内固定物置入分期矫形治疗重度僵硬脊柱侧凸

背景：重度脊柱侧凸是目前临床治疗的难点,目前研究表明分期矫形治疗是一种安全有效的治疗手段。目的：分析分期矫形在治疗重度脊柱侧弯中的疗效。方法：对10例重度僵硬的脊柱侧凸分期矫形治疗进行回顾性分析,平均年龄12岁。冠状面Cobb角110°-180°,平均140°,矢状位后凸Cobb角50°-100°,平均75°,均采用1期前路松解,2期行Halo-plevic环牵引,3期后路截骨矫形内固定物治疗。结果与结论：所有病例均顺利完成手术治疗,无严重并发症发生,1期前路松解及2期牵引治疗术后冠状位Cobb角平均90°,矫正率为35.7%,矢状位Cobb角50°,矫正率为33.3%;3期截骨矫形后冠状位Cobb角平均40°,矫正率为71.4%,矢状位Cobb角35°,矫正率为53.3%。结果说明对于重度僵硬脊柱侧凸畸形,分期矫形治疗是有效安全的治疗手段。     

后路一期360°脊椎截骨术治疗重度脊柱侧、后凸畸形的疗效

目的 评价后路一期360°脊椎截骨术治疗重度脊柱侧、后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法 对26例重度脊柱侧、后凸畸形患者采用后路一期360°脊椎截骨、椎间植骨融合、后路椎弓根钉棒系统矫形内固定术治疗,评价其临床疗效。结果 所有患者均安全接受手术,手术时间4.6～7.5 h,平均5.6 h;出血量1600～4300 mL,平均2570 mL。术后约1周戴支具下地活动,2例术前神经损害者有不同程度恢复。矢状面Cobb角由术前平均75°矫正为32°,矫正率为57.3%;冠状面Cobb角由术前平均47°矫正至11°。所有患者随访8个月以上（8～50个月）,围手术期并发症：切口红肿并分泌物1例,一过性下肢麻木2例,无严重并发症（神经损伤等）发生。1例术后11个月发现固定棒断裂,随访36个月畸形未加重。结论 后路一期360°脊椎截骨术是治疗重度脊柱侧、后凸畸形的有效手段,具有矫正率高、安全有效和临床疗效显著的优点。     

椎弓根钉置入并后路半椎体切除修复胸腰椎半椎体畸形前后Cobb角的变化

背景:半椎体畸形是先天性脊柱侧后凸最常见的原因,半椎体切除可以直接去除致畸因素,是较理想的治疗方法.目的:观察和评价经后路Ⅰ期半椎体切除,并椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗胸腰椎体半椎体畸形引起的前后Cobb角的变化,来评价治疗脊柱侧后凸畸形的效果.方法:纳入2008/2010在无锡市第二人民医院骨科住院的11例由单个半椎体引起侧后凸畸形的青少年患者,均经Ⅰ期后路半椎体切除及椎弓根钉内固定修复.结果与结论:患者随访1.0~2.0年,术后站立位全脊柱正侧位X射线片示冠状面Cobb角由修复前的(49.2±12.8)°改善至(16.5±5.8)°,平均矫正率达66.5%,矢状面Cobb角由修复前的(35.7±6.2)°改善至(14.1±1.9)°,平均矫正率达60.5%.终末随访时冠状面Cobb角(19.0±5.8)°,丢失2.8°;矢状面Cobb角(14.4±1.9)°,无明显丢失.且在随访过程中未发生神经系统损伤、感染及内固定失败等并发症.说明经后路Ⅰ期半椎体切除,椎弓根钉内固定修复半椎体畸形所引起的脊柱侧后凸畸形矫形效果满意,丢失率低,融合良好.     

先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者采用半椎体切除治疗临床效果观察

我院60例先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形采用半椎体切除术治疗,观察患者手术前、后Cobb角及矫形率变化等情况。结果经治疗后,在手术后即刻、手术后末次随访时,患者冠状面局部侧凸Cobb角、冠状面整体侧弯Cobb角、头侧代偿弯Cobb角、尾侧代偿弯Cobb角、顶椎偏移、躯干偏移、SVA、矢状面后凸Cobb角较手术前明显减少,经治疗后患者后、侧凸均明显好转且术后未发生明显并发症。应用后路半椎体切除治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者疗效显著且安全。     

经椎弓根椎体截骨矫形不同植入物修复陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形：矢状位后凸Cobb角评价

背景：陈旧性后凸畸形需要矫形手术来进行治疗,目前临床上多采用前路、后路及前后联合入路的手术方式进行陈旧性胸腰椎后凸畸形的矫正,但仍存在争议。目的：探索经椎弓根椎体截骨矫形置入椎弓根螺钉治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形,并以矢状位后凸Cobb角评价效果。方法：以四川省巴中市中心医院在2005年7月至2011年2月收治的26例陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形患者作为研究对象,分为实验组和对照组,各13例。其中对照组患者采用前后路联合的手术方式进行治疗,而实验组患者则经椎弓根椎体截骨矫形进行治疗,对比观察两组患者疾病的治疗效果。结果与结论：与对照组相比,实验组患者手术时间短、术中出血量少,患者治疗后平均后凸Cobb角减小更为显著。且实验组患者治疗后神经功能改善好转率高于对照组,而并发症发生率低于对照组。提示经椎弓根椎体截骨矫形治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形,其治疗效果显著,值得在临床上进一步推广和使用。     

脊柱后路截骨并三维矫形及3代椎弓根钉系统置入治疗休门氏病脊柱后凸畸形:同一机构7年9例资料回顾

背景:目前国内对休门氏病报道较少,缺乏相关临床经验.目的:回顾性分析休门氏病脊柱后凸畸形的诊断、临床表现、手术方法以及术后早期疗效.方法:选择2002-01/2009-12北京协和医院骨科收治的休门氏病脊柱后凸患者9例,均采用脊柱后路截骨并三维矫形治疗.评价治疗前后脊柱后凸矢状面Cobb角、矢状位颈7铅垂线与骶1后缘铅垂线距离以及临床症状的变化.结果与结论:7例患者获得临床及影像学随访,随访时间3～88个月,失访2例.脊柱后凸内固定前Cobb角平均68°(30°～86°),矢状位颈7铅垂线与骶1后缘铅垂线距离平均为4.5 cm;脊柱后凸内固定后Cobb角平均29°(0°～56°),矫正率平均55%(35%～100%),末次随访脊柱后凸Cobb角平均30°(5°～58°),平均丢失1°,矢状位颈7铅垂线与骶1后缘铅垂线距离平均为1.5 cm,随访未发生明显丢失.全部随访病例均未发生神经损伤及其他并发症.经治疗后脊柱外形恢复正常或接近正常,局部无压痛.提示应用一期脊柱后路截骨配合三维矫形器械可以有效地矫正休门氏病脊柱后凸畸形,获得满意的脊柱矢状位力线,良好的植骨融合以及内固定后短时间佩戴支具有助于矫形效果的维持.     

半椎体切除术治疗先天性腰骶弯

  目的  探讨腰骶段半椎体手术治疗策略。  方法  本科2001年1月至2010年1月共收治了877例先天性脊柱侧凸患者, 其中腰骶段半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸8例。通过术前、术后及随访时X线片, 对这8例患者的半椎体特点、手术方式、侧凸冠状面Cobb角、矢状面Cobb角、躯干偏移进行回顾性分析。  结果  完全分节型半椎体5例, 部分分节型半椎体3例。一期前后路半椎体切除1例, 一期后路半椎体切除7例。手术出血量200~2300 ml, 平均692 ml; 手术时间平均6.5 h。短节段固定6例, 长节段固定2例。手术前后及末次随访时腰骶弯冠状面Cobb角分别平均为33.1°、9.8°和14.0°, 术后即刻矫正率为70.4%, 最终矫形率为57.7%;手术前后和末次随访时近端腰弯冠状面Cobb角分别平均为32.5°、12.6°和14.2°, 术后即刻矫正率为61.2%, 最终矫形率为56.3%。术前4例患者有冠状面躯干失平衡。全部病例随访12~82个月, 平均30.9个月。并发症包括伤口裂开1例, 椎弓根螺钉位置不良2例, 一过性神经根损伤1例, 其中1例行翻修手术。最终随访时7例患者冠状面躯干偏移改善, 1例患者发生冠状面躯干失平衡加重, 无矢状面失平衡发生。  结论  腰骶段半椎体畸形可引起明显的冠状面躯干失平衡, 应及早手术治疗。早期病例往往畸形较轻, 可采用半椎体切除+短节段固定融合术。如果畸形较重或代偿弯较明显则需要延长融合范围。     

双侧钉棒梯次紧凑闭合脊髓短缩联合植入物内固定矫正僵硬性脊柱角状后凸

背景：胸腰椎角状后凸手术的治疗难点在于矫正率低,矢状面重建难,易发生神经并发症,术后失平衡、假关节发生率高及术后矫正度丢失。 目的：探讨改良经后路全脊椎切除截骨端双侧钉棒梯次紧凑闭合脊髓逐步短缩联合植入物内固定治疗严重脊柱角状后凸畸形的安全性和有效性。 方法：选择2006年1月至2013年12月解放军第306医院骨科收治的严重脊柱角状后凸畸形患者87例,男36例,女51例,采用经后路全脊椎切除截骨、双侧钉棒联合梯次紧凑闭合脊髓逐步短缩、植入物内固定方法治疗,对患者治疗前、后的后凸角、脊柱矢状位失平衡、躯干侧方偏移率、手术时间及术中失血量进行观察分析。 结果与结论：患者治疗前的后凸角为31°-138°,平均90.1°;治疗后为15°-57°,平均27.9°,改善率为76%。躯干矢状位偏移的改善率为76%。术中失血量为800-3000 mL,平均失血量为2300 mL;手术时间为5-7 h,平均手术时间5.9 h;治疗前2例患者伴有双下肢神经症状,Frankel分型C级,治疗后恢复至E级。治疗后随访9-57个月,所有患者的截骨节段均获得骨性融合,无脊髓损伤并发症出现,无矫形角度丢失。提示经后路全脊椎切除截骨治疗重度僵硬性胸椎角状后凸畸形,术中可对血管最大限度的保留,避免血管损伤导致脊髓的缺血性改变以及缺血再灌注损伤等,低体质量患者手术过程中减少出血、以及保障有效血容量是治疗后早期恢复的有效保障;双侧钉棒联合梯次紧凑闭合脊髓逐步短缩脊柱矫形技术在胸腰椎角状后凸畸形的矫正过程中能够最大限度保护脊髓细胞不受损伤,应注意对神经根的保护和松解,避免术后出现相应的神经根刺激症状;充分的植骨融合程度是保证后凸畸形矫正、避免脊柱侧方偏移,同时又是脊柱功能和术后矫形效果的有效保障。     

Isola钉棒系统三维矫形改善脊柱侧凸患者冠、矢状面及旋转畸形的改善效果

目的:评价应用Isola钉棒系统矫正脊柱侧凸冠状面、矢状面和轴状面畸形患者的术后功能效果。方法:回顾性分析西安市红十字会医院脊柱科2001-03/2003-06应用Isola钉棒系统治疗脊柱侧凸患者22例。特发性侧凸18例,先天性侧凸4例。男13例,女9例;年龄12～18岁,平均14.5岁;术前冠状面Cobb角45°～83°,平均62°,矢状面Cobb角12°～54°,平均34°,椎体旋转按Nash-Moe分型I度6例,II度13例,III度3例。结果:术后冠状位矫正为20°～31°,矫正率为62%～85%,平均69%,矢状位矫正为21°～32°,平均26°。椎体旋转矫正I度。随访9个月～3年,平均2.4年,植骨融合良好,矫正角度丢失率<4.4%。结论:应用Isola钉棒内固定系统校正脊柱侧凸,利用悬臂技术产生的平移力获得冠状面良好矫正率的同时,可获得矢状面的矫正,并保持躯干平衡。     

Isola钉棒系统三维矫形改善脊柱侧凸患者冠、矢状面及旋转畸形的改善效果

目的:评价应用Isola钉棒系统矫正脊柱侧凸冠状面、矢状面和轴状面畸形患者的术后功能效果.方法:回顾性分析西安市红十字会医院脊柱科2001-03/2003-06应用Isola钉棒系统治疗脊柱侧凸患者22例.特发性侧凸18例,先天性侧凸4例.男13例,女9例;年龄12～18岁,平均14.5岁;术前冠状面Cobb角45&;#176;～83&;#176;,平均62&;#176;,矢状面Cobb角12&;#176;～54&;#176;,平均34&;#176;,椎体旋转按Nash-Moe分型Ⅰ度6例,Ⅱ度13例,Ⅲ度3例.结果:术后冠状位矫正为20&;#176;～31 &;#176;,矫正率为62%～85%,平均69%,矢状位矫正为21&;#176;～32&;#176;,平均26&;#176;.椎体旋转矫正Ⅰ度.随访9个月～3年,平均2.4年,植骨融合良好,矫正角度丢失率＜4.4%.结论:应用Isola钉棒内固定系统校正脊柱侧凸,利用悬臂技术产生的平移力获得冠状面良好矫正率的同时,可获得矢状面的矫正,并保持躯干平衡.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.