎2级20例，3级2例；放射性肺炎2级2例：晚期放射性肺损伤2级5例，3级1例。结论后程超分割放射治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌剂量能够得到一定的提高，有很好的近期疗效且副作用可以接受。     

肝转移瘤的适形放射治疗

目的观察适形放射治疗对肝转移瘤的治疗效果方法1997－09／1998－04我们采用立体定向适形放射治疗8例肝转移瘤（分别有1～5个转移灶），并进行了术后随访．肿瘤的临床靶体积（CTV）为0．6cm3～232cm3（平均36．4cm3），计划靶体积（PTV）最小照射量为每次照射3．96Gy～6．30Gy（平均5．08Gy），PTV最大照射量为每次照射5．63Gy～10．88Gy（平均6．84Gy），处方剂量（PD）为4．0Gy～6.5Gy（平均5．13Gy），分2～8次进行适形放射治疗．结果治疗过程中无1例死亡.患者一般状况的计分标准（KPS）：术前20～90分（平均58．8分），术后30～100分（平均71．2分）．实体瘤疗效标准：完全缓解（CR）：2例：部分缓解（PR）：3例；无变化（NC）：2例；进展（PD）：1例.在术后2mo～9mo随访期间，我们观察到87.5％的受照射肿瘤得到控制62．5％的肿瘤缩小或消失.结论立体定向适形放射治疗对肝转移瘤有良好的治疗效果.     

三维适形放疗联合替吉奥治疗局部晚期贲门腺癌疗效观察

目的观察三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）联合替吉奥治疗局部晚期贲门腺癌的效果及不良反应。方法40例局部晚期贲门腺癌患者采用3D．CRT,1．8～2Gy／次,5次／周,总剂量60Gy／6．0～6．5周。自放射治疗开始同时口服替吉奥胶囊80mg／（m^2·d）,2次／d,口服两周停一周为一周期,共口服3个周期。结果放疗结束后2个月评价近期疗效,总有效率（完全缓解十部分缓解）92．50％,临床受益率（完全缓解＋部分缓解＋轻微缓解）为100％。1a生存率为88．50％。不良反应主要为放射性食管炎所致的吞咽疼痛、恶心、食欲不振以及白细胞下降,多数为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。结论3D—CRT联合替吉奥治疗局部晚期贲门癌是一种安全有效的治疗方法,值得临床应用。     

基于三维适形放疗技术研究剂量递增治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的效果

目的利用三维适形放疗技术,通过剂量递增试验来获得非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的最大耐受剂量（MTD）并观察近期疗效及其放疗反应。方法有病理证实为非小细胞肺癌的病人,完成肝肾功能,胸部CT,腹部B超,心电图及全身骨扫描检查,根据1997年围际抗癌联盟UICC制定的标准,选择未经手术的II期III期局部晚期非小细胞肺癌病人,放疗前曾经过2～3次以DDP为基础的化疗;对肺癌原发灶及纵膈淋巴结进行照射,剂量1．8～2．0Cy,1次／d,5次／w,达40Gy后复查CT缩野,纵膈淋巴结加量至60Gy,对原发病灶加最至66GY后开始剂量递增;总剂量依次为68Gy、70Gy、72Gy、74Cy、76Cy,每组5例病人,采用适形放疗技术,剂量计算参考点为等中心点,一组5例病人中有1例发生RTOG3级以上急性放射性肺损伤则再人组5例,冉有3级以}=反应则终止剂量递增。结果30例病例进入本研究,剂量递增到78Gy仍能耐受,全组病人近期疗效：完全缓解率13.3％（4／30）,部分缓解率70％（21／30）,无进展（SD）率16．7％（5／30）,总有效率（CR＋PR）83．3％（25／30）。1、2、3年生存率分别为66．7％、40％,、30％。1年局部控制率76,7％（23／30）,2年局部控制率53．3％（16／30）。结论利用三维适形放疗技术治疗非小细胞肺癌,剂量递增至68Gy以上,局部控制率及生存率有明显提高,而早期放射反应并未明显增加。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.