组织工程化软骨修复关节软骨缺损

背景：目前治疗软骨缺损的方法均有明显缺陷,组织工程软骨修复关节软骨缺损为微创治疗软骨缺损提供了新方法。目的：总结组织工程软骨应用于修复关节软骨缺损的新进展。方法：由第一作者用计算机检索万方数据库（2000/2010）和PubMed数据库（2000/2010）,检索词分别为＂软骨缺损,组织工程软骨＂和＂articular cartilage defects,tissue-engineered cartilage＂,语言分别设定为中文和英文。从组织工程软骨及其新进展2方面进行总结,对组织工程软骨的发展及构建等方面进行介绍。共检索到666篇文献,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入23篇文章。结果与结论：近年来随着细胞支架材料的不断发展和组织构建技术的日趋成熟,结合活性细胞和支架的组织工程软骨为微创修复关节软骨缺损提供了良好的治疗手段及方法,组织工程软骨修复软骨缺损是完全可行的,C-GP凝胶与种子细胞相容性好,可做为组织工程软骨的理想支架,但细胞支架的制备及选择仍然是组织工程软骨的热点和难点。     

组织工程化软骨修复关节软骨缺损

背景:目前治疗软骨缺损的方法均有明显缺陷,组织工程软骨修复关节软骨缺损为微创治疗软骨缺损提供了新方法.目的:总结组织工程软骨应用于修复关节软骨缺损的新进展.方法:由第一作者用计算机检索万方数据库(2000/2010)和PubMed 数据库(2000/2010),检索词分别为"软骨缺损,组织工程软骨"和"articular cartilage defects,tissue-engineered cartilage ",语言分别设定为中文和英文.从组织工程软骨及其新进展2 方面进行总结,对组织工程软骨的发展及构建等方面进行介绍.共检索到666 篇文献,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入23 篇文章.结果与结论:近年来随着细胞支架材料的不断发展和组织构建技术的日趋成熟,结合活性细胞和支架的组织工程软骨为微创修复关节软骨缺损提供了良好的治疗手段及方法,组织工程软骨修复软骨缺损是完全可行的,C-GP 凝胶与种子细胞相容性好,可做为组织工程软骨的理想支架,但细胞支架的制备及选择仍然是组织工程软骨的热点和难点.     

纳米支架与关节软骨重建

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石因具有与骨组织中天然羟磷灰石晶体尺寸相关的特性以及具有良好的生物相容性和骨传导性,被广泛用于骨组织工程。目的：对纳米支架材料的性能进行阐述,探讨仿生多层纳米支架构建和纳米支架体内试验研究的新进展。方法：由作者应用计算机检索PubMed数据库及CNKI数据库1979/2011,在英文标题和摘要中以＂cartilage,nano＂和＂cartilage,nanofiberornanofibrous＂检索,中文文献检索以＂软骨,纳米,支架＂为关键词,选择内容与纳米支架、软骨损伤修复与软骨组织工程相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,共纳入50篇文献。结果与结论：软骨自我修复能力有限,软骨组织工程作为一种新治疗手段为其治愈提供了可能,纳米支架则以其优越的性能成为软骨组织修复的重要生物材料,纳米支架的仿生分层设计与制备及其生物性能的最优化,以及大宗样本临床试验的缺乏成为制约纳米支架材料应用于临床软骨缺损修复的关键问题。     

纳米支架与关节软骨重建

背景:纳米羟基磷灰石因具有与骨组织中天然羟磷灰石晶体尺寸相关的特性以及具有良好的生物相容性和骨传导性,被广泛用于骨组织工程。目的:对纳米支架材料的性能进行阐述,探讨仿生多层纳米支架构建和纳米支架体内试验研究的新进展。方法:由作者应用计算机检索PubMed数据库及CNKI数据库1979/2011,在英文标题和摘要中以"cartilage,nano"和"cartilage,nanofiberornanofibrous"检索,中文文献检索以"软骨,纳米,支架"为关键词,选择内容与纳米支架、软骨损伤修复与软骨组织工程相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,共纳入50篇文献。结果与结论:软骨自我修复能力有限,软骨组织工程作为一种新治疗手段为其治愈提供了可能,纳米支架则以其优越的性能成为软骨组织修复的重要生物材料,纳米支架的仿生分层设计与制备及其生物性能的最优化,以及大宗样本临床试验的缺乏成为制约纳米支架材料应用于临床软骨缺损修复的关键问题。     

组织工程关节软骨：新生软骨与移植物周围正常软骨的整合及重塑

背景：由于关节软骨的组织再生能力非常低,因此创伤或退变疾病导致软骨缺损很难实现自身修复。 目的：通过资料分析了解关节软骨组织工程学的研究现状。 方法：以“Articular cartilage, Tissue engineering, Signaling molecules, Scaffolds”为英文检索词,“关节软骨,组织工程学,细胞来源,信号分子,支架”为中文检索词,检索 Pubmed 数据库、CNKI 数据库2000至2013年发表的相关文献。共检索到202篇文献,排除无关重复的文献,保留70篇进行综述。 结果与结论：软骨细胞和干细胞是当前软骨组织工程研究的主要细胞来源。多种细胞因子、激素类物质及生长因子会影响软骨细胞的合成及分解代谢过程。新型生物材料支架可为细胞提供一个适宜的环境,刺激细胞软骨基质合成,临时替代天然软骨基质的功能,直至新生软骨形成。而随着研究的不断深入,组织工程学关节软骨必将表现出良好的应用前景。     

关节软骨缺损修复的研究与进展

目的:综合分析关节软骨的功能特征及临床上治疗关节软骨缺损的方法。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline 1994-01/2005-02有关关节软骨功能特性及关节软骨缺损治疗方法的文章,检索词“articular cartilage,cartilage tissue engineering,joint replacement”,限定文章语言种类为English。同时检索万方数据库2000-01/2005-12有关关节软骨功能特性及关节软骨缺损治疗方法的文章,检索词“关节软骨,软骨缺损,组织工程”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对检索到的关节软骨及软骨缺损方面的相关信息进行整理,选取针对性强的文章。同一领域的文献则选择近期发表或权威杂志的文章。资料提炼:共检索到62篇相关文献,其中23篇文章符合要求。资料综合:由于体内关节软骨的自身修复能力极其有限,一旦发生损伤或者病变,很难自愈,甚至导致关节损坏,多需要外源性修复或启动内源性因素修复。当前,治疗关节软骨疾病的手术方法有软骨下穿透术、软组织移植术、关节软骨移植、关节置换等手段,而目前软骨组织工程的发展也为关节软骨修复提供了一种前景光明的治疗手段。结论:虽然已有诸多方法用于治疗关节软骨损伤和病变,且在短期内有一定疗效,但目前仍无有效的治疗手段确保关节软骨长期的功能恢复。所以软骨修复未来的发展应当基于化学、生物学及其他生命科学的概念,来设计、构建和恢复复杂关节软骨的功能。     

不同种类组织工程化细胞移植修复关节软骨的损伤

背景:单纯药物治疗不能何效促进关节软骨缺损的愈合;自体软骨来源有限,软骨移植手术也相应受到限制.目的:分析关节软骨损伤类型及局部微环境的改变,总结近年来国内外组织工程种了细胞移植研究相关进展以及细胞移植修复关节软骨损伤治疗进展.方法:以Tissue engineering,cell transplantation,articular cartilage defects为检索词,检索Pubmed数据库(1993-01/2008-12);以组织工程,细胞移植,关节软骨损伤为柃索词,检索CNKI数据库(2000-01/2008-12).文献检索语种限制为英文和中文.纳入与关节软骨损伤以及分类密切相关性研究,组织工程种子细胞移植技术相关性应用研究.排除重复性研究.以种子细胞的存活和迁移,以及移植后关节功能的恢复和不良反应为评价指标.结果与结论:计算机初检得到201篇文献,根据纳入排除标准,对组织工程细胞移植修复关节软骨损伤的研究进行分析.临床上,创伤性或骨关节炎造成的关节软骨损伤较为常见,关节软骨自身修复能力差,一旦损伤将很难修复.组织工程细胞移植技术的出现为成功治愈关节软骨损伤带来了新的希望.在动物模型和临床研究中,细胞移植治疗关节软骨损伤已经取得良好的修复效果,但这一技术仍有改进的余地.目前的研究集中在如何从技术上改善组织工程3要素,即细胞,生物支架材料和生物活性因子.自体软骨再生仍然是关节软骨缺损修复的理论支柱,但进一步的研究需要优化其再生效果以及维持更加稳定的软骨细胞表型等等.组织工程细胞移植修复关节软骨损伤疗效较好,随着目前组织工程研究的深入,细胞移植修复技术有望成为临床上治疗关节软骨损伤的新方法.     

组织工程化神经修复周围神经创伤的应用

背景：近年来,随着生物工程技术以及组织工程化神经的发展给周围神经缺损的治疗带来了新的希望,已逐渐成为研究的焦点。目的：从种子细胞、生物材料以及构建周围神经组织技术3个方面综述组织工程方法修复周围神经损伤的新进展。方法：由第一作者在2013年7月应用计算机检索PubMed 数据库及CNKI 数据库,英文关键词为“tissue engineering,peripheral nerves,nerve injuries,stem cel s,schwann cel s,scaffold,growth factor”,中文关键词为“组织工程,周围神经,神经损伤,干细胞,许旺细胞,支架,生长因子”。选择内容与神经组织工程、周围神经损伤修复相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,共纳入63篇文献。结果与结论：现阶段组织工程方法修复周围神经损伤的研究虽已取得很大进展,但大多停留于实验探索阶段。将组织工程神经应用于临床尚存下列问题亟待解决：①种子细胞来源及伦理。②细胞扩增后移植的免疫排斥。③移植细胞稳定性问题及致瘤性。④神经支架材料的降解速度、最佳孔隙率、导管厚度、形状等。⑤体外神经构建后移植修复时机。⑥各种神经生物因子的局部释放与调控等等。随着科技的发展,期待上述问题的解决,从而使得众多临床神经损伤患者受益。     

软骨组织工程学方法修复关节软骨缺损

背景：关节软骨缺损在临床上十分常见,随着分子生物学和组织工程学等学科的不断发展,为关节软骨缺损的修复提供了大量新的方法和思路,利用软骨组织工程学方法修复关节软骨缺损成为目前骨科领域研究的热点。目的：总结并讨论目前软骨组织工程学方法修复关节软骨缺损的研究现状,综述应用软骨组织工程学方法修复关节软骨缺损的研究进展。方法：由第一作者应用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI：2000/2010）和Medline（1990/2010）数据库中的相关文章,检索词分别为＂关节软骨缺损,软骨组织工程＂和＂articular cartilage defects（ACD）,cartilage tissue engineering＂,语言分别设定为中文和英文。共检索得文章786篇,从中选取相关文章44篇,从软骨组织工程学方法修复关节软骨缺损过程中的种子细胞、支架材料和生物因子3个具体方面的研究进展进行归纳及总结。结果与结论：支架、种子细胞和可调控细胞生长、增殖及分化的生物因子是软骨组织工程的3大要素。软骨组织工程方法主要包括利用体外培养、扩增后的种子细胞,将其种植于支架材料中,在相关调节因素的作用下形成组织工程化软骨,此方法已成为目前治疗关节软骨缺损的重要方法之一,并取得不错的疗效,但迄今为止尚未出现一种法被广泛认可的治疗方案。利用不同新型复合支架材料如修复治疗关节软骨缺损将成为今后研究的主要方向。     

不同材料构建组织工程软骨及支架的应用

背景：组织工程技术的发展为软骨的再生和修复提供了新的途径,根据软骨自身的结构和特点,作为人工软骨的替代材料和支架材料应具有良好的生物力学性能。目的：总结运动性关节软骨损伤修复材料及其支架材料的应用进展及其生物替代材料的生物力学特征,评价目前组织工程软骨材料应用的性能及发展前景。方法：以＂组织工程;软骨组织;支架材料;生物相容性＂为关键词,应用计算机检索维普数据库和PubMed数据库中1990-01/2011-04关于组织工程软骨应用研究的文章,纳入与有关生物材料与组织工程软骨相关的文章;排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。以24篇文献为主重点进行了讨论组织工程软骨材料的种类、性能及其应用效果和前景。结果与结论：目前关节软骨修复领域以自体软骨移植效果为最佳,骨髓基质干细胞在离体试验及动物实验中研究较多,在临床应用中较少,尚在探索阶段。支架材料的应用比较繁复,天然材料、人工合成材料以及复合材料都存在一定的不足,虽然复合材料成为研究的热点,但是某些性能并不能很好地符合支架要求,并且在机体内这些材料所带来的长期影响还不能预见,这就迫切需要新材料的出现,来更好地满足组织软骨织支架的要求,达到修复和重建的目的。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.