含乌司他丁低温肺保护液在法洛四联症体外循环术中的应用

目的 探讨含乌司他丁(UTI)的低温肺保护液对婴幼儿法洛四联症体外循环肺内炎性反应的保护作用.方法 30例行法洛四联症(TOF)根治术病婴,随机分为肺保护组和对照组,各15例.术前有感染征象(白细胞>12×109/L、体温>38℃,C-反应蛋白>8 mg/L)、有过敏史者除外.肺保护组心脏停跳同时肺动脉灌注低温肺保护液,对照组常规行TOF根治术.围术期监测血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、中性粒细胞CD11b的表达和髓过氧化物酶(MPO),同时监测血气、肺功能及临床指标.结果 血清TNF-α水平肺保护组较对照组低,关胸后0、3 h差异有统计学意义,(11.15±2.47)pg/ml对(14.21±5.55)pg/ml、(12.01±2.69)pg/ml对(15.94±4.86)pg/ml.肺保护组新鲜全血中性粒细胞表面的CD11b平均荧光强度(MFI)水平关胸后3、6 h显著低于对照组,(126.23±36.05)对(156.98±48.34)、(137.27±38.85)对(173.27±67.43).肺保护组MPO水平关胸后3、6、24 h显著低于对照组,(156.52±17.57)U/L对(178.45±35.68)U/L、(178.28±23.63)U/L对(224.66±49.66)U/L、(130.52±57.50)U/L对(96.50±14.49)U/L.肺保护组呼吸机辅助时间明显较对照组短,(17.60±6.39)h对(23.70±8.51)h.肺保护组肺泡-动脉氧阶差(A-aDO2)在关胸后3、6 h显著低于对照组(120.92±33.08)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)对(145.52±39.38)mm Hg、(74.76±40.16)mm Hg对(112.50±44.16)mm Hg.肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)在关胸后3、6 h肺保护组显著高于对照组(0.59±0.11)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1对(0.46±0.17)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1、(0.67±0.09)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1对(0.53±0.18)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1.结论 肺动脉灌注含乌司他丁的低温肺保护液明显减轻体外循环术后肺的炎性反应,具有肺保护作用.     

诱导中性粒细胞凋亡减轻体外循环后肺损伤的体内外实验研究

目的观察诱导中性粒细胞(PMN)凋亡对体外循环(CPB)后肺脏损伤的保护作用。方法在体外实验中,Percoll细胞分离液梯度密度离心得PMN,培养48 h,实验组加入不同浓度的克拉霉素 (5、10、20μg/ml)。台盼蓝染色,镜下观察细胞存活率。流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。免疫组化法观察 PMN凋亡相关基因蛋白Fas和bcl-2的表达情况。在体内实验中,将12只绵羊随机分为低分子右旋糖酐肺动脉灌注组(对照组)和低分子右旋糖酐+克拉霉素肺动脉灌注组(实验组)。建立CPB后经肺动脉灌注肺保护液,CPB 90min后撤离CPB。观察呼吸功能,检测细胞因子浓度,并观察肺组织形态学改变及肺内PMN凋亡情况。结果克拉霉素明显缩短PMN的生存期。流式细胞仪检测显示,实验组24 h凋亡率 1、5、10和20μg/ml浓度组分别为(33．7±4．9)％、(48．0±4．9)％、(52．0±5．4)％和(53．0±7．1)％,明显高于对照组的(31．5±3．5)％(P<0．01);免疫组化染色显示实验组Fas的表达较对照组高,而bcl-2的表达低于对照组(P<0．01);体内实验结果显示,实验组肺血管阻力[(10．22±1．44)kPa·s·L-1]低于对照组 [(20．26±4．71)kPa·s·L-1,P<0．01],而动脉血氧指数[(188±48)mm Hg]较对照组[(123±62)mm Hg, P<0．05]高。实验组支气管肺泡灌洗液内细胞因子白细胞介素-8和肿瘤细胞因子均低于对照组(P< 0．05)。形态学观察表明实验组肺损伤较对照组轻。对照组肺内中性白细胞凋亡率为29％,实验组凋亡率达73％(P<0．01)。结论克拉霉素能诱导PMN凋亡,减轻CPB所造成的肺脏损伤。     

体外循环术中低温改良低钾右旋糖酣肺动脉灌注的肺保护作用

目的　研究体外循环(cardiopulmanarybypass, CPB)期间低温改良低钾右旋糖酐(low patassiumdextran, LPD)溶液肺动脉灌注对心脏瓣膜置换病人的肺保护作用。　方法　30例行二尖瓣置换术病人随机分为两组:肺灌注组(15例),CPB术中一次性肺动脉灌注低温改良LPD液;对照组(15例)常规行二尖瓣置换术,未行灌注。分别于术前、CPB结束、手术结束、术后6h测算氧合指数(PaO2 /FiO2 )、肺静态顺应性变化。CPB停机后30min,取病人右上肺组织,观察组织形态学变化。　结果　肺灌注组病人CPB结束、手术结束、术后6h的氧合指数分别为(421±31)、(382±41)、(370±39)mmHg,肺静态顺应性分别为(30. 8±3. 6)、(29. 2±3. 3)、(29. 2±3. 1)ml/cmH2O,明显高于对照组的( 340±33), (321+38), (315±41)mmHg和(24. 2±3. 0)、( 21. 3±2. 8 )、( 19. 0±3. 0 )ml/cmH2O (P<0. 05 )。肺组织活检病理检查结果显示,对照组肺间质水肿明显,有大量炎性细胞浸润,肺灌注组无明显病理改变。　结论　CPB术后存在肺损伤,CPB中采用低温改良LPD液肺动脉灌注具有肺保护作用。     

氯胺酮对大鼠全肝缺血/再灌注后肺损伤的保护作用及机制

目的 观察10 mg/kg氯胺酮对于大鼠全肝缺血/再灌注诱发的急性肺损伤保护作用及其机制.方法 30只9～10周龄雌性SD大鼠以区组随机法随机分为3组(每组10只),假手术组(Sham组),全肝缺血/再灌注组(IR组)以pringle's法阻断门静脉和肝动脉30 min后再灌注1h.全肝缺血/再灌注氯胺酮预处理组(Ket组),以10 mg/kg氯胺酮于全肝血流阻断前20 min经尾静脉注射预处理.测定各组肺组织干湿重比值(W/D比值);血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)含量;逆转录/实时聚合酶链式反应( RT-PCR)法测定肺组织中血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA、细胞间黏附分子-1( ICAM-1 )mRNA含量;Western blot法测定肺组织中核因子-kb( NF-kJ )/P65含量;各组肺组织HE染色后病理评分.结果 血清AST、ALT含量:IR组[AST:(91±25)U/ml,ALT:(67.0±19.4) U/ml]和Ket组[AST:(85±12) U/ml,ALT:(51.3±9.9) U/ml]均高于Sham组[AST:(29±9) U/ml,ALT:(7.8±2.7) U/ml] (P＜0.05).血清TNF-α、ICAM-1含量:IR组[TNF.α:(23.1±4.8) μg/L,ICAM-1:(34±9)μg/L]和Ket组[TNF-α:(19.1+5.8)μg/L,ICAM-1:(41±7) μg/L]均高于Sham组[TNF-α:(8.7±2.4) μg/L,ICAM-1:(13±5)μg/L](P＜0.05).而Ket组和IR组之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05).W/D比值:IR组(6.9±1.7)和Ket组(5.1±1.1)高于Sham组(3.7±0.7)(P＜0.05),IR组高于Ket组(P＜0.05).肺组织中TNF-α mRNA、ICAM-1 mRNA和NF-kb/P65含量:IR组[TNF-α mRNA:(2.91±0.49)μg/L,ICAM-1 mRNA:(2.39±0.58) μg/L,NF-kb/P65:(1.97±0.17) μg/L]高于Sham组[TNF-αmRNA:(1.75±0.29) μg/L,ICAM-1 mRNA:( 1.63±0.33) μg/L,NF-kb/P65:(1.06±0.24) μg/L]和Ket组[TNF-α mRNA:(2.19±0.52) μg/L,ICAM-1 mRNA:(1.78±0.28)μg/L,NF-kb/P65:(1.33±0.30μg/L](P＜0.05).Sham组和Ket组之间无统计学差异(p＞0.05).肺组织病理评分:Sham组低于IR组和Ket组(P＜0.05),Ket组低于IR组(P＜0.05).相关性:TNF-α mRNA与NF-kb/P65正相关,R=0.849(P＜0.05),ICAM-1 mRNA与NF-kb/P65正相关,R=0.639(P＜0.05).结论 10 mg/kg氯胺酮20 min前预处理对于全肝缺血/再灌注肺损伤有保护作用.     

外源性腺苷三磷酸对移植胰腺再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的　探讨外源性三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)对大鼠移植胰腺再灌注损伤的作用及其机制。方法　应用同系大鼠异位全胰十二指肠移植模型 ,供体胰腺分别用EuroCollin液 (EC)或EC液添加ATP约 12～ 2 0ml(2～ 4℃ )进行低温灌注保存 6 0min ,光镜观察胰腺组织结构变化 ,放射自显影鉴定外源性ATP是否进入胰腺细胞内 ,高压液相色谱法 (HPLC)检测保存后移植物ATP和总腺苷核苷酸(TAN)。移植 2 4h后 ,检测血糖、血清中脂肪酶、淀粉酶 ,测定移植胰腺组织中髓过氧化酶 (MPO)活性 ,并进行组织学观察。结果　实验组保存的胰腺组织结构损伤明显轻于对照组。保存后实验组胰腺组织ATP和TAN水平 [(5 6 6± 0 37) μmol/ g ,(8 6 2± 0 88) μmol/g]明显高于对照组 [(2 82±0 2 4 ) μmol/ g ,(4 34± 0 4 1) μmol/ g],差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。放射自显影显示外源性 [α 3 2 P]ATP进入胰腺细胞内。移植胰腺早期功能指标检测 ,实验组血糖值 [(9 3± 2 2 )mmol/L]明显低于对照组 [(14 1± 2 9)mmol/L],实验组血清脂肪酶 [(139± 13)U/L]明显低于对照组 [(2 96± 2 5 )U/L],实验组胰腺组织MPO[(1 19± 0 16 )U/ g ]明显低于对照组 [(2 2 5± 0 2 8)U/ g],差异均具有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　外源性ATP用于胰腺     

自体血管内皮祖细胞移植治疗高肺血流量肺动脉高压

目的 观察自体血管内皮祖细胞(EPCs)移植对高肺血流肺动脉高压(PAH)的治疗作用.方法 将30头实验幼猪随机分为3组,每组10头.假手术组(Sham组)仅开胸;对照组(Control组)行左胸后外侧切口,降主动脉与主肺动脉分流术;EPCs治疗组(EPCs组)手术操作同对照组,术后2周给予EPCs 2×10 7个细胞,颈静脉输入.术前与术后30 d,观察3组猪的肺动脉收缩压(PASP)、肺血管阻力(PVR),血清基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9、内皮素-1(ET-1)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8水平变化,以及肺组织p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)表达活性,肺动脉标本的组织学变化.结果 术后30 d,与Sham组比较,PASP、PVR、MMP-9、ET-1、IL-6、IL-8、p38MAPK在Control组[(6.63±1.20) kPa、(10.44 ±2.53) wood's U、(76.63±10.39) μg/L、(103.66±17.31) μg/L、(43.00 ±7.33) ng/L、(67.39±9.65) ng/L、3.63 ±0.33]和EPCs组[(4.07 ±0.77) kPa、(6.27±0.65) wood's U、(64.11 ±9.73) μg/L、(90.44±13.11) μg/L、(30.44±8.17) ng/L、(53.23±7.37) ng/L、1.73 ±0.37]明显升高(P＜0.01);EPCs组明显低于Control组(P＜0.05);肺组织病理学改变,Control组最为明显,EPCs组轻度改变,Sham组未见明显病理改变.结论 EPCs移植对高肺血流肺动脉高压具有治疗作用,其机制可能为抑制MMP-9、ET-1等致肺组织重构因素的水平,以及抑制肺动脉高压过程中的炎症损伤而发挥作用.     

舒芬太尼后处理对二尖瓣置换患者心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价主动脉根部灌注舒芬太尼对体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下二尖瓣置换患者心肌缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤的影响.方法 择期拟行二尖瓣置换术的风湿性心脏病患者60例,年龄18岁～65岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,心功能分级I或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为2组(每组30例):舒芬太尼后处理组(S组)和对照组(C组).S组在主动脉开放前5 min经主动脉根部一次性给予舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg,C组给予同等容积的生理盐水.于麻醉诱导前(基础状态),主动脉开放后4、8、24 h和48 h,采集右颈内静脉血样,测定心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cardiac troponin Ⅰ,cTnⅠ)的浓度和肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB,CK-MB)的活性.记录两组患者血流动力学变化及术后呼吸机辅助时间、重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)停留时间、术后住院时间以及术后24 h心肌收缩评分等指标.结果 两组患者的平均动脉压(mean artery pressure,MAP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、中心静脉压(central venous pressure,CVP)、心排血量(cardiac output,CO)和每搏量(stroke volume,Sv)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).S组主动脉开放后4、8h时cTnⅠ [(0.50±0.09)、(0.39±0.08) μg/L]浓度及CK-MB[(63±7)、(61±7) U/L]活性较C组[(0.70±0.11)、(0.50±0.10) μg/L,(83±10)、(75±7) U/L]明显降低(P＜0.05).S组术后呼吸辅助时间[(12±4)h]、ICU停留时间[(34±11) h]和术后住院时间[(10±3)d]较C组[(14±4)h、(44±14)h、(13±4)d]明显缩短(P＜0.05),且术后24 h心肌收缩评分[(7.6±2.8)μg·kg-1·min-1]也较C组[(10.3±3.9) μg· kg-1· min-1]明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 主动脉根部灌注舒芬太尼可减轻CPB下二尖瓣置换患者心肌I/R损伤,其机制有待进一步探讨.     

L-精氨酸和氨基胍在大鼠肺移植缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 观察L-精氨酸(L-Arg)和氨基胍对大鼠肺移植后缺血再灌注的保护作用.方法 建立大鼠左单肺移植模型,术后随机分为A组(对照组,腹腔注射生理盐水),B组(腹腔注射L-Arg)、C组(腹腔注射氨基胍)和D组(腹腔注射L-Arg和氨基胍),每组6只.移植肺再灌注2 h后,检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性并测定移植肺干湿重比(W/D)及静脉血中一氧化氮(NO)含量,观察移植肺的病理学形态.结果 再灌注2 h后,B组移植肺的W/D(5.10±0.21)、MPO(1.74±0.26)U/g和MDA(20.87±2.90)μmol/g均低于A组W/D(5.74 ±0.14)、MPO(2.36±0.32)U/g和MDA(31.33 ±3.46)μmol/g;SOD活性(424.29±27.86)U/mgprot、NO含量(175.12 ±17.40)μmol/L、iNOS活性(3.62 ±0.26)U/mgprot和eNOS活性(5.36±0.28)U/mgprot均较A组SOD活性(268.01±26.06)U/mgpro、NO含量(98.29±6.95)μmol/L、iNOS活性(2.53 ±0.22)U/mgprot和eNOS活性(3.57 ±0.40)U/mgprot高(P＜0.05).C组的NO含量(84.13±5.18)μmol/L、iNOS活性(1.81 ±0.09)U/mgprot均较A组低(P＜0.05).D组的W/D(4.79 ±0.19)、MPO(1.24±0.13)U/g、MDA(14.60±4.14)μmol/g、iNOS活性(1.99±0.17)U/mgprot低于A组,SOD活性(493.75±24.95)、NO含量(149.61±10.70)μmol/L、eNOS活性(5.50±0.27)U/mgprot高于A组(P＜0.05).与B组比较,D组的W/D、MPO、MDA、NO含量、iNOS活性降低,SOD升高(P＜0.05).病理形态学检查显示D组炎细胞浸润及渗出最轻,B组次之,A组和C组最差.结论 移植后再灌注早期应用L-Arg可减轻缺血再灌注损伤,应用氨基胍并不能减轻移植肺的损伤,但联合应用L-Arg和氨基胍优于单纯应用L-Arg.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of L-arginine (L-Arg) and aminoguanidine on ischemia-reperfusion injury following rat lung transplantation. Methods The models of rats lung transplantation were established and 4 groups ( n = 6 each) were randomly set up: group A ( normal control group)and treated groups B, C and D. In these groups, different medicines (NS, group A; L-Arg, group B;aminoguanidine, group C; L-Arg and aminoguanidine, group D) were intraperitoneally administered to the recipient rats before reperfusion. After reperfusion for 2 h, the lung graft was harvested for measurements of lung wet/dry ratio ( W/D ) , myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , superoxide dismutase (SOD) , endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) , inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The contents of plasma nitric oxide (NO) were determined. The pathological changes in the lung grafts were observed.Results After reperfusion for 2 h, W/D (5. 10 ±0.21), MPO (1.74 ±0.26) U/g, MDA (20.87 ±2. 90) μmol/g in group B were significantly lower [W/D (5. 74 ± 0. 14), MPO (2. 36 ± 0. 32) U/g,MDA (31. 33 ±3.46) μmol/g] (P ＜ 0. 05), and the levels of SOD (424. 29 ± 27. 86) U/mg protein,NO (175. 12 ± 17. 40) μmol/L, iNOS (3. 62 ±0. 26) U/mg protein and eNOS (5. 36 ±0. 28) U/mg protein were significantly higher than in group A [SOD (268.01 ±26.06) U/mg protein, NO (98.29 ±6.95) μmol/L, iNOS (2.53 ±0.22) U/mg protein and eNOS (3. 57 ±0.40) U/mg protein] (P＜0. 05). The contents of NO (84. 13 ±5. 18) μmol/L and iNOS (1. 81 ±0. 09) U/mg protein in group C were significantly lower than in group A (P ＜ 0. 05). W/D (4. 79 ± 0. 19) , MPO (1. 24 ± 0. 13 ) U/g,MDA (14. 60 ±4. 14) μmol/g, iNOS (1. 99 ±0. 17) U/mg protein were significantly lower than in group A (P ＜0. 05) , and SOD (493. 75 ±24. 95) , NO (149. 61 ± 10. 70) μmol/L and eNOS (5. 50 ±0. 27)U/mg protein in group D were significantly higher than in group A (P＜0. 05). W/D, MPO, MDA, NO and iNOS in group D were significantly reduced as compared with group B (P ＜ 0. 05 ) , and SOD was significantly increased in group B ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) . The pathological examination revealed that the inflammatory cell infiltration in group D was the mildest, followed by groups B, A and C. Conclusion The L-Arg could alleviate the lung ischemia-reperfusion injury after transplantation, the combined used of L-Arg and aminoguanidine could obtain better effects than L-Arg used alone. The aminoguanidine used alone could not alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury after transplantation.     

小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立

目的 建立小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型并分析损伤评估指标的变化趋势.方法 采用96只7～8周龄的纯系C57BL/6雄性小鼠作为研究对象,建立70％肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型.按照缺血时间将小鼠分为假手术组和缺血30、60、90 min组,每组24只.各组小鼠分别于再灌注后6、12、24和48 h处死.通过检测血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)水平以及病理组织学评分、细胞凋亡指数等方法评估各组小鼠肝组织的损伤情况.两独立样本比较采用t检验.结果 术后88只小鼠存活,8只死亡,造模成功率为91.7％ (88/96).假手术组、缺血30、60、90 min组ALT水平分别为(35±24) U/L、(1703±442) U/L、(5133±681) U/L和(8233±808) U/L,缺血30、60、90 min组ALT水平显著高于假手术组(t=6.54,12.97,17.56,P＜0.05);AST水平分别为(87±28) U/L、(2667 ±451) U/L、(6333±778)U/L和(9967±1168) U/L,缺血30、60、90 min组AST水平显著高于假手术组(t=9.89,13.89,14.65,P＜0.05);TNF-α水平分别为(14 ±5) μg/L、(83±14) μg/L、(133±17) μg/L和(202±21) μg/L,缺血30、60、90 min组TNF-α水平显著高于假手术组(t=7.78,11.82,15.34,P＜0.05);IL-6水平分别为(32 ±9) μg/L、(493±168) μg/L、(844±166) μg/L和(1345±198) μg/L,缺血30、60、90min组IL-6水平显著高于假手术组(=4.74,8.46,11.48,P＜0.05);MIP-2水平分别为(37±11) μg/L、(102±35) μg/L、(177±32)μg/L和(279±50) μg/L,缺血30、60、90 min组MIP-2水平显著高于假手术组(t=3.05,7.28,8.19,P＜0.05);细胞凋亡指数分别为1.7％±2.1％、22.7％±8.6％、54.3％±11.2％和76.3％±14.8％,缺血30、60、90 min组细胞凋亡指数显著高于假手术组(t=4.10,8.04,8.63,P＜0.05).在缺血时间相同的情况下,随着再灌注时间的延长,各监测指标呈“抛物线”样变化趋势.结论 小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型能较好地反映小鼠肝组织的损伤情况.随着缺血时间的延长,小鼠肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤程度逐渐加重;随着再灌注时间的延长,ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6、MIP-2以及病理组织学评分和细胞凋亡指数均呈现“抛物线”样变化趋势.     

缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏低温保存损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨缺血预处理 (IPC)对大鼠肝脏低温保存损伤的保护作用。方法　制备大鼠肝脏离体非循环灌注模型 ,对供肝分别作不同时间的IPC (IPC1组缺血 5min、IPC2 组缺血 10min、IPC3 组缺血 15min) ,而后比较各组供肝的损伤程度。结果　流出液中AST和ALT的水平 ,IPC1组分别为 (4 0 .1± 6.3 )U/L和 (17.1± 0 .5 )U /L ,IPC2 组分别为 (5 3 .6± 3 .7)U/L和 (19.7± 0 .5 )U /L ,均显著低于未预处理 (NPC)组的 (64 .5± 8.2 )U/L和 (2 3 .8± 3 .9)U /L (P<0 .0 5 ) ;IPC1组又显著低于IPC2 组和IPC3 组的 (63 .8± 7.2 )U/L和 (2 2 .8± 2 .5 )U /L (P<0 .0 5 )。LDH水平 ,NPC组、IPC1组、IPC2 组和IPC3 组分别为 (10 4.3± 2 0 .6)U/L、(84.1± 19.7)U /L、(90 .5± 2 1.1)U/L和 (10 3 .1± 18.5 )U /L ,4组间差异无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但均高于正常组〔(71.5± 18.9)U /L〕 (P<0 .0 5 )。胆汁分泌量及肝组织ATP含量 ,IPC1组分别为 (5 3 .5± 10 .2 ) μl和 (6.15± 0 .65 ) μmol/g ,IPC2 组分别为 (4 1.5± 8.1) μl和 (4 .77± 0 .2 1) μmol/g ,均显著高于NPC组的 (2 2 .8± 9.7) μl和 (2 .62± 0 .3 4) μmol/g (P<0 .0 5 ) ;IPC1组又显著高于IPC2 组和IPC3 组的 (2 7.5± 2 .8) μl和 (2 .61     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.