亚低温治疗对窒息新生儿消化系统功能的影响

目的　研究亚低温治疗对窒息后缺氧缺血性脑损伤 (HIBD)新生儿消化系统功能的影响。方法　将 5 0例重度窒息足月新生儿分为治疗组 2 3例和对照组 2 7例。两组均采用相同常规基础对症治疗。治疗组同时采用选择性头部降温方法 ,维持鼻咽温度 34± 0 .5℃ ,持续 72h ;对照组不进行亚低温治疗。检测肝功能、胆红素及临床胃肠动力学改变等指标。结果　两组肝功能异常人数比较无差异 ,生后 6 8～ 79h血清胆红素治疗组为 136± 2 7μmol/L ,对照组为 15 9±2 2 μmol/L,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　选择性头部降温并未加重HIBD新生儿肝脏功能损伤 ,但可能对胃肠动力存在一定影响。     

窒息新生儿血浆N端脑钠肽原水平的变化

目的　探讨窒息新生儿血浆N端脑钠肽原 (NT proBNP)水平的变化 ,评价血浆NT proBNP对新生儿窒息并心功能障碍的临床意义 ,并了解新生儿血浆NT proBNP水平与日龄的关系。方法　采用竞争性酶免疫法 (EIA)测定 41例健康新生儿 (对照组 )及 3 3例窒息新生儿 (窒息组 )血浆NT proBNP水平 ,同时测定窒息组血浆肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK MB)、乳酸脱氢酶1 (LDH1 )及肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)水平。结果　对照组 <14d的新生儿 (n =2 8)血浆NT proBNP水平较高 [(2 479.82± 14 0 0 .0 1)fmol/mL] ,而 14d后 (n =13 )降为 (3 71.5 4± 14 7.40 )fmol/mL ,新生儿血浆NT proBNP水平与月龄呈显著负相关 (r =-0 .73 5　P <0 .0 0 0 1)。窒息组出生 3d内血浆NT proBNP水平显著高于对照组中出生 3d内者 (n =15 )的水平 :(3 92 4± 10 3 0 )fmol/mL比 (3 192± 14 86)fmol/mL(t=1.979　P <0 .0 5 ) ;重度窒息者 (n =10 )显著高于轻度窒息者 (n =2 3 ) :(4 2 2 8± 10 87)fmol/mL比 (3 5 40± 992 )fmol/mL(t=3 .17　P <0 .0 1)。多元线形回归分析揭示 :LDH1 和CTnI对血浆NT proBNP水平的影响具有统计学意义。回归方程为 :NT proBNP =12 0 2 + 1.46×LDH1 + 40 9×CTnI(F =40 .7　P <0 .0 0 0 1)。结论　窒息新生儿血浆NT proBNP水平能反     

纳洛酮对窒息新生儿血浆β内啡肽及血管活性肠肽的影响

目的　探讨新生儿窒息后血浆 β内啡肽 (β EP)和血管活性肠肽 (VIP)的变化 ,及纳洛酮治疗后对其的影响。方法　围产期窒息新生儿 44例 ,其中重度窒息 1 9例 ,轻度窒息 2 5例。将 44例窒息新生儿中的 32例设为实验组 (重度窒息 1 4例 ,轻度窒息 1 8例 ) ,在生后第 1天及用纳洛酮治疗后1h和 3d分别取血 ,用放射免疫技术测定血浆 β EP及VIP。另 1 2例为窒息对照组 (重度窒息 5例 ,轻度窒息 7例 )。正常对照组 1 6例。结果　生后 2 4h内窒息组患儿 β EP及VIP明显高于对照组 ,且窒息程度越重 ,两者水平越高 ,两组比较差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5)。重度窒息、轻度窒息 ,及非窒息对照组患儿血浆 β EP及VIP水平分别为 (1 65± 61 ) ,(91± 45) ;(1 0 1± 2 9) ,(73± 1 4 ) ;(67± 1 6) ,(64± 1 1 )ng/L。应用纳洛酮 1h后实验组患儿血浆 β EP及VIP水平均下降 ,连续用药 3d后 ,实验组 β EP[(58± 1 8)ng/L]及VIP[(50± 1 3)ng/L]明显低于窒息对照组 [分别为 (77± 1 5)、(70± 1 2 )ng/L] ,两组比较差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5)。而与同日龄非窒息对照组水平差异无显著意义。结论　血浆 β EP及VIP浓度与围产期窒息缺氧密切相关 ,窒息程度越重 ,β EP及VIP水平越高 ,而纳洛酮可有效降低 β EP及VIP水平     

选择性头部亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病疗效观察

目的　观察选择性头部亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)疗效。方法　对 14例中重度HIE患儿 ,用选择性头部亚低温治疗。保持鼻咽温度为 34.0± 0 .2℃ ,维持 4 8h。治疗前、中、后监测心率、呼吸、氧饱和度、血压等。结果　亚低温治疗后患儿心率减慢 ,治疗后 2 4、4 8h与治疗前比较有显著性差异 (t分别为 6 .5 7,7.95　P均 <0 .0 1)。治疗前后无呼吸暂停、硬肿症等发生。结论　选择性头部亚低温治疗HIE是安全的。     

亚低温和硫酸镁对新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤脑细胞凋亡的影响

目的　 探讨亚低温、硫酸镁对新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤 (HIBD)的脑细胞凋亡和远期行为能力的影响。 方法 　 48只 7日龄Wistar大鼠分为亚低温组 (直肠温度 3 4℃ ,维持 48h)、硫酸镁组 ( 2 5 %MgSO4 45 0mg/kg腹腔注射 ,共 6次 ,)和生理盐水(NS)对照组 ,每组 16只 ,其中 8只 48h进行HE染色病理检查和分别测定脑海马区bc1-2、bax蛋白表达 ,8只 75d进行Y迷宫测定学习能力。 结果 　NS对照组HE染色见CAl区受损细胞明显皱缩 ,染色较深 ,细胞核固缩 ;bc1-2蛋白表达的免疫反应光密度为 ( 0 43 2 1± 0 0 5 98)明显低于亚低温组 ( 0 763 8± 0 0 95 3 )和硫酸镁组 ( 0 7964± 0 0 994,P <0 0 1) ,对照组bax蛋白表达的免疫反应光密度为 ( 0 82 3 6± 0 0 73 4) ,明显高于亚低温组和硫酸镁组 ( 0 4887± 0 0 812和 0 5 0 2 1± 0 0 92 3 ,P <0 0 1) ,而 75d行为能力测定亚低温和硫酸镁组迷宫尝试次数明显少于NS组 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论 　HIBD后给予硫酸镁和亚低温治疗明显抑制了脑海马区神经细胞凋亡的产生 ,从而使远期行为预后得到了很大程度的改善     

窒息新生儿选择头部亚低温治疗前后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶的变化

目的 探讨窒息脑损伤新生儿选择头部亚低温治疗前后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的变化及早期亚低温治疗效果.方法 窒息新生儿82例.其中轻度窒息39例,重度窒息43例.无窒息足月新生儿29例作为健康对照组.重度窒息新生儿随机分成亚低温治疗组和常规治疗组,亚低温治疗组采用选择性头部亚低温治疗方法 ,维持鼻咽温度(34.0±0.5)℃,持续72 h;常规治疗组仅采用常规对症治疗.分别于治疗前、治疗72 h采集各组新生儿静脉血2 mL,采用放射免疫分析方法 检测血清NSE.采用SPSS 12.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 轻度窒息组血清NSE水平[(34.83±6.17)μg/L]及重度窒息组[(59.58±8.87)μg/L]均明显高于健康对照组[(30.57±4.88)μg/L](t=3.07 P<0.01;t=16.02 P<0.001);且重度窒息组明显高于轻度窒息组(t=14.52 P<0.001).亚低温治疗组和常规治疗组患儿治疗前血清NSE水平分别为(60.65±8.85)μg/L、(58.46±8.98)μg/L,二组比较无显著差异(t=0.81 P>0.05);治疗72 h亚低温治疗组[(40.97±6.55)μg/L]明显低于常规治疗组[(48.15±5.57)μg/L](t=3.86 P<0.001).结论 NSE可作为新生儿窒息脑损伤的早期监测指标之一,早期亚低温治疗重度窒息新生儿有脑神经保护作用.     

全身亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的疗效分析

目的探讨全身亚低温对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的近期和远期疗效。方法2002-08—2004-12郑州大学第三附属医院儿科收治的49例新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患儿随机分为亚低温治疗组(24例)和对照组(25例),低温组在生后2～10h内给予全身亚低温治疗,维持肛温在(33～34)℃,持续72h,对照组在监护下维持肛温在(37·0±0·5)℃,两组急性期及恢复期其余治疗措施相同。通过对两组患儿不同时期神经学评分、新生儿神经行为测定及婴幼儿智能运动发育检测等来评价亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的远近期疗效。结果(1)神经学评分:两组患儿在治疗前神经学评分比较无明显统计学差异。但低温组在治疗12h、24h、48h、72h及80h的神经学评分均低于对照组,两组相比有统计学差异(P<0·05)。(2)神经行为测定:两组患儿分别在生后7d、14d和28d做NBNA检测,14d和28d的NBNA测定,低温组测定值明显高于对照组,P值均<0·05。(3)婴幼儿CD-CC智能发育评估:3个月、6个月、12个月、18个月时,低温组智能发育指数(MDI)和运动发育指数(PDI)均明显高于对照组,两组比较有显著性差异。结论全身亚低温治疗对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病有明显的近期和远期神经保护作用。     

新生猪窒息模型的心肌损害的研究

目的　建立新生猪急性低氧性心肌损害模型。方法　 19只新生猪随机分成对照组(n =8)和窒息组 (n =11)。夹闭气管插管 10min建立新生猪窒息模型。窒息复苏后 6h测定血清中肌酸激酶心肌同工酶 (CK MB)和心肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)的含量 ;运用超声心动图检测各项心功能指标 ,包括左室射血分数 (LVEF)、右室射血分数 (RVEF)、二尖瓣及三尖瓣口舒张期血流EV/AV比值 (MVE/A ,TVE/A)、二尖瓣及三尖瓣环运动速度e/a比值 (MVe/a ,TVe/a)、左室等容舒张期 (LVIRT)以及二尖瓣和三尖瓣返流指数 (MR ,TR) ;对照组在相应时间点检测。实验结束后进行心肌损害病理组织学评分。结果　复苏后 6h ,窒息组CK MB和cTnT含量分别为 ( 4 2 3± 156)IU/L和 ( 0 85± 0 64) μg/L ,高于对照组 [( 2 13± 3 0 )IU/L和 ( 0 0 8± 0 0 2 ) μg/L ,P均 <0 0 1] ;LVEF、RVEF、TVE/A、MVe/a和TVe/a分别为 ( 59 6± 8 6) %、( 60 2± 7 1) %、0 79± 0 2 1、0 77± 0 12和 0 78± 0 19,均低于对照组 [分别为 ( 67 5± 6 9) %、( 68 8± 7 4) %、1 14± 0 16、1 19± 0 18和 1 0 3± 0 2 7,P均 <0 0 5] ;心肌损伤病理学评分为 2 82± 0 98,高于对照组 ( 0 3 8± 0 53 ,P <0 0 1) ,且左、右室之间评分无差异。结论　新生猪窒     

选择性头部降温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤的初步评价

目的　研究选择性头部降温对足月新生儿窒息后缺氧缺血性脑损伤（hypoxic-ischemicbraindamage,HIBD）治疗的安全性和神经保护作用。方法　将18例中重度窒息的足月新生儿随机分为治疗组（11例）和对照组（7例）。治疗组采用选择性头部降温方法,维持鼻咽温度为(34.0±0.2)℃,持续72h;对照组不进行降温治疗。于生后62～72h采血检测肌钙蛋白-T、β2微球蛋白、D-二聚体,同时检测尿β2微球蛋白和脑脊液（CSF）神经烯醇化酶（NSE）等。于治疗前、生后7～10d和生后3个月进行常规16导联EEG检测,并分别采用新生儿神经行为评分（NBNA）、婴幼儿发育量表（CDCC）进行神经行为发育评价。结果　治疗组NSE为(18.1±2.1)μg/L,对照组为(24.6±5.3)μg/L（t＝2.04,P＜0.05）;治疗组患儿生后28dNBNA为(37±2)分,对照组为(32±3)分（t＝1.83,P＜0.05）。两组患儿血β2微球蛋白、肌钙蛋白-T、D-二聚体以及尿β2微球蛋白均明显升高,但两组差异无显著性（P均>0.05）。结论　初步研究显示,选择性头部降温对足月窒息新生儿具有神经保护作用,体温维持34.5℃以上是安全的。     

对新生儿窒息不同复苏方法的比较分析

目的　探讨抢救新生儿窒息快速有效的方法。方法　取新生儿窒息 135例 ,根据窒息程度将 135例分为轻度窒息组 (A组 ,4≤ 1minApgar评分≤ 7,n =99)和重度窒息组 (B组 ,0 <1minApgar评分≤ 3,n =36 ) ,每组处理上有采用口腔吸引后面罩辅助控制通气 (方法 1) ,也有采用气管插管吸引后辅助控制通气 (方法 2 )。结果　方法 2与方法 1相比 ,5minApgar评分显著增高 [A2 vsA1=(9 3± 0 6 )vs(7 8± 0 3) ,P <0 0 5 ;B2 vsB1=(8 5± 0 4 )vs(6 7± 0 6 ) ,P <0 0 1],复苏处理时间显著缩短 [A2 vsA1=(5 7± 1 2 )vs(8 6± 1 4 ) ,P <0 0 5 ;B2 vsB1=(8 1± 1 8)vs(11 3± 2 2 ) ,P <0 0 1]。结论　采用气管插管辅助人工通气对新生儿窒息 ,特别对重度新生儿窒息是一种快速有效的复苏方法     

The effect of temperature on the QTc interval in the newborn infant receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes in the QTc interval during mild hypothermia in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). DESIGN: Twenty seven neonates (median gestation 40 weeks; range 33-41 weeks) enrolled in a pilot study of mild hypothermia were studied during the first five days of ECMO. The first group (N=7) were maintained at 37 degrees C throughout the study period. Subsequent groups (N=5) were cooled to 36 degrees C, 35 degrees C and 34 degrees C respectively for twenty four hours and the final group to 34 degrees C for forty eight hours before being rewarmed to 37 degrees C. Using a 24 h digital monitor, the QT and QTc intervals were recorded continuously during the cooling and rewarming period and validated using standard 12 lead electrocardiograms. Patients were carefully assessed clinically and routine biochemistry (including magnesium and calcium) laboratory tests measured pre ECMO and at timed intervals during cooling and rewarming. RESULTS: The mean difference between the continuous digital and 12 lead ECG values for QTc was -13.3 ms. During the first 24 h of cooling, the mean (95th centile) values for the digitally measured QTc interval at 37 degrees C=431(506) milliseconds (ms); 36 degrees C=459(521) ms; 35 degrees C=445(516) ms; 34 degrees C=465(531) ms; 34 degrees C for 48 h=466(521) ms. During this period overall QTc increased by 3.12 ms (95% confidence intervals 6.17 to 0.84; p=0.04) for each degree fall in body temperature. During rewarming, there was no significant relationship between QTc and temperature change. No serious arrhythmias were during cooling. Using univariate analysis, no relationship was found between QTc and electrolytes, heart rate and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: QTc shows significant variability in individuals, and only a small proportion of this can be explained by rectal temperature. Mild hypothermia was not associated with serious cardiac arrhythmias.     

Effect of cerebral hypothermia on cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone responses after umbilical cord occlusion in preterm fetal sheep

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is essential for adaptation to stress. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia would adversely affect fetal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol responses to an asphyxial insult. Chronically instrumented preterm fetal sheep (104 d of gestation, term is 147 d) were allocated to sham occlusion (n = 7), 25 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion (n = 7), or occlusion and head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia (n = 7, mean +/- SEM esophageal temperature 37.6 +/- 0.3 degrees C vs 39.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C; p < 0.05) from 90 min to 70 h after occlusion, followed by spontaneous rewarming. During umbilical cord occlusion, there was a rapid rise in ACTH and cortisol levels, with further increases after release of cord occlusion. ACTH levels returned to sham control values after 10 h in both occlusion groups. In contrast, plasma cortisol levels remained elevated after 48 h in both occlusion groups and were still significantly elevated in the hypothermia-occlusion group 2 h after rewarming, at 72 h, compared with the normothermia-occlusion and sham groups. In conclusion, hypothermia does not affect the overall HPA responses to severe asphyxia in the preterm fetus but does prolong the cortisol response.     

选择性头部亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病临床多中心研究疗效阶段性分析

目的：通过临床多中心随机对照研究观察选择性头部亚低温治疗新生儿HIE的有效性。方法：收集2002年5月至2004年11月30日之前入选的至今已经完成18个月随访的新生儿HIE患儿共187（低温组104例，对照组83例）例进行初步疗效分析。低温组生后6h以内开始选择性头部低温联合全身轻度低温治疗，维持鼻咽部温度34±0.2℃，直肠温度维持在34.5℃以上；持续72h，然后自然复温。常温组维持直肠温度在36～37.5℃之间。生后 18个月进行神经发育评估（Gesell，s Development Diagnosis），主要观察严重伤残的发生率和死亡率。患儿存在脑瘫或智力发育迟滞中的任何一项定义为严重伤残。结果：187例中共失访30例（16％），实际有效病例157例（低温组88例，常温组69例）。低温组和常温组死亡和严重伤残的联合发生率分别为31.8％和50.7％（odds ratio：0.45，95％ CI 0.23－0.86，P=0.02）；其中死亡率分别为20.5％和31.9％（odds ratio：0.54，95％ CI 0.26－1.11，P=0.10）；严重伤残率分别为14.3％和27.7％（odda ratio：0.43，95％ CI 0.17－1.11，P=0.07）。进一步分析亚低温对不同严重程度的HIE的治疗效果，在中度HIE患儿中，低温治疗组死亡和严重伤残的联合发生率为24.2％，较对照组（52％）显著降低，(odds ratia:0.29,95% CI 0.10-0.9, P=0.03)；重度HIE患儿低温组和对照组的死亡和严重伤残的联合发生率分别为为55.6％和73.3％（P=0.13）。结论：选择性头部低温联合全身轻度低温72小时，可以显著降低HIE新生儿严重伤残率的发生,尤其是中度HIE患儿。     

Epileptiform activity during rewarming from moderate cerebral hypothermia in the near-term fetal sheep

Moderate hypothermia is consistently neuroprotective after hypoxic-ischemic insults and is the subject of ongoing clinical trials. In pilot studies, we observed rebound seizure activity in one infant during rewarming from a 72-h period of hypothermia. We therefore quantified the development of EEG-defined seizures during rewarming in an experimental paradigm of delayed cooling for cerebral ischemia. Moderate cerebral hypothermia (n=9) or sham cooling (n=13) was initiated 5.5 h after reperfusion from a 30-min period of bilateral carotid occlusion in near-term fetal sheep and continued for 72 h after the insult. During spontaneous rewarming, fetal extradural temperature rose from 32.5 +/- 0.6 degrees C to control levels (39.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C) in 47 +/- 6 min. Carotid blood flow and mean arterial blood pressure increased transiently during rewarming. The cooling group showed a significant increase in electrical seizure events 2, 3, and 5 h after rewarming, maximal at 2 h (2.9 +/- 1.2 versus 0.5 +/- 0.5 events/h; p <0.05). From 6 h after rewarming, there was no significant difference between the groups. Individual seizures were typically short (28.8 +/- 5.8 s versus 29.0 +/- 6.8 s in sham cooled; NS), and of modest amplitude (35.9 +/- 2.8 versus 38.8 +/- 3.4 microV; NS). Neuronal loss in the parasagittal cortex was significantly reduced in the cooled group (51 +/- 9% versus 91 +/- 5%; p <0.002) and was not correlated with rebound epileptiform activity. In conclusion, rapid rewarming after a prolonged interval of therapeutic hypothermia can be associated with a transient increase in epileptiform events but does not seem to have significant adverse implications for neural outcome.     

选择性头部亚低温对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤的治疗作用

目的 探讨选择性头部亚低温对足月新生儿窒息后缺氧缺血性脑损伤（ＨＩＢＤ）的神经保护作用及其安全性。方法 将２２例重度窒息足月新生儿随机分为治疗组（１１例）和对照组（１１例）。治疗组采用选择性头部降温方法,维持鼻咽温度为（３４．０±０．２）℃,持续７２ ｈ;对照组不进行降温治疗。两组均于治疗后６４～７２ ｈ测脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶（ＮＳＥ）,血ＣＫ－ＭＢ,尿β２微球蛋白（β２－ＭＧ）等。于治疗前、生后１０ ｄ和３个月进行常规１６导ＥＥＧ检测,并采用新生儿神经行为评分（ＮＢＮＡ）、婴幼儿发育量表（ＣＤＣＣ）进行神经行为发育评价。结果 治疗组脑脊液ＮＳＥ为（１９．５±２．２）μｇ／Ｌ,明显低于对照组[（２４．６±５．３）μｇ／Ｌ］（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）;生后２８ ｄ治疗组ＮＢＮＡ评分为（３６±３）分,低于对照组[（３２±２）分］（Ｐ＜０．０１）。治疗前两组ＥＥＧ均异常,生后１０ｄ,３个月治疗组ＥＥＧ均正常,对照组２例持续重度异常。两组患儿血ＣＫ－ＭＢ及尿β２－ＭＧ差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论 选择性头部亚低温对足月新生儿窒息后ＨＩＢＤ可能具有神经保护作用,临床上具有安全性。     

Cerebral hypothermia is not neuroprotective when started after postischemic seizures in fetal sheep.

Prolonged cerebral hypothermia is neuroprotective if started within a few hours of hypoxia-ischemia. However, delayed seizure activity is one of the major clinical indicators of an adverse prognosis after perinatal asphyxia. The aim of this study was to determine whether head cooling delayed until after the onset of postasphyxial seizures may still be neuroprotective. Unanesthetized near-term fetal sheep in utero received 30 min of cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Eight and one-half hours later, they received either cooling (n = 5) or sham cooling (n = 13) until 72 h after the insult. Intrauterine cooling, induced by circulating cold water through a coil around the fetal head, was titrated to reduce fetal extradural temperature from 39.4+/-0.1 degrees C to between 30 and 33 degrees C. Cerebral ischemia led to the delayed development of intense epileptiform activity from 6 to 8 h postinsult, followed by a marked secondary rise in cortical impedance (a measure of cytotoxic edema) and in carotid blood flow. Cerebral cooling markedly attenuated the secondary rise in impedance and reduced carotid blood flow (p < 0.001). After 5 d recovery, there was no significant difference in loss of parietal EEG activity relative to baseline in the hypothermia compared with the control group (-12.5+/-1.4 versus -15.2+/-1.2 dB, mean +/- SEM, NS) or in parasagittal cortical neuronal loss (82+/-9 versus 90+/-5%, NS). In conclusion, delayed prolonged head cooling begun after the onset of postischemic seizures was not neuroprotective. These data highlight the importance of intervention in the latent phase, after reperfusion but before the onset of secondary injury.     

脐血心钠素在监测高危新生儿水钠平衡中的意义

目的：心钠素(ANP)是一种具有多种功能的内分泌激素,其过度分泌可造成低钠血症。该文探讨脐血ANP测定在监测高危新生儿水钠平衡中的作用和临床意义。方法：选择117例高危新生儿依据Apgar评分的不同分为两大组,即单纯窒息组及评分正常组。单纯窒息组又分为轻度窒息组和重度窒息组,评分正常组又分为感染组和非感染组,另设40例正常新生儿为对照组。各组均在新生儿娩出后立即抽取脐血,应用放射免疫法测定ANP水平,同时抽取静脉血测定患儿的血清钠含量,并分别与对照组比较。结果：高危新生儿的脐血ANP水平明显高于正常新生儿,尤以早产儿1.46±0.39 ng/mL、严重感染新生儿1.16±0.35 ng/mL及重度窒息新生儿2.12±0.46 ng/mL增高最为明显(P<0.01)。而与其相对应的则是血清钠水平的下降,两者呈显著负相关。结论：高危新生儿脐血心钠素增高明显,易致低钠血症,早期测定可对新生儿抢救与治疗起到指导作用。     

A pilot investigation of mild hypothermia in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and feasibility of using mild hypothermia in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).Study design A prospective, nonrandomized pilot study of 25 neonates referred for ECMO. Whole body cooling was achieved by adjustment of the temperature of the extracorporeal circuit water bath. Five groups (N=5 per group) were each studied for the first 5 days of ECMO. The first group was maintained at 37 degrees C throughout the study period. Subsequent groups were cooled to 36 degrees C, to 35 degrees C, and, finally, to 34 degrees C, respectively, for 24 hours and the final group to 34 degrees C for 48 hours before being rewarmed to 37 degrees C. Patients were carefully assessed clinically and biologically. In addition to routine laboratory tests, cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8), complement (C3a), and molecular markers of coagulation (thrombin/antithrombin III [TAT], antithrombin III, and plasmin-alpha2plasminogen) were measured. RESULTS: No major clinical or circuit problems were noted during cooling or rewarming. In particular, there were no problems of bleeding or cardiac arrhythmia. No significant difference was found between groups in terms of molecular markers of coagulation, complement, cytokines, and platelet transfusions. CONCLUSIONS: Applying mild hypothermia (34 degrees C) for 24 or 48 hours to neonates receiving ECMO is both feasible and safe.     

选择性头部亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病安全性临床多中心研究

目的：尽管小规模的临床研究表明亚低温治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（hypoxic-ischemic，HIE）是安全的，但仍需大规模的临床多中心的研究进一步证明。本研究目的通过临床多中心研究观察选择性头部亚低温治疗新生儿HIE的安全性。方法：入选标准：生后6 h以内；胎龄 ≥36周，体重≥2 500 g；脐动脉血气分析 pH < 7.0或BE ≤-16 mmol·L-1或生后1 min Apgar评分 ≤ 3并持续到5 min仍然 ≤ 5；生后6 h内出现脑病的临床表现或EEG明显异常。排除标准：严重先天性疾病、合并感染、其他原因导致颅内损伤、严重贫血（Hb < 120 g·L-1）。从2002年5月- 2006年2月共收集246例不同严重程度的新生儿HIE，随机分为治疗组（低温治疗）134例和对照组112例。低温组和常温组各失访17例和12例，故有效病例共217例（低温组117例，对照组100例）。低温组生后6 h内开始选择性头部亚低温治疗，维持鼻咽部温度（34±0.2）℃℃，肛温维持在35℃以上,持续72 h，然后自然复温。常温组维持肛温在36～37.5oC。两组均进行心电、血压、经皮氧饱和度、鼻咽部温度和肛温监测。发现心率失常者进行EEG检测。观察主要不良反应包括：死亡率、严重心律失常、静脉血栓或出血、难以纠正的低血压。低温组72 h时检测肝、肾功能和血常规、血电解质、血糖及血气分析。观察可能出现的其他不良反应。结果：低温组和常温组的死亡率分别为17.9％和25％(P＝0.20)，死亡原因中两组均以重度脑病(低温组和对照组分别为：6.8%和7%，P＝0.96)和呼吸衰竭(低温组和对照组分别为：6.8%和6%，P＝0.8)为主；对照组有1例患者出现室性心律失常和DIC；低温组发生DIC和消化道出血患者各1例；两组均未出现难以纠正的严重低血压和大静脉血栓。低温组和常温组发生严重不良反应的概率分别为 1.7％和2％（P＝1.0）。低温治疗期间心率降低，但仅有4例(3.4%)患儿心率低于80次/分钟；两组之间血压、肝及肾功能、电介质、血生化、血气分析及血常规的变化均无显著性差异。结论：选择性头部亚低温结合全身轻度低温72 h治疗足月新生儿HIE是可行的和安全的。     

Effect of environmental hypothermia on dorsal aortic blood flow in the chick embryo, stages 18 to 24

Dorsal aortic blood flow was measured with a pulsed-Doppler meter in Hamburger-Hamilton stage 18, 21, and 24 chick embryos, and stroke volume index was calculated by dividing mean blood flow per minute by heart rate. These parameters were measured at baseline temperature 34.7 degrees C after cooling to 31.1 degrees C and subsequent rewarming to 34.2 degrees C. In stage 21 embryos, after environmental cooling, heart rate decreased from 170 bpm to 118 bpm (P less than 0.01), mean dorsal aortic blood flow decreased from 0.38 mm3/sec to 0.24 mm3/sec (P less than 0.01) but stroke volume index did not change [baseline, 0.13 mm3/beat; after cooling, 0.12 mm3/beat; after rewarming, 0.15 mm3/beat (P = N.S.)]. Similar results were observed in stage 18 and 24 embryos. The bradycardic response to environmental hypothermia was independent of functional autonomic innervation and probably mediated by a direct suppression of cell action potential dv/dt. Myocardial cell function was not adversely affected by an acute change in environmental temperature as the index of stroke volume was not altered, and all parameters returned rapidly to baseline with rewarming.