非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉的研制和临床应用

目的：设计出非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉用于治疗肱骨骨折。方法：作者对国人尸体肱骨及其髓腔石蜡铸型进行了观察和测量，在此基础上设计出非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉，用于临床治疗肱骨骨折１０例。结果：作者对平均术后１年４个月的１０例患者进行了随访，骨折愈合优良率达到９０％（９／１０），肩肘关节动度优良率达到８０％（８／１０）。结论：作者认为非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉的口径和长度适合国人，手术无需扩髓，瞄准器使用方便，它治疗肱骨骨折，尤其是对多发骨折、粉碎性肱骨骨折、骨不连和病理性骨折等的治疗更适合。     

远端自锁髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折疗效比较

目的比较远端自锁髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法用远端自锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折18例，钢板内固定35例。结果髓内钉组骨折均获愈合，无内固定折断及再骨折，术后未出现桡神经损伤症状，出现肩部疼痛1例。钢板组1例出现骨折不愈合，于外院行髓内钉固定后愈合，内固定折断及再骨折1例，术后出现桡神经损伤症状2例，取钢板术后出现该症状1例。结论远端自锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折优于钢板。     

Complex traumatic-degenerative injury of the proximal metaepiphysis of the humerus

The authors describe one case of displaced fracture of the proximal third of the humerus with high-grade degenerative arthropathy in the humeral head and in the glenoid surface on a humerus that had previously been treated thirty years earlier with a Delitala intramedullary nail for diaphyseal fracture.     

弹性髓内针治疗儿童长骨骨折

目的探讨弹性髓内针固定治疗儿童长骨骨折的并发症及预后。方法回顾性总结我院2004年1月至2010年5月收治的47例儿童非粉碎性长骨骨折,包括肱骨骨折、尺骨桡骨骨折、股骨骨折、胫骨骨折。47例患儿中,男性27例,女性20例;年龄6~14岁。肱骨骨折6例,尺桡骨骨折20例,股骨骨折15例,胫骨骨折6例。对于尺桡骨骨折,采用麻醉下闭合复位,单根弹性髓内针固定,石膏固定2~3周后自主活动。对于肱骨、股骨、胫骨骨折,采用麻醉下闭合复位,双根弹性髓内针交叉固定。肱骨骨折后石膏固定3周后自主活动;股骨、胫骨骨折石膏固定5~6周,8~10周后完全负重行走。结果 47例患儿经弹性髓内针内固定治疗后,骨痂生长良好,均获治愈,并且关节功能恢复正常,无严重的并发症。结论术前合理选择患儿年龄、骨折类型,采用弹性髓内针治疗儿童长骨骨折,具有微创、安全、简便、复位好、恢复快和并发症少的优势。     

新型交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨骨折

目的：设计出新型交锁髓内钉用于治疗肱骨骨折,方法：通过总结顺行及逆行肱骨交锁髓内钉及国人肱骨特点,设计出新型通用肱骨交锁髓内钉用于临床治疗肱骨骨折12例,结果：12例手术均获得成功,骨折全部愈合,肩－肘关节功能恢复正常,疼痛减轻或消失。结论：新型交锁髓内钉可应用于各型肱同骨折,尤其是多段,粉碎性肱骨骨折,骨不连和病理性骨折的治疗。     

Multiple myeloma and intramedullary nailing

We present the case of a 58 year old man who presented with a pathological fracture of his right humerus. Further investigations revealed he had IgA multiple myeloma. A skeletal survey showed lytic lesions in his contralateral humerus and both femora. He was treated with the insertion of intramedullary nails to both humeri and both femora, in addition to undergoing systemic therapy for his myeloma. This paper reports, for the first time, the use of four intramedullary nails in the same patient and examines the principles behind the management of pathological bone disease.     

Infected nonunion of the humerus treated with an antibiotic cement rod. Case report

The authors present a case of an infected nonunion of the humerus treated initially with reaming of the medullar canal followed by the introduction of an antibiotic-impregnated intramedullary rod. Reconstruction of the humerus with bone fixation and bone graft was performed in a second stage. The final result was healing of the fracture and a good functional result with no evidence of recurrence of infection at a 25 months follow up.     

Küntscher intramedullary reaming and nail fixation for nonunion of the humerus.

Thirteen cases of nonunion of the humerus were treated by intramedullary reaming and nail fixation. Rigid stabilization which was usual after operating upon other long bones was not always secured in these cases, and supplementary plaster immobilization was necessary. Seven fractures healed and 3 fractures required re-nailing before healing. Three fractures did not heal in spite of reoperation, but in 2 of these cases the nail provided stability and controlled pain and motion at fracture site. Nonunion of the humerus is a difficult problem, irrespective of the method of treatment.     

Results of non-operative and operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures. A series of 104 cases

The aim of this study was to examine the results of different modalities applied in the treatment of 104 fresh diaphyseal fractures of the adult humerus treated in the department between January 1994 and March 1997. These results were classified according to the criteria described by Stewart and Hundley. 32 patients (30.8%) were treated non-operatively using a sling and a moulded plaster splint. The type of treatment had to be changed in 12 of these patients due to 14 different complications that occurred during the course of non-operative treatment. Thus, 20 patients (62.5%) underwent non-operative treatment until fracture-union. The results in this group were: very good in 12 cases (60%), good in 5 cases (25%), fair in 3 cases (15%). 28 fractures were treated using plates and screws. 4 events (14%) occurred during in the post-operative period and, apart from 2 cases of non-union, the overall result in the 26 patients in whom the fracture united was: very good in 23 cases (88.5%) and good in 3 cases (11.5%). 22 patients (21.1%) underwent fixation using multiple flexible intramedullary wires via a supracondylar approach. Apart from one case of non-union, the final result in the 21 patients in whom the fracture united was: very good in 9 cases (42.8%), good in 9 cases (42.8%), fair in 2 cases (9.5%) and poor in 1 case (4.9%). 22 fractures were treated using an intramedullary Seidel nail. The final result in these patients was: very good in 11 cases (50%), good in 9 cases (41%) and poor in 2 cases (9%). The indications for treatment should be eclectic. Non-operative treatment remains the method of choice for undisplaced or minimally-displaced fractures or comminuted fractures with multiple parallel longitudinal fracture-lines over the middle-third, while surgical treatment is considered for displaced fractures and essentially depends upon the type and level of the fracture. Transverse and short oblique fractures are treated using a plate or a Seidel nail. Fractures with a third fragment require plate osteosynthesis. Multiple flexible intramedullary wires are used for segmental fractures or for diaphyseal fractures associated with fractures of the neck of the humerus. Comminuted fractures are realigned using an intramedullary Seidel nail or multiple flexible wires. As far as the site of fracture is concerned, those of the proximal and middle thirds of the humerus are well treated using an intramedullary nail or multiple wires or with a plate, while plating is most often the method of choice for fractures of the distal-third.     

Treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures with minimally invasive fixation of the humeral head combined with flexible intramedullary wire fixation – introduction of a new treatment concept

The treatment of three- or 4-part proximal humerus fractures is still a matter of scientific discussion. The following study presents the results of a combined procedure using limited invasive fixation techniques for reconstruction of the humerus head and retrograde intramedullary wiring with elastic nails for the treatment of displaced three- or 4-part fractures. A prospective study of 24 patients with 3-part and 4-part fractures was performed from September 1995 to December 1998. Combined biologic fixation for reconstruction of the humerus head, including intramedullary wiring, was utilized. Fracture reduction was performed in an open soft-tissue-preserving technique through a limited lateral approach. Fixation of the head fragments was performed using screw and/or cerclage wire fixation. The reconstructed humerus head was stabilized to the shaft with intramedullary wires, with retrograde insertion 2 cm above the olecranon fossa. Supportive fixation of the head fragments was achieved using fully threaded cancellous screws. At the 1-year postoperative follow-up, 40% of the 18 patients had excellent results using the Neer and Constant score. Forty-five percent had satisfactory and 15% unsatisfactory results. The initial results of this study reveal that a combination of limited internal fixation of the humerus head and retrograde elastic intramedullary wiring provide stable fixation with limited soft-tissue destruction. This approach has been shown to be especially useful for the combined treatment of three- or four-part fractures of the humeral head.     

Gorham massive osteolysis

Gorham syndrome (massive osteolysis) is a very rare tumour-like lesion characterized by progressive osteolysis. The diagnosis must be confirmed by the microscopic finding of intramedullary angioma-like vascular structures. We report a case of a 15-year-old boy with a pathological fracture in his left humerus. Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, angiography and bone scintigraphy failed to disclose to tumorous lesion that filled a cavity in the left humerus. After observing the boy's progress for 6 months, a temporary diagnosis of Gorham syndrome was made, and surgical treatment was chosen. After resection of the left humeral head and the proximal one-quarter of the humerus, thorough curettage was performed in the distal humerus and an intramedullary artificial humeral head fixed with adequate success. Pathological examination of the specimen revealed intramedullary haemangioma of the humerus.     

Management of medullary osteomyelitis of the humerus

Osteomyelitis is a severe infection of bone and is particularly challenging to treat when involving long bones. Osteomyelitis of the humerus is an uncommon but difficult problem, and the guidelines of treatment have been drawn from the literature on the treatment of tibial and femoral osteomyelitis. We present our technique for treating adult hematogenous medullary osteomyelitis of the humerus. Steps include the following: (1) a deltopectoral approach to the humerus, (2) formation of a cortical window in the proximal humerus, (3) biopsy and reaming of the intramedullary canal from proximal to distal under fluoroscopy, (4) lavage of the intramedullary canal, (5) placement of antibiotic-impregnated antibiotic beads on a stainless steel wire into the canal, and (6) long-term antibiotics and laboratory monitoring of white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rates levels. Preliminary clinical results with at least 12 months' follow-up have resulted in excellent results without complications. We recommend this technique for the treatment of osteomyelitis of the humerus, for it affords a reliable and familiar approach to the treatment of a difficult infection of the humerus.     

The results of internal fixation of three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures with the Polarus nail

Twenty-three patients with acute displaced three- and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus, including seven patients with associated shaft involvement, were treated with the Polarus intramedullary interlocking nail using a closed technique.At the 1-year follow up, the median Neer scores were 89 and 60 for the three- and four-part fractures, respectively.Three patients (13%), all of whom were in the four-part group, continued to have significant pain at final review.We found the implant to be extremely satisfactory and particularly useful in the treatment of combined neck and shaft fractures of the humerus.     

交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的临床疗效

目的观察交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的临床疗效。方法应用肱骨交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折21例．其中男6例,女15例;年龄35～78岁．平均58．3岁。结果所有患者随访6～18个月,以Neer评分评估其功能,优7例,良13例,可1例,优良率为95．24％。结论髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折．具有创伤小、操作简易、术后能早期功能锻炼、骨折愈合快、肩关节功能恢复快等优点．是一种值得推广的治疗方法。     

Nonunion of the proximal humerus. A review of 25 cases

Records of 25 patients with nonunion of the proximal humerus were reviewed retrospectively. The initial fractures included 19 two-part surgical neck fractures and six three-part fractures. Fourteen fractures were treated nonoperatively and 11 surgically. Nine of 11 of the initial internal fixations were unsatisfactory. At the time of fracture 16 patients had one or more significant medical illnesses. Nonunion of the proximal humerus was associated with considerable morbidity. Patients complained of pain, stiffness, and disability in association with shoulder dysfunction. Four treatment groups were evaluated. Patients who declined treatment and patients treated with nonreamed intramedullary nails had limited shoulder motion and pain without union. Patients treated with proximal humeral hemiarthroplasty had relief of pain but limited motion despite rotator cuff reconstruction. The best results of treatment occurred after open reduction with internal fixation and bone grafting. A tension band construction that fixed the rotator cuff and proximal humerus to a plate/shaft composite was used successfully in seven patients. Although satisfactory reconstruction of nonunion of the proximal humerus can be obtained, the results of treatment in this series were only fair. Only 48% (12 of 25 patients) had good results.     

Fracture of an elastic humeral nail. A case report

The use of elastic intramedullary nails for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the humerus has been associated with few complications. We report a fracture of an elastic Marchetti-Vicenzi nail used to treat a pathological fracture of the humerus. The failure of the intramedullary nail followed low-energy trauma and was presumably the end result of metal fatigue, as the original fracture had only healed after 13 months.     

一期关节镜下肱骨髓内钉取出及修复肩袖的临床意义简

目的通过临床病例对照研究观察肩关节镜下取髓内钉同时修复肩袖对肩关节功能的影响。方法将自2007—06--2009—06收治的肱骨干骨折髓内固定术后患者60例,分为实验组（30例）和对照组（30例）,实验组采用肩关节镜取出内固定并同时修复肩袖,对照组采用传统的切开方法取出内固定,未对肩袖进行特殊修复。手术前后采用Constant—Murley肩关节功能评分及Neer肩关节功能评分评定肩关节功能。结果随访2年后,两组患者术后Constant—Mudev肩关节功能评分及Neer肩关节功能评分与术前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,对照组6例进行了再次的肩关节镜肩袖修复手术。结论肩关节镜下取髓内钉同时修复肩袖能显著改善术后肩关节功能。     

两种方法治疗大龄儿童肱骨外科颈骨折的疗效比较

目的观察大龄儿童移位型肱骨外科颈骨折经闭合复位逆向弹性髓内针内固定以及克氏针内固定两种不同手术方法的临床疗效对比。 方法回顾性分析十堰市人民医院创伤骨科从2016年5月至2018年12月2.5年间符合纳入标准的手术内固定治疗的儿童及青少年移位型肱骨外科颈骨折45例患者，按照内固定方法分为两组：逆向弹性髓内针内固定23例(弹性髓内针组)；闭合复位克氏针内固定22例(克氏针组)。采用t检验或卡方检验分析骨折愈合时间，肩关节功能评分、并发症个数及优良率。 结果所有病例骨折均达到良好愈合，骨折愈合时间为(8.0±2.1)周。术后6周两组功能评分弹性髓内针组优于克氏针组(t＝5.295，P<0.05)；术后3个月功能评分无明显差异(P>0.05)。88.9%患者肩关节功能均达到了优良效果，两组优良率无明显差异(X²＝0，P>0.05)。弹性髓内针组有1例出现桡神经挫伤，2例出现弹性髓内针穿出；4例出现复位再丢失。但克氏针内固定组出现了克氏针松动、脱落4例；骨折复位丢失3例；无血管神经损伤并发症。 结论采用逆向弹性髓内针及克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位型肱骨外科颈骨折，都是微创、有效的治疗方法，值得临床推广运用。术者应选择熟悉的手术方法避免并发症。     

Intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures

Summary Humeral shaft fractures can be treated either conservatively or operatively. Plating of the humerus is the established operative method, but recently interest has also been focussed on intramedullary nailing. Fifty-nine cases of humeral fractures treated with intramedullary nailing (Seidel/Marchetti-Vicenzi/Prévot) from January 1991 to December 1995 (44 fractures after trauma, 11 pathological fractures, 3 pseudarthroses, 1 re-fracture). Closed reduction in 55/59 cases. One infection (soft tissue); 2/48 pseudarthrosis (indication for nailing: pseudarthrosis!). No iatrogenic palsy of the radial nerve. Functional postoperative treatment in all 44 cases of humeral fractures after adequate trauma. One poor functional result: periarticular ossification after retrograde nailing, possibly connected with long-term respiratory treatment after trauma. Treatment of humeral shaft fractures by intramedullary nailing is favoured in our clinic (low complication rates, excellent or good functional results, limited approaches, small scars). Proximal fractures should be treated by the Seidel nail (stable interlocking of the proximal fragment); very distal fractures need Prévot nailing (reaming of condylar canals). All other fractures of the humeral shaft can be treated by each of the implants used in our clinic. Pathological fractures are an excellent indication for intramedullary stabilization. These patients benefit from stable fixation without intense surgical trauma. Pseudarthrosis, according to our limited experience, seems to require plating plus bone grafting. Plating is also recommended if revision of the radial nerve becomes necessary.