全髋关节置换后股骨假体柄周围骨折15例：按Vancouver方法分类治疗

回顾性分析1997-05/2007-05广东省人民医院骨科收治的15例全髋关节置换后股骨假体周围骨折患者的临床资料,均按Vancouver分类方法进行分类治疗,其中AG型1例、AL型1例、B1型3例、B2型5例、B3型3例、C型2例.根据分型A型骨折采用非手术治疗,B1、C型采用切开复位内固定器械固定治疗,B2、B3型骨折采用长柄假体翻修+异体骨植骨.翻修+植骨或内固定后随访3～12个月,15例患者骨折愈合,异体骨移植成功,假体固定可靠,髋关节功能Harris评分疗效优良率为73.3%,但合并有其他可治愈的并发症.提示根据Vancouver分类方法选择不同的方案治疗全髋关节置换后假体柄周围骨折,效果良好.     

人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位全髋关节翻修:同一机构13年143例置换者中的5例翻修

背景:前期文献对人工双动股骨头置换后翻修原因的分析主要集中在假体松动下沉、髋臼磨损、假体柄断裂等方面,有关置换后近期脱位翻修的报道较少.目的:分析人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位的原因,探讨行人工全髋关节置换翻修的必要性.方法;回顾性分析1995-05/2008-10行人工双动股骨头置换后全髋关节翻修5例患者的临床资料,男3例,女2例,年龄75～87岁,平均81岁.翻修原因均为置换后近期脱位,所有病例均一期翻修,有骨质缺损者同时植骨.翻修后早期观察血常规及血沉变化;翻修后6个月,1,2年评估髋关节Harris评分;以X射线平片观察骨盆前后位髋臼假体位置.结果与结论:所有患者翻修后获得至少1年(1～4年)随访,无一例需要再翻修,末次随访Harris评分平均88分.全部病例翻修后无伤口感染和神经血管损伤.扩髓时骨皮质不全骨折1例,X射线片显示人工关节假体位置正常,无松动感染征象.提示手术技巧不当及病例选择不当为人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位的主要原因.由于双动头的双动特点,一旦脱位难以闭合复位,只能行翻修术.若手术指征正确,手术技巧娴熟,全髋翻修手术可以获得良好的临床效果.     

股骨颈骨折患者内固定方法及人工假体的选择

目的:评价股骨颈骨折患者骨折内固定术与人工股骨头置换术、全髋关节置换术治疗的价值和选择。方法:①试验对象:选择1999-01/2003-12本院收治的180例性别、随访时间均相仿的股骨颈骨折患者。纳入标准:①接受过随访者。②患者对治疗及试验知情同意。排除标准:排除无关死亡、失去随访或资料不全者。将180例患者分为骨折内固定组、人工股骨头置换组和全髋关节置换组,每组60例。②试验方法:根据骨折类型、患者年龄、骨质条件及伴发内科疾病情况选择内固定及假体置入。骨折内固定组采用多根加压中空螺钉固定;人工股骨头置换组采用髋关节外侧切口入路,应用双极人工股骨头置换;全髋关节置换组根据年龄选择相应的假体进行手术。③实验评估:观察所有患者的住院情况,并对术后1,3年的骨折愈合情况进行评定。结果:纳入180例股骨颈骨折患者,均进入结果分析。①3种术式的住院时间相仿,早期并发症均较低;骨折内固定组及人工股骨头置换组的中、远期并发症、再手术率较高,全髋关节置换组手术创伤、假体费用较大,随访功能优良率较高。②术后1年骨折内固定组骨折愈合52例,髋关节功能评定为(87.31±7.12)分;人工股骨头置换组和全髋关节置换组术后1年假体无明显松动,髋关节功能评定分别为(89.31±3.43)分和(93.11±5.11)分。③术后3年骨折内固定组8例出现股骨头缺血性坏死,髋关节功能评定为(78.33±10.63)分;人工股骨头置换组和全髋关节置换组分别有7例及2例发生假体松动,髋关节功能评定为(88.72±3.17)分和(91.72±3.17)分。结论:适应证掌握正确,多根加压中空螺钉固定及人工股骨头置换和人工全髋关节置换3种治疗股骨颈骨折均可达到较满意的效果。严格正确的掌握适应症可能是预防中远期并发症的有效措施。     

发育性髋关节发育不良全髋关节置换术中出现假体周围骨折9例

选择2002—02／2007—05在天津医院关节外科发育性髋臼发育不良、初次人工全髋关节置换术中出现假体周围骨折的患者9例（9髋）。男1例，女8例，年龄52—69岁。初次全髋关节置换选用股骨假体与髓腔锉同号，髋臼假体直径比髋臼锉直径大2mm。对患者术后疼痛、功能、活动范围、畸形程度进行Harris评分。随访时间最短1年，最长6年。髋臼骨折中4例为稳定性骨折，给予多枚螺钉加强固定，1例为不稳定性骨折，给予结构性植骨配合多枚螺钉固定；股骨骨折中1例为VancouverAG型，给予钢丝捆绑固定，3例为BI型，给予锁定加压钢板（LCP）内固定或钢丝捆绑，1例为C型，给予LCP内固定。定期复查X射线片，未发现髋臼假体周围透亮带及松动表现。Harris评分平均为87．2分。结果表明：在发育性髋臼发育不良患者初次人工全髋关节置换术术中，选用的非骨水泥型髋臼假体直径应当不超过髋臼锉直径2mm。对于骨折疏松明显的患者，最好选用与髋臼锉相同直径的髋臼假体并使用螺钉固定，或选用骨水泥型假体。当出现髋臼骨折时，可选用多枚螺钉固定或同时进行髋臼植骨。术中发生骨折，应当根据骨折类型和假体稳定性选用适合的固定方式。     

髋臼骨折伴髋关节脱位的手术治疗

目的 探讨髋臼骨折伴髋关节脱位的手术方法和时机。方法 选择髋臼骨折伴髋关节脱位24例,除1例外,均先行髋关节脱位手法复位骨牵引,髋臼骨折于受伤后平均12天进行切开复位内固定,内固定的方法有：弧形髋臼钢板、松质骨螺丝钉、交叉克氏针、记忆合金骑缝钉等,术中要求骨折块解剖复位。结果 髋臼骨折块解剖复位17例,满意复位6例,不满意复位1例,疗效评定优良率79．2％。1例术后髋臼骨折块被吸收出现髋关节再脱位,2例晚期出现股骨头无菌性坏死。结论 髋臼骨折伴髋关节脱位早期进行髋关节脱位手法复位,伤后2周内进行髋臼骨折切开复位内固定和骨折块解剖复位是恢复髋关节功能和防止远期股骨头无菌性坏死的主要因素。     

大直径金属对金属全髋关节假体置换49髋随访分析

背景:传统全髋关节置换在年轻、活动量高的患者中有较高的早期失败率.大直径金属对金属全髋关节置换具有杰出的稳定性、低磨损性,成为解决上述问题的一个重要选择.目的:评价大直径金属对金属全髋关节置换术的临床效果. 方法:2007-04/2009-10常州市中医医院骨科对48例49髋股骨头缺血性坏死、骨关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、髋关节发育不良、股骨颈骨折及其并发症患者进行了大直径金属对金属全髋关节置换.置换后的髋关节功能采用Hams标准评定,每一例患者摄标准的骨盆平片,观察假体位置,比较置换后随访X射线平片的变化.结果与结论:全部患者均获得随访,时间3～34个月,平均20.2个月.患者置换后无脱位,无感染,无髋臼及股骨骨折.2例髋臼假体周围发现透亮带.1例出现腹股沟区疼痛.2例出现关节周围响声.最近一次随访Harris平均评分96分,优良率100%.提示大直径金属对金属全髋关节置换可有效的治疗股骨头缺血性坏死、骨关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、髋关节发育不良、股骨颈骨折及其并发症,近期随访结果满意.     

人工全髋关节置换后33例翻修原因解析

背景：人工髋关节置换后出现感染、假体松动、假体磨损断裂、骨溶解、复发性脱位等并发症的数量逐渐增多,最终导致行全髋关节翻修。 目的：分析人工全髋关节置换后进行翻修的原因和治疗措施。 方法：对33例患者全髋关节翻修的原因、假体选择、骨缺损处理及康复进行分析研究。其中髋臼有21例行普通金属杯加内衬置换、8例行大头臼杯置换、4例行聚乙烯臼杯置换。股骨柄有15例行普通柄（11例应用骨水泥固定）置换、18例行加长柄置换（9例应用骨水泥、6例为组合型柄）。 结果与结论：33例患者全部获得随访,翻修后随访24-60个月,平均随访36.5个月;翻修后伤口愈合良好,假体固定可靠,未再次出现感染脱位患者;髋关节功能均得到了较大的改善,Harris评分：翻修前平均为37.1分,翻修后平均为91.3分。中短期临床随访结果示,若翻修手术指征正确,骨缺损处理得当,翻修假体选择正确,行一期人工全髋关节翻修可以获得良好的临床疗效。     

BetaCone双锥度生物固定型髋关节柄在严重骨质疏松全髋关节置换中的早期应用

背景：全髋关节置换股骨部分采用非骨水泥固定已成为国际流行的趋势,但临床上许多诸如高龄、绝经、强直性脊柱炎等情形导致发生严重骨质疏松的患者,其选用生物固定柄的股骨柄效果仍有待大宗病历证实。目的：总结使用BetaCone双锥度生物固定型髋关节柄在严重骨质疏松患者全髋关节置换中的应用效果。设计、时间及地点：回顾性病例分析,于2006-10/2008-01在天津市人民医院完成。对象：选取同期天津市人民医院收治的行人工全髋关节置换的11例严重骨质疏松患者（11髋）,强直性脊柱炎4例,髋关节置换后无菌性松动5例,股骨颈骨折2例,其中强直性脊柱炎2例虽为双侧患病,但考虑到患者身体状况仅行单侧置换。BetaCone双锥度生物固定型髋关节柄假体为德国LINK公司产品。方法：11例患者全髋关节置换均采用常规后外侧入路,强直性脊柱炎患者融合髋手术先行股骨颈楔形截骨以获得较好的显露。在髋臼假体安装完成后,股骨髓腔近端开口,保持正确的前倾角打入髓腔锉,选用与扩髓锉同号的假体安装复位。置换前后使用Harris评分系统进行功能评定。常规摄髋关节正侧位X射线片,了解假体与骨界面是否有透光区和硬化带,观察假体是否有移位发生以及假体与股骨的接触情况、假体固定的稳定性。主要观察指标：全髋关节置换效果,置换后并发症。结果：11例骨质疏松患者均获得完整随访,目前平均随访8.7个月。由于本病例分析是早期报道,故取4例随访时间达6个月的患者病历进行结果分析。Harris评分由置换前的平均47.3分上升到置换后的83.2分,优良率90.1%,最近一次随访X射线片评价假体在位良好,无松动、下沉现象,关节功能恢复情况满意。1例翻修患者于髋关节置换后3个月复查时发现1区有局限性透光带,无明显硬化带,患者无静息痛或活动疼痛,无全身发热、局部红肿表现,为骨长入性稳定。置换过程中发生大转子骨折1髋,经张力带钢丝固定良好。股骨劈裂1髋为股骨距裂纹骨折,再次处理髓腔,假体置换后4个月骨折愈合,假体稳定。所有患者在住院期间均未发生神经并发症,无急性感染和下肢深血栓形成。结论：使用BetaCone双锥度生物固定型髋关节柄治疗需行全髋关节置换的严重骨质疏松患者短期效果满意。     

终末期肾病患者行髋关节置换的特征

背景：终末期肾病患者由于长期的骨代谢、内分泌异常及使用激素,常易发生股骨颈骨折、股骨头缺血坏死等疾病。当需行人工关节置换时相对于常规髋关节置换具有不同的特点。目的：观察生物型或骨水泥型假体行全髋关节置换治疗终末期肾病合并髋关节疾病的情况。方法：回顾分析中山大学附属第三医院2006年6月至2012年3月问收治15例终末期肾病合并髋关节疾病患者行全髋关节或人工股骨头置换的临床资料,其中男4例,女11例;股骨颈骨折8例（1例为双侧股骨颈骨折）,股骨头缺血坏死5例,骨关节炎2例,共16髋。关节置换的方式包括全髋关节置换9髋（生物型5髋,股骨侧为骨水泥型4髋）,人工股骨头置换7髋（生物型2髋,骨水泥型5髋）。出院后门诊随访X射线观察假体周围有无透亮区出现和动态变化情况,采用Harris评分和SF-36评分评估关节功能恢复和生存质量改善情况。结果与结论：置换后随访时间为0．5—4年,呈偏态分布,中位数时间为30个月,Harris髋关节功能评分由置换前的（53．0±5．8）分增加至末次随访的（86．0±3．8）分。SF-36评分由置换前的（65．0±2．4）分增加至末次随访的（83．0±4．9）分。出院前出现5例并发症,2例置换后透析时出现低血压休克,2例肺部感染,1例伤口延迟愈合,经对症治疗后恢复。置换后随访未见假体松动、脱位、假体感染等并发症。早中期随访结果显示,对于合并终末期。肾病的髋关节疾病患者髋关节置换可以解除疼痛,改善髋关节功能,有效改善终末期肾病患者的生存质量,但部分患者由于本身终末肾病的进展可能会影响置换后的恢复效果。     

“钢筋混凝土”在髋臼重建中的应用

背景：在全髋关节置换中,髋臼缺损很常见,为重建一个稳定、牢固的髋臼,置换过程中往往需要髋臼的重建。目的：探讨螺钉固定钛网结合骨水泥型髋臼杯在髋臼重建中应用的早期疗效。方法：纳入采用螺钉固定钛网结合骨水泥型臼杯重建髋臼髋关节翻修的患者23例。疼痛病史1-3年,术前Harris评分20-48分,平均34分。重建后采用X射线平片评价髋臼假体松动标准进行影像学评价及Harris评分定期随访。结果与结论：重建后随访1-3年,平均随访24个月,无脱失。重建后3个月Harris评分较重建前显著增高,置换后2年髋关节活动度较置换前显著增高,差异均有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。2例患者下肢不等长,1例患者下蹲后出现脱位,保守治疗后好转。最后一次随访时无早期感染、脱位,无盆腔不适感。重建后随访影像学上显示无髋臼假体松动与移位,未发生钛网断裂。说明螺钉固定钛网结合骨水泥型髋臼杯治疗65岁以上髋关节翻修患者其近期疗效十分满意,后期疗效还有待于进一步随访观察。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.