彩色多普勒超声在下肢静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的 探究二维及彩色多普勒超声检查对下肢静脉血栓的诊断价值.方法应用二维及彩色多普勒超声对30例下肢静脉血栓患者进行检查,观察血管内径、血栓范围、血栓回声特性及血流情况.结果 急性下肢静脉血栓形成后血管内径增宽,血栓表现为均质低回声或无回声,慢性血栓血管内径增宽或正常,血栓回声增高、不均匀.血栓部位管腔无血流表现或血流充盈缺损,并可继发深静脉瓣功能不全.结论 二维及彩色多普勒超声检查不仅可诊断下肢静脉血栓,同时可以动态观察其演变情况,是诊断下肢静脉血栓的首选手段.     

彩色多普勒诊断下肢静脉血栓的应用体会

目的 总结二维及彩色普勒超声检查下肢静脉血栓的体会,探讨其应用价值.方法 应用彩色普勒超声对32例下肢静脉血栓患者进行检查,观察血管内径、血栓范围、血栓回声特征及血流情况.结果 急性下肢静脉血栓形成后静脉内径增宽,管腔不能压闭,血栓表现为均质低回声;慢性血栓回声为不均质较高回声,血栓部位血流信号消失或充盈缺损.结论 彩色普勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓是一个简捷、实用、无创性的检查方法,是诊断下肢静脉血栓的首选方法.     

下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值及相关诊断方法的应用

目的 研究下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值及相关诊断方法的应用。方法 选取2018年5月~2019年5月在我院诊治的132例下肢深静脉血栓患者临床资料,患者均采用常规超声和多普勒超声检查,比较两种诊断方法下肢静脉血栓的检出率、不同节段下肢静脉血栓灵敏度。结果 彩色多普勒超声检查下肢深静脉血栓检出率为96.21%,高于常规超声检查的80.30%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;彩色多普勒超声检查不同节段下肢深静脉血栓（股静脉、髂总静脉、腘静脉、胫后静脉、胫前静脉）灵敏性、特异性查比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;彩色多普勒超声对股静脉（96.66）、腘静脉（92.59）的灵敏性较高,对髂总静脉、胫后静脉、胫前静脉的灵敏性较低。结论 下肢深静脉血栓采用彩色多普勒超声检出率高,且对出不同节段深静脉血栓灵敏性存在差异,无创伤,具有良好的重复性,有一定的的诊断价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的 了解下肢深静脉血栓患者在进行彩色多普勒超声诊断的临床价值。方法 以2016年8月~2017年5月收治的下肢深静脉血栓形成的45例患者为研究对象,分别采用静脉造影及彩色多普勒超声的方式对其进行检测以及分析对比。结果 参与本研究的45例患者,其彩色多普勒超声检测结果与静脉造影检测结果具有较高的一致性,彩色多普勒超声检测的准确率达到91.10%。结论 利用彩色多普勒超声对下肢深静脉血栓患者进行诊断,具有操作便捷、安全性好、准确率高的特点,同时直观的图像显示有助于清晰展示静脉血管病变情况,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的应用价值.方法 通过对65例临床下肢深静脉血栓患者二维及彩色多普勒图像的特点分析.结果 彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深静脉血栓诊断率高,简便,无创,易重复.结论 彩色多普勒超声是无创性诊断DVT首选诊断方法,即可迅速显示下肢静脉的解剖结构,又可提供血流动力学信息及时准确为临床提供治疗方案,日益受临床重视.     

关节置换后下肢静脉血栓形成及髋膝关节病变中彩色多普勒超声的应用价值

目的:评价超声在人工关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成及髋膝骨关节病变中的临床应用价值。方法:检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中文学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI),收集1993/2010发表的所有关于彩色多普勒超声用于关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓的自身对照和随机对照实验及高频超声检查膝骨关节病变的随机对照(或半随机对照)研究。排除重复性研究和Meta分析。结果:髋膝关节置换,共得到721例,756个行彩色多普勒超声检查下肢深静脉血栓的髋(膝)关节,膝骨关节病,共得到17个对照研究,1591个膝关节。所有研究均未描述是否采用了分配隐藏或盲法。结果显示:彩色多普勒超声诊断人工关节置换后下肢静脉血栓的敏感性好,特异性强。类风湿关节炎的超声特点以滑膜增厚为主,膝骨性关节炎以软骨及骨质破坏为主。结论:彩色多普勒超声能清楚观察关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓及静脉瓣膜功能,可作为髋膝关节置换前后监测下肢深静脉血栓形成的首选方法,可以对血栓进行随访观察,对于指导临床诊断和治疗提供可靠的依据。其敏感性强,特异性高,也为髋膝骨关节及周围软组织情况的临床诊断和治疗提供客观依据。     

彩色多谱勒超声检查对下肢深静脉血栓的诊断价值 ——附46例报告

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检查对下肢静脉血栓形成的诊断价值。方法 应用多普勒起声检查对46倒确诊为下肢静脉血栓患者和40例同期住院的非下肢静脉血栓患者的下肢静脉血管形态、静脉管壁平滑度、各静脉的管径、管腔内回声情况和有无血栓、管腔狭窄或闭塞及血流动力学改变进行比较。结果 观察组（46例）单支静脉受累9例（19．57％），2支静脉受累17例（36．96％），3支以上静脉受累20例（43．48}％）；观察组股、膈静脉管径均较对照组粗（P〈0．05）；下肢血管病变程度对照组明显低于观察组（P〈0．05）。结论 彩色多普勒超声检查对下肢静脉血栓显示敏感，可作为下肢静脉血栓的首透检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深静脉血栓的应用价值分析

目的：研究彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深静脉血栓的应用价值。方法选择我院2009年3月~2013年9月入院的72例患者，年龄41~75岁，平均(56±2.64)岁；病程1~22年，平均(15±3.11)年。其中急性下肢肿胀患者40例，慢性下肢肿胀伴浅静脉曲张、皮肤色素沉着者32例。对其进行彩色多普勒超声检查。对患者的下肢静脉管径、管壁、血栓大小、回声、范围和移动性等进行检查，并对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果40例急性患者中发现左髂总静脉受压综合症3例，右下肢淋巴水肿两例，右心功能不全致体循环淤血下肢深静脉血流缓慢1例，其余34例为急性或亚急性下肢深静脉血栓形成。32例慢性患者中发现下肢动静脉瘘3例，下肢蔓状血管瘤1例，其余28例为慢性下肢深静脉血栓形成。结论下肢肿胀待查患者中，深静脉血栓的形成占据很大的比例，使用彩色多普勒技术，不但可以对其进行明确诊断，还能够判断血栓的部位和发展，对深静脉血栓和其他疾病进行鉴别诊断，减少误诊，有助于临床制定治疗方案，具有重要的临床意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的应用价值。方法通过对65例临床下肢深静脉血栓患者二维及彩色多普勒图像的特点分析。结果彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深静脉血栓诊断率高,简便,无创,易重复。结论彩色多普勒超声是无创性诊断DVT首选诊断方法 ,即可迅速显示下肢静脉的解剖结构,又可提供血流动力学信息及时准确为临床提供治疗方案,日益受临床重视。     

彩色多普勒超声对小腿三头肌内静脉扩张的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对小腿三头肌内静脉扩张的诊断价值。方法选择72例疑为下肢深静脉病变的患者,其中男性32例,女性40例;年龄28-92岁,平均年龄56岁。应用彩色多普勒超声检查小腿三头肌内静脉（包括比目鱼肌静脉及腓肠肌静脉）,测量其管径,观察管腔内透声及血流情况,探查其交通支的情况。结果共检出小腿三头肌内静脉受累患肢72条,单纯小腿三头肌内静脉扩张32例（44．4％）,合并血栓16例（22．2％）,合并交通静脉扩张24例（33.3％）。结论彩色多普勒超声能够有效地检出小腿三头肌内静脉扩张及血栓、其交通支情况。是超声检查下肢深静脉时不容忽视的重要内容。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.