氯吡格雷抵抗及其防治

氯吡格雷为噻吩并吡啶衍生物类抗血小板药,属血小板膜二磷酸腺苷（ADP）受体抑制剂,可选择性、不可逆地抑制血小板受体与ADP结合及ADP介导的糖蛋白GPⅡb／Ⅲa复合物活化,阻断血小板释放ADP所致的血小板活化扩增,抑制其他诱导剂（如胶原）引起的血小板聚集,降低血小板膜蛋白P-选择素表达,抑制血栓烷A2及内皮前列环索的产生和促进一氧化氮（NO）的合成。广泛用于动脉粥样硬化疾病、急性冠状动脉综合征的治疗及冠状动脉内支架植入术后支架内再狭窄和血栓性并发症的预防。但其应用过程中部分患者可出现抵抗现象。现将氯吡格雷抵抗及其防治综述如下。     

阿司匹林和氯吡格雷所致胃肠道损伤的防治策略

随着心脑血管疾病及其并发症发生率的增加以及对其预防和治疗的重视,阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的临床应用越来越广泛,随之而来的胃肠道损伤尤其是消化道出血的发生率明显增加。如何认识阿司匹林和氯吡格雷所致胃肠道损伤,并对其进行预防和治疗,是目前的热点问题。     

氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率及其影响因素

氯吡格雷广泛应用于急性冠脉综合征及行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的患者,但个体之间对氯吡格雷的反应各不相同,部分病人对氯吡格雷反应较差甚至无反应。就氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率、影响因素作一综述。     

氯吡格雷与质子泵抑制剂

今年初陆续发表于<加拿大医学会杂志>和<美国医学会杂志>的两项大规模回顾性研究显示,氯吡格雷与质子泵抑制剂(PPI)联用增加心血管事件发生风险."一石激起千层浪",引起了心血管医生和消化科医生的极大关注,围绕抗血小板治疗引发了更多的思考,也还有待问题的澄清.     

氯吡格雷抵抗研究进展

氯吡格雷广泛用于急性冠脉综合征和经皮冠状动脉介入术的患者,可以减少心血管事件的发生,降低支架内亚急性血栓形成的发生率。但是临床上服用氯吡格雷的患者表现出各自不同的反应性,部分患者反应差甚至无反应,称之为氯吡格雷抵抗。本文就氯吡咯雷抵抗的定义、检测方法、机制及临床意义作一综述。     

氯吡格雷抵抗的研究进展

氯吡格雷通过拮抗血小板腺苷二磷酸(ADP)受体P2Y12,在急性冠状动脉综合征治疗中发挥重要作用,但部分患者存在药物抵抗现象。目前尚无特异性检测指标和统一定义,多以基础状态和服药后ADP诱导血小板聚集率差值≤10％作为抵抗标准;此现象发生率尚不明确,与临床血栓形成关系仅有小样本试验证实;机制方面国内外学者提出遗传因素、药物相互作用、基础疾病及胰岛素抵抗等多项可能,治疗方面目前尚无特效方法。     

氯吡格雷抵抗的现状与展望

氯吡格雷是一种广泛用于冠心病患者的抗血小板药物。但是氯吡格雷不是对所有病人都有同样效果。有些病人尽管进行了氯吡格雷治疗,依然发生了不良事件。这可以被氯吡格雷的抗血小板凝集能力下降所部分解释。一个离体研究定义这一现象为氯吡格雷无应答或抵抗。然而不管是流行病学资料还是和冠心病风险的相关性都不明朗。现对氯吡格雷抵抗的定义、影响因子、临床意义及解决的途径和问题做一综述。     

氯吡格雷抵抗的临床处理

急性冠状动脉综合征的患者尽管接受了标准剂量的氯吡格雷治疗,仍有部分患者发生缺血性心血管事件,称为氯吡格雷抵抗。氯吡格雷抵抗引起的广泛关注使个体化抗血小板药物成为这些患者改善预后的治疗策略。在遗传学检测的辅助下,新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂普拉格雷、替卡格雷和坎格雷拉以及糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂和高剂量氯吡格雷是可能的应对措施。就现有的临床试验研究证据对氯吡格雷抵抗患者的个体化治疗做一综述。     

氯吡格雷抵抗的临床研究进展

氯吡格雷是一种抗血小板药物,是新型二磷酸腺苷受体拮抗剂,已广泛应用于各种血栓性疾病尤其是急性冠脉综合征和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的抗血栓治疗。但近年来,在长期随访中研究发现,部分患者存在氯吡格雷抵抗现象,即应用氯吡格雷治疗的患者仍会发生心血管血栓事件。本文就氯吡格雷的作用机制、氯吡格雷抵抗定义、氯吡格雷抵抗韵发生机制及临床意义等作一综述。     

氯吡格雷抵抗相关因素的研究进展

临床上部分冠状动脉性心脏病患者未从氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗中获益,这就是氯吡格雷抵抗现象。氯吡格雷抵抗反映氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗失败。研究表明,氯吡格雷抵抗可能与血栓事件复发密切相关。它可能受多个因素影响,主要分为内源性和外源性两方面。现就氯吡格雷抵抗的检测方法、影响因素及临床对策进行了详细综述。     

Ghrelin attenuates gastrointestinal epithelial damage induced by doxorubicin

AIM:To examine the influence of ghrelin on the regenerative potential of gastrointestinal(GI)epithelium.METHODS:Damage to GI epithelium was induced in mice by two intravenous injections of doxorubicin(10 and 6 mg/kg).Some of the doxorubicin-treated mice received a continuous subcutaneous infusion of ghrelin(1.25μg/h)for 10 d via implanted mini-osmotic pumps.To label dividing stem cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle,all mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine(BrdU)one ...     

Clopidogrel induced arthritis and fever

We describe a case of a 67-year-old women who reported symptoms of fever and arthritis following initiation of therapy with clopidogrel(300mg loading dose). Physical examination and laboratory testing were normal. Incidentally, she reported experiencing the same symptoms after she received a loading dose of clopidogrel prior to a diagnostic coronary angiography in the past. The symptoms improved dramatically on discontinuation of clopidogrel.     

选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂与胃肠道损害的研究进展

选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)是全世界最常见的处方药之一,目前临床上广泛用于抑郁症治疗,与三环类抗抑郁药(TCAs)药效相当,但比TCAs安全且耐受性好.然而,随着SSRIs使用人群的增加.一些病例报道和流行病学研究开始报道SSRJs治疗后出现胃肠道出血并发症.本文就SSRIs的临床应用与胃肠道出血的相关性...     

缺血性卒中预防中的氯吡格雷抵抗及其应对措施

氯吡格雷治疗可抑制血小板聚集,降低卒中复发风险,但对不同人群的血小板抑制作用存在较大差异.文章对缺血性卒中预防中的氯吡格雷抵抗机制及其应对措施进行了综述.     

Summary of guidelines for infection prevention and control for flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy

BACKGROUND:

High-quality processes to ensure infection prevention and control in the delivery of safe endoscopy services are essential. In 2010, the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) developed a Canadian guideline for the reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy equipment.

METHODS:

The CAG Endoscopy Committee carefully reviewed the 2010 guidelines and prepared an executive summary.

RESULTS:

Key elements relevant to infection prevention and control for flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy were highlighted for each of the recommendations included in the 2010 document. The 2010 guidelines consist of seven sections, including administrative recommendations, as well as recommendations for endoscopy and endoscopy decontamination equipment, reprocessing endoscopes and accessories, endoscopy unit design, quality management, outbreak investigation and management, and classic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.

DISCUSSION:

The recommendations for infection prevention and control for flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy are intended for all individuals with responsibility for endoscopes in all settings where endoscopy is performed.     

氯吡格雷抵抗与卒中防治

氯吡格雷是缺血性卒中治疗的基本药物,被多国卒中治疗指南所推荐,广泛应用于临床.有不少缺血性卒中患者在经过规范氯吡格雷治疗后仍然复发卒中,因此必须重视氯吡格雷抵抗现象.文章对氯吡格雷抵抗的生化机制、基因多态性、实验室检测及其应对措施进行了综述.     

Alternative splicing of DNA damage response genes and gastrointestinal cancers

Alternative splicing, which is a common phenomenon in mammalian genomes, is a fundamental process of gene regulation and contributes to great protein diversity. Alternative splicing events not only occur in the normal gene regulation process but are also closely related to certain diseases including cancer. In this review, we briefly demonstrate the concept of alternative splicing and DNA damage and describe the association of alternative splicing and cancer pathogenesis, focusing on the potential relationship of alternative splicing, DNA damage, and gastrointestinal cancers. We will also discuss whether alternative splicing leads to genetic instability, which is considered to be a driving force for tumorigenesis. Better understanding of the role and mechanism of alternative splicing in tumorigenesis may provide new directions for future cancer studies.     

Clopidogrel induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Introduction

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening disorder. Drug-induced TTP is uncommon and we report a TTP associated with the use of clopidogrel.

Case report

We report a 50-year-old man who presented with acute myocardial infarction and received clopidogrel therapy. He developed acute TTP ten days after clopidogrel onset. Imputability of the drug was demonstrated during a reintroduction test. Deficiency of ADAMTS 13 was confirmed and autoantibodies against ADAMTS 13 were detected. Complete remission was obtained after 24 plasma exchange sessions and adjunction of corticosteroids.

Conclusion

Drug-induced TTP are probably immunologic, as was demonstrated in our patient. Clinicians should be aware of this possible uncommon adverse effect of clopidogrel because prompt therapy is imperative for life saving.     

氯吡格雷抵抗与临床应用

就氯吡格雷抵抗发生机制及其氯吡格雷的临床应用做一综述。