木尘对工人健康危害的流行病学研究

本文对制材、家俱、木器等15个厂的流调结果表明:木尘浓度范围0.5～180mg/m~3,几何平均浓度3.l～36.6mg/m~3。分散度<5μm者占50.6～84.2%。沉降尘中游离SiO_2含量为0.54～7.7％。木尘对工人的主要危害是引起鼻粘膜炎和慢性支气管炎,其检出率随着木尘浓度上升而呈增高趋势。肺通气功能测定,FVC、FEV_1、FEV_1%和MMFR均明显下降,与对照组相比,差异显著。对1383名木工进行了胸部X线摄片,发现相当于Ⅰ期尘肺改变者14例。木尘致纤维化作用不明显,能否引起木尘肺有待进一步研究。     

木尘对鼻咽部影响的调查

本文报道家具厂木粉尘对木工鼻咽部影响.作者调查一家机械化程度较高的家具厂.该厂木器加工车间空气中木尘浓度范围为9.92～70.12mg/m~3,平均浓度为40.02mg/m~2.木尘分散度与使用的机器类型等有关.木尘中游离SiO_2含量很低.检查接触纯木尘木工193人,以电表工263人作对照.鼻咽部检查发现,木工鼻粘膜炎中的干燥性鼻炎、过敏性鼻炎、前庭性鼻炎、鼻窦炎、慢性鼻炎,咽炎中的干燥性咽炎,慢性咽炎的患病率均显著高于对照组.分析结果表明,木工鼻咽炎的患病率与木尘浓度呈正相关.木尘对鼻咽部的损害可能和木尘的刺激作用、致敏作用有关.     

木尘的肺功能损害及卫生标准研究

本调查结果表明,木尘浓度在9.2～11.7mg/m~3时,木工的FvC、FEV_1、FEV_1/FVC和MMFR均明显下降,4.5mg/m~3时,仅FEV_1和MMFR显著下降,而FVC和MBC下降不明显。对木工肺功能损害与接触剂量关系分析结果表明,累计接触剂量为240mg·a时,木工一生按工作30年计算,接触浓度为8mg/m~3,在此浓度下工作,FEV_1、FEV_1/FVC与对照组此虽有降低,但差异不显著,只MMEF有显著性降低。结合我国当前经济条件和防尘技术的可行性,认为木尘(不包括致敏性木尘)最高容许浓度以8mg/m~3为宜。     

家俱厂木工肺通气功能分析

本文测定了936例男性木工和417名对照组工人的肺通气功能。结果表明:木工的FVC、FEV_1和MMEF有非常明显的下降,其FEV_1/FVC亦下降但仅吸烟木工有统计学意义;木工FEV_1、FEV_1/FVC和MMEF异常者随累计接尘量的增加而增加,差异非常明显(P<0.01)。最后,根据归因危险度和相对危险度的分析,我们认为,目前非致敏性木尘采用10mg/m~3的最高允许浓度尚不能保护工人健康不受危害。     

木尘作业工人职业性危害的调查

调查了5间木材加工厂453名木工。木尘浓度较高。木工中咽喉炎、鼻炎、慢支、结膜炎、哮喘、尘肺及过敏性皮炎的检出率分别为46.80%、34.22%、5.96%、4.42%、2.43%、1.55%和1.99%。前四种疾病发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。木工肺通气功能有气道损害。提示木尘对工人的职业性危害是多方面的。     

木尘职业性危害调查报告

长期接触木尘可致鼻粘膜炎和肺脏的病理改变,家俱木工中鼻癌发病率明显增高已得到公认。其木尘的职业危害程度与木尘的种类,化学结构、生物学活性以及工人的劳动条件等因素有关。我省林业资源丰富,接触木尘的工人众多,为提供木尘对工人的危害情况,我们于1984～1985年对本市两家木材加工厂338名纯木尘接触者进行了调查,其结果报告如下。     

木尘对上呼吸道影响的调查

本文对某木器厂测出车间空气中木尘浓度范围为11.8～148.76mg/m~3,几何值为57.58mg/m~3,分散度50～60%在5μm以上。游离二氧化硅含量最高为3.75%(樟木、荷木),最低为0.7%(松木)。当用带锯加工湿料时,其平均木尘浓度为15.8mg/m~3,     

木尘细胞毒性及其对呼吸系统的损害

为探讨红松白松木尘对机体的损害,对某厂木型车间进行了调查,并进行了毒性实验。 结果与讨论 (一)粉尘测定 木尘浓度、分散度和游离二氧化硅的测定结果见表1、2、3。调查结果表明:木尘浓度几何均值为4.5mg/m~3,个体采样器测定木尘浓度几何均值为3.5mg/m~3,差异较小。木尘分散度粒径小于5μm者占63～77%,与刘树春报道木器厂木尘粒径小于5μm者占70～80％相近似。积尘中游离二氧化硅含量均在0.3%以下。     

家俱厂木尘及对呼吸系统危害的调查

家俱制造业木工的鼻癌发病率明显增高已得到公认,木尘还可引起鼻粘膜炎和肺脏的病理改变。近年来,欧美各国对家俱厂空气中木尘浓度、粒子大小、粉尘的组成及其对健康的影响等均进行过调查研究,国内有关报道尚少。本文着重研究家俱生产中的木尘浓度、分散度、木尘中游离二氧化硅含量及其对呼吸系统的影响。 材料和方法 调查的这个木器厂建于1958年,是机械     

应用Ames试验对五种木屑浸液的致突变性探讨

木尘的致癌性已被国内外学者重视。Andersen等认为木工罹患鼻腺癌的因素是木屑中含有一种或几种可溶性物质,产生化学刺激作用,引起鼻粘液潴留。贮留在鼻腔内的木尘长期对鼻粘膜的刺激,导致慢性鼻粘膜炎,是木工易患鼻腺癌的重要因素。Engzell报道瑞典男性鼻窦和鼻腺癌患者中,主要的职业人群是接触硬木粉尘的木工,发病工龄不少于25年。     

某橡胶制品厂生产性粉尘对工人健康危害的调查

目的了解某橡胶制品厂生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害情况。方法对某橡胶制品厂作业场所进行粉尘浓度测定,并对152名接尘工人和93名非接尘人员进行职业性体检。结果该厂主要生产性粉尘系滑石粉尘。作业场所粉尘浓度时间加权平均允许浓度(PC-TWA)平均为30.2 mg/m3(超标9.1倍),游离S iO2含量平均8.5%。X射线胸片(高千伏)检查接尘组发现肺纹理增多、紊乱等改变19例,无尘肺(0 )5例,而对照组肺纹理改变只有2例。肺功能检查接尘组有15例小气道功能轻度异常,对照组仅为1例。两组检出率比较,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。此外,接尘组自觉症状、慢性鼻炎、咽炎以及心电图等改变均比对照组发生率高,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论该厂生产性粉尘对工人健康存在一定的危害性,建议加强防尘措施,降低作业场所粉尘浓度,保障工人健康,防止尘肺病发生。     

某市木质家具制造企业木粉尘危害对工人肺通气功能影响的调查

  目的  探讨某市木质家具制造企业木粉尘危害现状及其对工人肺功能的影响。
  方法  选择某市职业健康监管平台中3家木质家具制造企业产生木粉尘的岗位及其生产工人作为研究对象,测定粉尘接触岗位中木粉尘的浓度。调查所有工人的基本情况,并用SinBo肺通气功能仪测定其肺通气功能。
  结果  共检测56个接尘岗位,其中21个岗位（占37.50%）的木粉尘浓度超标。56个接尘岗位木粉尘的平均浓度为（1.76 ± 0.32）mg/m3,其中锣机、车床、开料岗位的木粉尘浓度较高。本次研究共调查接触木粉尘工人411名,肺通气功能正常370名（占90.02%）,有肺通气功能障碍41名（占9.98%）。logistic回归分析结果显示:接尘浓度、工龄每增加一个等级,工人肺通气功能障碍发生风险分别增加3.52、3.42倍（P < 0.05）。吸烟、年龄对工人肺通气功能也有重要影响。
  结论  某市木质家具制造企业木粉尘浓度较高,对工人肺通气功能造成了影响。应加强生产工艺的改革和对木粉尘危害的工程控制,加强对接触较高浓度木粉尘、工龄较长工人的职业健康检查,预防肺部疾病的发生。
     

Monoterpene and wood dust exposures: work-related symptoms among Finnish sawmill workers.

BACKGROUND: Monoterpenes and wood dust are released into the work environment during sawing of fresh wood. Symptoms related to exposure to monoterpenes and wood dust include irritation of the eyes, mucous membrane, and skin. METHODS: We studied 22 sawhouse workers who process pine and spruce in 1997-99. Exposure to monoterpenes was assessed by determining monoterpenes in air and verbenols in urine by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection. Wood dust was determined gravimetrically. A questionnaire was used to evaluate work-related subjective symptoms. RESULTS: Exposures to monoterpenes (geometric mean, GM) among sawhouse workers were 61-138 mg/m(3) and 2.0-13 mg/m(3) during processing of pine and spruce, respectively. Urinary verbenol correlated well with worker exposure to the alpha-pinene fraction of monoterpenes. The inhalable dust concentration in the breathing zone was 0.5- 2.2 mg/m(3) during pine processing and 0.4-1.9 mg/m(3) during spruce processing. The prevalence of symptoms, in the eyes or respiratory tract, was high during both seasons and in connection with either tree species. CONCLUSIONS: The highest monoterpene concentration (GM), in the breathing zone, measured during processing of pine, was less than one-fourth of the Finnish occupational exposure limit (OEL, 570 mg/m(3)). Verbenol concentrations in postshift urine samples reflected accurately the exposure to monoterpenes. The concentrations of inhalable dust (GM) were less than one-half the Finnish OEL (5 mg/m(3)). No significant differences in dust exposure were observed among tree species processed. Work-related symptoms appeared to correlate with monoterpene exposure during processing of pine and with wood dust exposure during processing of spruce.     

铁路隧道施工现场粉尘阈限值的估算探讨

目的估算铁路隧道施工现场粉尘阈限值,为有关行政管理部门采取措施,控制现场粉尘浓度提供依据。方法调查铁道部某3个工程局2851名隧道工1963~1998年共35 a的接尘史和相应的施工隧道粉尘监测资料,应用Kaplan-Meier法结合3次样条函数拟合的方法,建立隧道工累积接尘量与矽肺累积患病率关系的方程式,并由此估算铁路隧道施工现场粉尘阈限值。结果作业30 a不患矽肺的现场粉尘最高容许浓度为1.17 mg/m3;矽肺患病率控制为0.5%时,现场粉尘阈限值为3.23 mg/m3;患病率控制为1%时,现场粉尘阈限值为5.30 mg/m3。结论得到的阈限值可为有关行政管理部门采取措施降低现场粉尘浓度,保护工人身体健康提供科学依据。     

Exposure to and acute effects of medium-density fiber board dust

The goals of this study were (1) to investigate workers' exposure to medium-density fiber (MDF) dust (inhalable dust, particle size),formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds; (2) to study the possible inflammatory nasal reactions caused by exposure to MDF board dust; and (3) to determine the occurrence of irritative symptoms among exposed workers. Nasal lavage fluid was analyzed for cytokines and nitric oxide/nitrite. and inflammatory cells were counted. The time-weighted average of MDF dust was 1.4 mg/m3 in the workers' breathing zones. MDF board dust was composed mainly of particles exceeding 10 microm in diameter. The MDF board dust released formaldehyde in concentration of about 1000 microg/g when extracted with water for 6 hours at 37 degrees C. The cell counts and cytokine levels of the nasal lavage fluid samples did not show statistically significant differences between the workers exposed to MDF board dust and those exposed to other wood dusts. Nevertheless, two MDF-exposed workers had a considerable increase in the proportion of eosinophils and cytokine levels. Several workers exposed to MDF and wood dusts experienced nasal, eye, and skin symptoms at the end of a work shift. Both exposed groups had significantly more nasal symptoms, although the median dust level was only 1.2 mg/m3, considerably less than the occupational exposure limit for wood dust in Finland. Nasal symptoms were more frequent among workers exposed to MDF board dust and did not correlate with smoking. Our results suggest that the occupational exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 is probably too high for MDF board dust.     

Longitudinal changes of pulmonary function in workers with high wood dust exposure levels

BACKGROUND: It is well know that wood dust exposure can induce sino-nasal cancers, rhinitis and asthma; induction of chronic bronchial obstruction, pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer are also suggested, but data are often inconclusive and in disagreement. OBJECTIVES: The study evaluated the decrease in lung function in a group of 31 non-smokers exposed to high levels of wood dust (> 5 mg/m3 also) and in 2 non-smokering control groups with comparable lung function tests at first examination: 39 mechanical workers without respiratory hazards (group 1) and 30 forestry workers (group 2). METHODS: Assessment of lung function was repeated at least 5 times during 11.2 +/- 2.4 years for wood workers and 12.3 +/- 4.2 years for group 1 (n.s.) and 15.0 +/- 2.6 years for group 2 (p < 0.0005). Linear regression for annual loss of VC and FEV1 was calculated from observed data for each subject. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in VC loss or FEV1 loss between woodworkers and control group1 (20.67 +/- 16.9 vs 19.0 +/- 23.2 and 31.37 +/- 22.3 vs 36.2 +/- 22.4 ml/year respectively), while control group 2 showed an accelerated (p < 0.005) VC and FEV1 loss (32.8 +/- 22.1 and 46.6 +/- 21.2 ml/years respectively). In conclusion, the study did not show any alterations in the longitudinal decrease in pulmonary function due to high wood dust exposure levels, perhaps due to the poor inhalability of wood particles that are mostly trapped in the nose; further studies are needed to investigate chronic effects of wood dust exposure on development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, pulmonary fibrosis and also lung cancer.     

Exposure assessment to alpha- and beta-pinene,delta(3)-carene and wood dust in industrial production of wood pellets

The main aim of the study was to measure the exposure to monoterpenes (alpha- and beta-pinene and Delta(3)-carene) and wood dust during industrial production of wood pellets and briquettes. Additional aims were to compare the results from wood dust sampled on a filter with real time measurements using a direct reading instrument and to identify peak exposures to dust. Twenty-four men working at six companies involved in industrial production of wood pellets and briquettes participated in the study. Monoterpenes were measured by diffusive sampling and wood dust was measured as total dust. A data logger (DataRAM) was used for continuous monitoring of dust concentration for 18 of the participants. The sampling time was approximately 8 h. The personal exposure to monoterpenes ranged from 0.64 to 28 mg/m(3) and a statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis test, P = 0.0002) difference in levels of monoterpenes for workers at different companies was seen. In the companies the personal exposure to wood dust varied between 0.16 and 19 mg/m(3) and for 10 participants the levels exceeded the present Swedish occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 2 mg/m(3). The levels of wood dust during the morning shift were significantly (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.04) higher compared with the afternoon shift. Continuous registration of dust concentration showed peak values for several working operations, especially cleaning of truck engines with compressed air. For 24 workers in six companies involved in industrial production of wood pellets the personal exposure to monoterpenes was low and to wood dust high compared with the present Swedish OEL and previous studies in Swedish wood industries. Since the DataRAM can identify critical working tasks with high wood dust exposure a reduction in exposure levels could probably be achieved by changes in working routines and by the use of protective equipment.     

隧道工矽肺危险度评价模型

目的：建立隧道工矽肺危险度评价模型，预测矽肺发病规律。方法：调查有关工程局5482名接尘工人的接尘史、隧道粉尘资料和矽肺病人的诊断日期；应用Kaplan-Meier方法初步估计累积患病率善于累积接尘量的曲线；应用样条函数方法拟合曲线。结果：建立了矽肺的危险度评价模型；提出矽尘作业30年不发生矽肺的粉尘最高容许浓度建议值0.21mg/m^3；在平均粉尘浓度20.47mg/m^3下工作30年，矽肺累积患病率预计为11．1％；接尘工龄30年，累积患病率控制为0.5%时，容许浓度为1.14mg/m^3；累积患病率控制为1％时，容许浓度为2.06mg/m^3。结论：建立的模型具有实用价值，得到的结果可以为行政管理部门制定规章制度、保护工人的健康提供决策依据。     

Respiratory symptoms and dust exposure among male workers in small-scale wood industries in Tanzania

Few studies have assessed respiratory symptoms and dust exposure levels in small-scale wood industry workers in Africa. We interviewed 546 workers exposed to wood dust and 565 control subjects using a respiratory health questionnaire. Inhalable dust measurements were collected for 106 workers. The dust exposure was high, and job title-based geometric mean exposure levels ranged from 2.9 to 22.8 mg/m3. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the previous 12 months was significantly higher in the exposed group compared with the nonexposed office workers. Allergy and sensitivity symptoms were reported regularly in the exposed group with Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) varying from 2.4 (95% CI = 1.8-3.1) for low- and 2.7 (1.8-4.0) for high-exposure groups compared with controls. We conclude that working in the small-scale wood industry in Tanzania is associated with an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms.     

Comparative occupational exposures to formaldehyde released from inhaled wood product dusts versus that in vapor form

Particle boards and other wood boards are usually made with formaldehyde-based resins. Woodworkers are thus exposed to formaldehyde in vapor form as well as from airborne dust once it enters their respiratory tract. These workers remain exposed to formaldehyde released from the dust still present in their upper respiratory tract, even after their work shift. In assessing the risk associated with formaldehyde exposure, one needs to consider the relative importance of these two sources of exposure. This study proposes two kinetic models to estimate and compare the exposures. For various exposure scenarios, one model predicts the amount of formaldehyde absorbed from the ambient vapor form and the other predicts the amount absorbed by the respiratory tract upon its release from wood product dust. Model parameters are determined using data from published studies. Based on a daily work shift of 8 hr, with a dust concentration in air of 5 mg/m(3) and a formaldehyde concentration bound to dust of 9 microg/mg, model simulations predict that the amount of absorbed formaldehyde released from wood dust is approximately 1/100 of the amount absorbed from the ambient vapor form at a concentration level of 0.38 mg/m(3) (0.3 ppm). Since the formaldehyde concentration in wood dust used above is much higher than usually observed while the dust and vapor form formaldehyde concentrations are of the order of acceptable upper values, these results indicate that the formaldehyde exposure from wood dust is comparatively negligible.