老年颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者的血管内介入治疗及相关问题的探讨

目的　探讨老年 (≥ 70岁 )颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者经皮血管内支架成形术 (PTAS)的适应证、手术方法及围手术期处理等相关问题。方法　本组收集 16例老年颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者经全脑数字减影血管造影 (DSA)检查诊断后 ,均采用经股动脉入路应用自膨式支架行PTAS治疗。结果　 16例颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者术后狭窄段的直径较术前扩大 ,12例达到正常管径的 6 0 %以上 ,4例达到 4 0 % ,有症状的 14例术后临床脑缺血症状和体征明显改善。全部患者无并发症发生。随访 2～ 2 4个月 ,全部患者均未再发生脑缺血 ,其中 2例行DSA复查、6例行多普勒超声复查 ,均无再狭窄发生。结论　PTAS是治疗老年颅外段颈动脉狭窄的简便安全有效方法之一。     

新疆地区缺血性脑卒中患者颅外段脑血管支架治疗长期随访分析

目的评价新疆地区颅外段脑动脉狭窄患者颈动脉血管支架置入术(CAS)和椎动脉起始端支架置入术(VAOS)治疗的安全性和有效性。方法颅外段颈动脉狭窄或椎动脉起始部狭窄患者323例,回顾性分析其CAS和VAOS术前和术后随访记录,分析支架置入成功率、围术期并发症,及随访期间支架置入后再狭窄率和临床终点事件的发生率。结果 CAS和VAOS组手术成功率为100%,围手术期并发症发生率分别为14.4%和1.2%,随访期间临床终点事件的发生率分别为15.1%和12.8%,再狭窄的发生率为8.8%和13.4%,Cox回归分析发现在CAS组中,男性和多支血管病变为发生再狭窄的危险因素(HR=19.249,P=0.02;HR=0.069,P=0.034);VAOS组中,对侧椎动脉狭窄为发生再狭窄的危险因素(HR=0.075,P=0.001)。结论 CAS和VAOS治疗颅外段动脉狭窄相对安全,但应重视术中及术后并发症的预防及处理。     

老年高血压患者颈动脉颅外段硬化与无症状性脑梗死

目的探讨老年原发性高血压无症状性脑梗死与颈动脉颅外段狭窄的关系。方法应用彩色多普勒超声检查仪检测老年原发性高血压合并无症状性脑梗死组(n=50)和无无症状性脑梗死组(n=114)患者的颈动脉颅外段血管管腔直径、内膜中层厚度、斑块及狭窄程度。结果老年高血压合并无症状性脑梗死组患者颈动脉颅外段狭窄的发生率及粥样硬化斑块发生率分别为92.0%和82.0%,显著高于没有无症状性脑梗死组(64.9%和58.8%;P=0.000和P=0.004);不稳定斑块发生率为38.0%,亦显著高于无无症状性脑梗死组(7.0%,P=0.000)。与脑梗死病灶同侧的颈动脉颅外段狭窄发生率为69.8%,显著高于非梗死侧(35.1%,P=0.001)。结论老年原发性高血压病合并无症状性脑梗死患者颈动脉颅外段狭窄和粥样硬化斑块,尤其是不稳定斑块有较高的发生率;颈动脉颅外段狭窄与颅内梗死病灶有同侧相关性。对老年原发性高血压病患者定期进行颈动脉彩色多谱勒超声检查,及早期发现颈动脉颅外段狭窄并采取相应措施,对预防缺血性脑血管病的发生有重要意义。     

老年高血压患者颈动脉颅外段硬化与无症状性脑梗死

目的探讨老年原发性高血压无症状性脑梗死与颈动脉颅外段狭窄的关系.方法应用彩色多普勒超声检查仪检测老年原发性高血压合并无症状性脑梗死组(n=50)和无无症状性脑梗死组(n=114)患者的颈动脉颅外段血管管腔直径、内膜-中层厚度、斑块及狭窄程度.结果老年高血压合并无症状性脑梗死组患者颈动脉颅外段狭窄的发生率及粥样硬化斑块发生率分别为92.0%和82.0%,显著高于没有无症状性脑梗死组(64.9%和58.8%;P=0.000和P=0.004);不稳定斑块发生率为38.0%,亦显著高于无无症状性脑梗死组(7.0%,P=0.000).与脑梗死病灶同侧的颈动脉颅外段狭窄发生率为69.8%,显著高于非梗死侧(35.1%,P=0.001).结论老年原发性高血压病合并无症状性脑梗死患者颈动脉颅外段狭窄和粥样硬化斑块,尤其是不稳定斑块有较高的发生率;颈动脉颅外段狭窄与颅内梗死病灶有同侧相关性.对老年原发性高血压病患者定期进行颈动脉彩色多谱勒超声检查,及早期发现颈动脉颅外段狭窄并采取相应措施,对预防缺血性脑血管病的发生有重要意义.     

颈动脉支架置入术后3年随访结果分析

目的探讨颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)在预防脑梗死方面的远期效果。方法选择接受颅外段CAS患者55例,定期随访3年。根据CAS后发生缺血性脑血管事件(4例)和未发生缺血性脑血管事件(51例)进行比较。并分析CAS后血管再狭窄情况。结果在55例完成3年随访的CAS患者中,4例(7.3%)出现了终点事件的患者均为脑梗死。其中3例患者缺血事件对应的脑梗死在支架置入同侧,1例患者缺血事件对应的脑梗死在支架置入对侧。单因素分析发现,年龄>75岁、高血压史、有两个以上脑血管病危险因素、术后未系统服用抗血小板药物、术前有多次脑梗死病史的患者术后容易发生缺血性脑血管事件(P<0.05)。3年随访观察,有3例(5.5%)发生了再狭窄。结论 CAS能有效降低动脉粥样硬化性颈动脉狭窄患者脑卒中发生风险。CAS后中远期再狭窄率较低。     

脑CT灌注成像联合颈动脉高分辨磁共振成像在颅外段颈动脉狭窄诊断及支架成形术中的应用

目的:探讨脑CT灌注成像(CTP)联合颈动脉高分辨磁共振成像(HR-MRI),在颈动脉狭窄诊断及支架置入术中的评估价值。方法:经颈动脉B超证实颅外段颈动脉重度狭窄90例患者,行脑CTP联合颈动脉HR-MRI检查,对结果分析、评估基础上,选取合适的颈动脉支架置入。结果:共筛查85例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者为颈动脉内膜剥脱术的高危患者,其中CTP异常75例。最终64例颈动脉狭窄患者存在易损斑块(含纤维帽破裂、斑块内出血),行闭环自膨支架治疗,余21例患者行开环自膨支架置入,术中所有患者使用保护伞装置。手术成功率97.6%,围手术期内出现1例脑叶出血、1例下肢静脉血栓,未发生缺血性脑血管病。结论:脑CTP联合颈动脉HR-MRI可充分评估颈动脉狭窄程度,并了解狭窄段管腔斑块成分,为颈动脉支架的选择及降低围手术期风险提供重要指导。     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗老年重度颈内动脉狭窄患者的疗效观察

目的评价脑保护装置下老年重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术的有效性及安全性。方法选择年龄≥70岁的重度症状性颈动脉狭窄患者43例,均行颈动脉支架成形术,术中均应用脑保护装置,观察术后狭窄改善情况,围术期并发症的发生情况以及回收的脑保护装置内脱落栓子情况,对患者随访1年。结果在43例患者中,脑保护装置及颈动脉支架均放置到位,术后残余狭窄率均<30%,患者颈动脉平均狭窄程度从(82.8±6.5)%降低至(12.4±5.9)%,支架置入手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。回收的脑保护装置中,发现27个有脱落的组织碎片,患者术后缺血相关症状均有明显改善,围术期所有患者均未出现症状性脑卒中,无手术相关死亡事件发生,1年随访无缺血性脑血管事件发生,颈动脉超声复查未见支架内发生再狭窄。结论脑保护装置下,对老年重度颈内动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉支架成形术安全、有效。     

脑保护装置下高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术的有效性和安全性评价

目的评价脑保护装置下高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)的有效性及安全性。方法选择2009年1月—2012年1月在青岛大学医学院附属医院行CAS的高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者37例,术中均应用脑保护装置,观察患者狭窄改善情况、围术期并发症发生情况、回收脑保护装置内脱落栓子情况,随访1年观察患者缺血性脑血管事件发生情况。结果 36例患者脑保护伞均一次性顺利通过狭窄段放置到位成功释放;术后残余狭窄率均30%,平均狭窄程度从(83.0±6.7)%降至(13.0±6.1)%;回收的脑保护装置中有26个发现脱落的组织碎片;围术期均未出现脑出血、症状性脑梗死、支架内血栓形成等严重并发症;37例患者随访1年,无短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、卒中、死亡发生。结论脑保护装置下对高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者行CAS成功率和安全性较高。     

支架成形术和颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的效果比较

目的观察颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)和支架成形术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)治疗颈动脉狭窄的效果及安全性。方法 32例颈动脉狭窄病人行CEA治疗(CEA组),28例颈动脉狭窄病人行CAS治疗(CAS组),比较两组病人的住院天数、费用、不良事件发生率及美国国立卫生研究院卒中计量表(NIHSS)和日常生活能力(ADL)评分。结果 CAS组病人住院费用高于CEA组,但CEA组病人心脏不良事件和颅神经损伤发生率高于CAS组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。CAS组ADL评分高于CEA组,NIHSS评分低于CEA组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 CAS较CEA治疗颈动脉狭窄术后不良事件少,病人预后较好。     

颈动脉超声与DSA在缺血性脑血管病中的应用比较

目的探讨颈动脉超声与DSA在缺血性脑血管病中的应用价值。方法选取缺血性脑血管病患者50例,于住院的7~10天行颈动脉超声和DSA。比较两种方法对颈动脉狭窄及斑块的检测结果。结果对颅外颈动脉<70%的狭窄及闭塞的诊断,两种方法检出率间无显著差异。对70%~99%的狭窄,两种方法检出率间有显著差别。对颅外段颈动脉斑块的检出,两种方法检出率间有显著差异。结论颈动脉超声对颅外颈动脉<70%的狭窄及闭塞的诊断与DSA相比,无显著差异。但对≥70%的颈动脉狭窄诊断的准确率低于DSA,颈动脉超声对颅外段颈动脉斑块的检出率(%)高于DSA(%)。     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床经验

目的:总结颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床经验。方法:1998年10月至2010年3月,共220例患者进行CEA227例次。其中男性145例,女性75例。年龄51～88岁,平均66.4岁。术前有短暂性脑缺血(TIA)发作128例,31例术前曾患脑梗死。所有患者术前均行选择性颈动脉造影检查,手术患者颈内动脉狭窄均70%,同时对侧颈动脉伴有狭窄或闭塞的患者有48例。合并冠状动脉病变96例,其中25例患者同期行冠状动脉搭桥术,合并外周血管病变42例并同期处理。结果:2例患者术后30d内出现脑出血,其中1例死亡,1例保守治疗后好转出院。30d病死率0.45%。1例舌下神经损伤,4例面神经下颌缘支损伤,术后随访6～72个月,随防到155例,随访率70.5%,1例随访期间因心脏病死亡,余均病情稳定。结论:CEA是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的方法。     

颈动脉转流管在颈动脉内膜切除术中的临床应用

目的探讨颈动脉转流管在颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）中的应用价值。 方法收集胜利油田中心医院神经外科&头颈血管外科2013年1月至2019年8月935例行CEA患者的临床资料,纳入统计标本的有304例症状性颈动脉重度狭窄合并颅内血流代偿较差的患者。术中行转流管转流的患者为转流管组（98例）,术中未行转流管转流的患者为对照组（206例）,通过比较2组患者术后症状改善率、术后并发症发生率及血管再狭窄发生率,对术中转流管的应用进行全面系统的研究。 结果转流管组和对照组的术中颈动脉阻断时间分别为（2.3±0.6）min和（13.6±8.2）min,术后出现颅脑过度灌注发生率分别为1.02%（1/98）和7.28%（15/206）,2组对比差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组患者术后症状改善率、术后其他并发症发生率及血管再狭窄发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论对于症状性颈动脉重度狭窄合并颅内血管代偿较差的患者,CEA中转流管的熟练应用是安全可靠的。     

Common carotid agenesis and internal carotid stenting.

Agenesis of common carotid artery is rare and no report of stenting procedures (carotid artery stenting) for associated stenosis of the internal carotid have been published. We report a case of internal carotid stenosis associated with this anomaly. A 73-year-old male with left internal carotid artery originating from the arch, with significant stenosis, was referred to us. Wallstent was deployed with success. Carotid artery stenting should be reserved to uncomplicated arch anatomy and plaques with low fragmentation risk.     

Differential effects of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy on external carotid artery patency.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of stent coverage of the external carotid artery (ECA) after carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared to eversion endarterectomy of the ECA after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: The records of 101 CAS and 165 CEA procedures performed over 2 years were reviewed. Duplex velocities and history and physical examinations were taken prior to the procedure, at 1 month, and at 6-month intervals subsequently. CAS was performed by extending the stent across the internal carotid artery (ICA) lesion into the common carotid artery (CCA) thereby covering the ECA. CEA was performed with eversion endarterectomy of the ECA. RESULTS: The mean peak systolic velocities (PSV) in the ICA pre-CAS and pre-CEA were 361 and 352 cm/s, respectively. In terms of CAS, there was a significant increase in ECA velocities versus baseline at 12 (p = 0.009), 18 (p = 0.00001), and 24 (p = 0.005) months. In the CEA group, there was a significant decrease in ECA velocities versus baseline at 1 (p = 0.01) and 6 (p = 0.004) months. There were 2 occluded ECAs in follow-up in the CAS group and none in the CEA group. No significant differences were noted when comparing preprocedural ICA or ECA velocities. However, at the 1-, 6-, and 12-month intervals, the ECA velocities in the CAS group were significantly higher than in the CEA group (p = 0.03, p = 0.001, and p = 0.0004, respectively). There were no neurological symptoms in any patients during the study period. CONCLUSION: Although progressive stenosis of the ECA is noted during CAS, the ECA usually does not occlude. Furthermore, there are no associated neurological symptoms. Thus, apprehension for progressive ECA occlusion should not be a contraindication to CAS. In addition, concern for ECA coverage should not deter stent extension from the ICA to the CCA during CAS.     

Fate of the external carotid artery following carotid interventions

OBJECTIVE:

The external carotid artery (ECA) is an important collateral pathway for cerebral blood flow. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) typically crosses the ECA, while carotid endarterectomy (CEA) includes deliberate ECA plaque removal. The purpose of the present study was to compare the long-term patency of the ECA following CAS and CEA as determined by carotid duplex ultrasound.

METHODS:

Duplex ultrasounds and hospital records were reviewed for consecutive patients undergoing CAS between February 2002 and April 2008, and were compared with those undergoing CEA in the same time period. Preoperative and postoperative ECA peak systolic velocities were normalized to the common carotid artery (CCA) as ECA/CCA ratios. A significant (80% or greater) ECA stenosis was defined as an ECA/CCA ratio of 4.0. A change of ratio by more than 1 was defined as significant. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test and χ² analysis.

RESULTS:

A total of 86 CAS procedures in 83 patients were performed (81 men, mean age 69.9 years). Among them, 38.4% of patients had previous CEA, 9.6% of whom had contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Sixty-seven CAS and 65 CEA patients with complete duplex data in the same time period were included in the analyses. There was no difference in the incidence of severe ECA stenosis on preoperative ultrasound evaluations. During a mean follow-up of 34 months (range four to 78 months), three postprocedure ECA occlusions were found in the CAS group. The likelihood of severe stenosis or occlusion following CAS was 28.3%, compared with 11% following CEA (P<0.025). However, 62% of CEA patients and 57% of CAS patients had no significant change in ECA status. Reduction in the patient’s degree of ECA stenosis was observed in 9.4% of CAS versus 26.6% of CEA patients. Overall, immediate postoperative ratios of both groups were slightly improved, but there was a trend of more disease progression in the CAS group during follow-up.

CONCLUSION:

CAS is associated with a higher incidence of post-procedure ECA stenosis. Despite the absence of neurological symptoms, a trend toward late disease progression of ECA following CAS warrants long-term evaluation.     

Transoral carotid ultrasonography for evaluating internal carotid artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transoral carotid ultrasonography (TOCU) has enabled the assessment of the distal portion of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA). We evaluated the ultrasonographic features of ICA occlusion using TOCU. METHODS: We studied 50 occluded ICAs in 42 stroke patients. The mechanism of ICA occlusion was embolic (group E) in 14 arteries and thrombotic (group T) in the other 36 arteries. We used a color flow imaging system equipped with special convex array transducers, and placed the probe on the postero-lateral pharyngeal wall to identify the distal extracranial ICA. We evaluated intraluminal echodensity (lucent or opaque) and measured the diameter of the ICA. Then, we examined the relationship of these early (<1 week after onset) and chronic (>4 weeks after onset) phase TOCU findings to the mechanism of ICA occlusion and the site of occlusion. RESULTS: In the early phase of a stroke, the intraluminal echodensity was more frequently lucent (9/11, 81.8%) in group E than in group T (5/20, 20%, p<0.05). In the chronic phase, echodensity became opaque in both groups. In the early phase, the lucent echodensity was more frequently seen in patients with distal occlusion than in those with proximal occlusion. Thus, it may represent blood or fresh thrombus formation. In patients with unilateral ICA occlusion, the occluded ICA was significantly smaller in diameter than the non-occluded contralateral artery both in the early and chronic phases. CONCLUSION: The echodensity and diameter of the extracranial ICA distal portion as found on TOCU can help to identify the mechanism of ICA occlusion.     

Distal carotid perfusion in combined carotid endarterectomy and OP-CABG

An alternative method of maintaining carotid perfusion during combined carotid endarterectomy and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting involves insertion of a cannula in the ascending aorta after a median sternotomy. This cannula is connected to a perfusion cannula, the distal end of which is inserted into the carotid artery beyond the carotid arteriotomy. This technique of aortico-carotid shunting and carotid perfusion was utilized in nine patients who underwent successful combined carotid endarterectomy and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效性及安全性评估

目的探讨应用颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）治疗颈动脉狭窄患者的有效性和安全性,评估影响术后围手术期卒中和死亡的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2000年1月———2011年9月首都医科大学宣武医院采用CEA治疗的颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料,共302例（对其中6例分期行双侧手术,每例按2例单独病例进行统计,共计308例）。分析手术的安全性、有效性,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,分析影响术后30 d内卒中和死亡的相关因素。结果①308例中,255例单纯狭窄的病例手术获得全部成功,53例完全闭塞或近全闭塞的患者中,5例血管再通失败。手术成功率为98.4%。②术后30 d内,卒中和死亡的患者有14例（4.5%）,其中,死亡4例（1.3%）,脑梗死7例（2.3%）,脑出血3例（1.0%）;脑神经损伤的有10例（3.3%）,心肌梗死2例（0.6%）,心绞痛2例（0.6%）,心力衰竭2例（0.6%）,心律失常8例（2.6%）,术后出现暂时性的精神症状的有20例（6.5%）。③299例获≥1个月的随访,平均25.7个月。11例（3.7%）发生再狭窄,其中10例（3.3%）发生时间为1年左右。有2例（0.7%）术后出现短暂性脑缺血（TIA）症状,均为再狭窄的患者。④单因素分析结果显示,术后改良Rankin评分（mRS）≥3分者术后30d内卒中和死亡的发生率明显增高（P〈0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,吸烟（OR=0.198,95%CI：1.237～14.676）及mRS评分≥3分者（OR=11.707,95%CI：3.101～44.193）是导致术后30 d内卒中和死亡的独立影响因素。结论 CEA能有效地防治颈动脉狭窄导致的卒中发作风险。吸烟和术前mRS评分≥3可以增加CEA的危险性。