木尘对工人健康危害的流行病学研究

本文对制材、家俱、木器等15个厂的流调结果表明:木尘浓度范围0.5～180mg/m~3,几何平均浓度3.l～36.6mg/m~3。分散度<5μm者占50.6～84.2%。沉降尘中游离SiO_2含量为0.54～7.7％。木尘对工人的主要危害是引起鼻粘膜炎和慢性支气管炎,其检出率随着木尘浓度上升而呈增高趋势。肺通气功能测定,FVC、FEV_1、FEV_1%和MMFR均明显下降,与对照组相比,差异显著。对1383名木工进行了胸部X线摄片,发现相当于Ⅰ期尘肺改变者14例。木尘致纤维化作用不明显,能否引起木尘肺有待进一步研究。     

某地方煤矿44例尘肺漏诊的原因分析

该矿建于1969年,井下作业接尘工人约800余人,设备简陋,作业环境煤尘浓度最低1.25mg/m~3,最高达63mg/m~3;岩尘和混合粉尘也都超过规定允许的浓度。1977年曾在体检中发现尘肺4例。以后10余年中曾多次体检,但均未再有尘肺病例发现。1989年4月,我们对该矿的尘肺发病情况进行调查,结果按“GB5906-86尘肺X线诊断标准”,确诊新尘肺病例44例。这一结果表明,自1977年以来的多次体检中,均有尘肺漏诊现象发生。造成漏诊的主要原因有:1.漏检一些工人缺乏卫生知识,对粉尘危害及健康监护认识不足,对体检持消极态度,不去接受体检。     

氧化铝尘肺一例动态观察24年

报道:铝电解作业工人所接触的生产性粉尘为氧化铝,还有少数冰晶石、氟化铝等。工人作业环境的沉降粉尘中游离二氧化矽含量为0.5％。历年来粉尘浓度动摇在0.3—512.0mg/m~3之间(平均23.9mg/m~3)粉尘粒径小于5μ者占86％。1961年通过铝尘肺调查,发现一例Ⅰ期氧化铝尘肺(男性,49岁,接尘工龄为11年)。X线胸片所见:两肺中、下野有较     

烟草尘对作业工人肺部影响的调查

为了解烟草尘对作业工人肺部的影响以及烟草尘肺的发病情况,选择某卷烟厂作业工人155例(男70例,女85例)作为观察组,对其进行X线胸片拍摄、肺功能测定、心电图及化验等项目检查,分析其结果与环境烟草尘浓度的关系。X线胸片显示,两肺纹理增多、紊乱者49例,诊断无尘肺(0 )3例。肺功能测定结果显示,轻度损伤8例,小气道功能障碍59例。说明烟草尘可引起作业工人不同程度的肺部损害,本次调查烟草尘浓度0.45~15.56 mg/m3,未见有烟草尘肺的发生。     

某染织厂棉尘危害调查报告

国外报告棉尘工有胸部发紧、气短、肺通气功能损害,无尘肺X线特殊改变。国内报告棉尘工人胸片X线改变较大。为探索棉尘对工人的影响,我们对某染职厂棉尘进行调查,并选择无接尘史的服务员作对照。结果该厂粉尘浓度1.9～6.7mg/m~3,平均4mg/m~3,接触棉尘201人,检查175人,受检率为80.3%。有咳     

烟花工尘肺调查

对接触烟花粉尘平均浓度为73.5mg/m~3的320名烟花制作工人进行了分析发现Ⅰ期尘肺15例.0~+49例。烟花工尘肺的 X 线表现相似铝尘肺。作者认为,其致病尘与金属铝粉和炭未有关,还对其发病过程、合并症等进行了讨论.     

木尘对健康危害及卫生标准研究

长期接触木尘可使鼻粘膜炎、慢性支气管炎检出率明显增高。木工的鼻粘膜炎检出率与车间内木尘浓度有关。将木尘浓度控制在5mg/m~3以下,鼻粘膜炎检出率接近对照组水平,但不易实现。如木尘浓度维持在10mg/m~3或10mg/m~3以上时,木工的鼻粘膜炎检出率明显增高,比对照组高19.84～21.0%,对肺功能损害也比较重。若将木尘浓度控制在5～10mg/m~3之间,鼻粘膜炎检出率比对照组高13.7～14.3%,对工人健康虽有一定的危害但不严重。结合我国经济条件和防尘技术的可行性,建议木尘最高容许浓度为8mg/m~3。     

接触烟草尘工人高仟伏X线胸片6年动态观察

选择某卷烟厂2007年至2012年接触烟草尘的作业工人351人,对其X线胸片进行了为期6年的动态观察,分析X线胸片表现与接尘浓度和接尘时间的关系。本次调查的工作场所空气中总粉尘浓度范围0.26～4.9 mg/m3。X线胸片显示,接尘组检出双肺纹理增多,紊乱55人,其中13人合并肺结核,未检出烟草尘肺。提示长期低浓度的烟草粉尘暴露,可以引起接尘工人的肺部损害,表现为肺纹理的改变。同时,增加肺结核的患病风险。 更多还原     

赤铁矿工人接尘量与尘肺发病关系的研究

对海南铁矿2740名接尘工人(尘肺患者44例)用寿命表法进行接尘量与尘肺发病关系的研究表明:尘肺发病概率与累积接尘量之间呈直线相关,若以工人一生工作30年,发病概率小于1%计,则年平均粉尘浓度在5.78～6.96mg/m~3。该矿矿尘平均游离SiO_2含量为8.82%。作者建议,赤铁矿粉尘的最高容许浓度应从现行10mg/m~3的卫生标准降至5mg/m~3。     

炭弧气刨工尘肺调查与实验研究

炭弧气刨尘是以Fe_3O_4为主及含少量Mn、Cu和炭的混合尘,含硅量极低。作业环境空气中粉尘浓度平均为728mg/m~3。77名作业工人经胸片检查发现Ⅰ期尘肺4名,Ⅱ期1名,平均发病工龄9.5年。X线形态学改变为浅淡点状阴影,或称“软性结节”。临床症状先于X线表现。自然吸入与气管注入染尘的动物,经病理检查均证实该尘有致纤维化作用。炭刨作业危害属多因素联合作用。因有苯并芘及炭、铁等共存,对该尘致癌作用的研究提供了新线索和新课题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.