心理治疗在老年期抑郁障碍中的应用

老年期抑郁障碍是严重影响老年人健康的疾病,心理治疗是其重要的干预手段之一。本文通过检索文献,根据心理治疗的应用范围及文献证据级别,分别阐述了认知行为治疗、问题解决取向的心理治疗、怀旧治疗、心理健康教育四种常用心理治疗手段对老年抑郁患者的疗效。文献结果显示上述四种心理治疗手段均可改善老年人抑郁症状。本文同时探讨了针对老年抑郁症的治疗策略,认为在对老年期抑郁障碍患者进行心理治疗时,需要注意筛查治疗对象,选择恰当治疗方案,整合心理治疗和药物治疗。     

中国七种心理卫生相关杂志心理干预研究模式及其问题

所谓心理干预是指在确诊心理问题的基础上,采用一系列适合的心理治疗方法对患者心理问题及行为进行矫正、治疗,也包括运用心理学方法维护正常人心理健康的一系列干预活动.当前,心理干预不但在临床上已经广泛应用,而且在心理健康领域与教育领域中都得到应用,心理干预对促进康复、提高免疫力及心理健康水平、提高行为效率等各方面都有积极作用.然而,对心理干预研究状况及其存在问题进行探讨的研究,目前还未见文献报道.了解心理干预研究模式既能在宏观上把握此方面研究的一般规律,又可以从微观上发现模式中存在的问题,为今后心理干预研究设计与实施提供参考.     

综合医院心身科心理工作的困境及对策

目的:总结我科自2012年心理工作开展以来所遇困境及对策,以希冀对综合医院心身科心理工作的开设与发展具有一定的指导意义。方法:基于对综合医院心理咨询与心理治疗现状了解,并结合临床经验进行总结和反思。结果:心理工作开展所遇困境共有四个方面,并从六个方面采取了对策。结论:我科心理工作经过5年不断探索,基本能顺应本病房发展和患者心理健康服务需求,但向全院其他病区推进心理服务,还需不断探索。     

肝郁证候患者的心理研究

目的 探讨肝郁证候患者的心理健康状况.方法 对53例肝郁证候患者进行症状自评量表、焦虑自评量表及抑郁自评量表评定.结果 肝郁证候患者的心理健康水平比较低,常有明显的焦虑和抑郁等心理状况.结论 对肝郁证候在治疗的同时,应特别关注患者的心理健康,加强心理治疗,必要时及时应用抗抑郁或抗焦虑药物.     

心理治疗对创伤骨折患者心理状况的效果研究

目的 探讨心理治疗对创伤骨折患者心理状态的影响,以便为骨折患者心理干预治疗提供科学依据.方法 将符合条件的创伤骨折患者分为干预组和非干预组.非干预组行常规治疗,干预组在常规治疗的基础上进行心理治疗,应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、生活质量评定问卷(SF-36)对两组患者在心理治疗前后进行测查.结果 与常模比较创伤骨折患者的SAS、SDS的总分高于常模(t=4.88,3.57;P＜0.01);心理治疗后,干预组SAS、SDS总分低于非干预组(t＝ 2.54,P＜0.05;t=2.65,P＜0.01);SF-36除生理机能外各因子分高于非干预组(P＜0.05).结论 创伤骨折患者存在明显的焦虑、抑郁情绪,心理治疗可以明显的改善患者的心理健康状况及其生活质量.     

箱庭疗法在幼儿心理治疗和教育中的应用及价值

本文对箱庭疗法在幼儿心理治疗和心理健康教育中的应用现状进行总结,并对其影响和价值给予评价。箱庭疗法在幼儿心理治疗和心理健康教育方面有其独特的特点和优势,发挥着日益重要的作用。但存在一定的局限和不足,需要研究者进一步探索。     

团体心理治疗临床应用的研究进展

对团体心理治疗临床应用的研究文献进行学习、回顾与分析。使团体心理治疗这种极具成本效果的干预方式得到重视和推广应用。研究结果证明,团体心理治疗具有某些个别心理治疗所不具有的优势。团体心理治疗广泛应用于焦虑症、强迫症、抑郁症、精神分裂症、进食障碍、慢性疼痛、癌症患者疗效因子的影响、提高应对危机事件的能力、冰毒依赖者康复期的心理健康等,取得了显著的临床治疗效果。目的在于在为心理学工作者、精神科医生在团体心理治疗领域的研究和应用提供参考和借鉴。     

糖尿病患者心理状态调查

本研究采用配对病例对照法，应用ＳＣＬ－９０对糖尿病人进行心理状态调查，结果表明，糖尿病人各因子均分高于对照组，提示糖尿病人心理健康状态不佳，应进行心理治疗。     

大学生失恋问题叙事治疗一例

<正>本研究是1例使用叙事心理治疗咨询大学生失恋问题的个案研究。咨询师在咨询过程中通过应用叙事心理治疗,使来访者失恋问题外化,引导来访者重构积极故事,使来访者变的更加自主、更有力量面对失恋问题和改变行为、情绪反应,通过咨询减轻了痛苦和焦虑情绪,能够正常学习,取得了良好的咨询效果。同时咨询师协助来访者对咨询效果进行巩固,使来访者建立有效解决问题的行为模式,以增强其心理适应能力,促进来访者的心理健康和发展。     

心理行为为障碍儿童的家长心理健康状况调查

本文应用症状自评量表 (SCL— 90 ) ,对 58例心理行为障碍儿童的家长进行心理健康测查 ,表明患儿父母总体心理健康状况较正常儿童的父母差异显著 ,焦虑、抑郁、躯体化因子分高于全国常模。提示对患儿家长要给以心理疏导 ,必要时进行心理治疗     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.