Guillain-Barre综合征患儿血清白介素-18、白介素-13水平的变化

目的探讨白介素(IL)-18、IL-13在Guillain-Barre综合征(GBS)患儿血清中的含量变化及意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定GBS患儿急性期与恢复期血清IL-18、IL-13水平,并与正常对照组比较。结果GBS患儿急性期血清IL-18[(44.87±7.53)pg/ml]与IL-13[(37.46±6.94)pg/ml]水平均明显高于恢复期[和(38.25±5.86)pg/ml、(32.14±6.89)pg/ml]和正常对照组[(32.35±4.93)pg/ml、(24.76±5.59)pg/ml](均P<0.01);且病情重者[(47.02±8.39)pg/ml、(39.46±6.72)]pg/ml]明显高于病情轻者[(41.96±5.58)pg/ml、(34.51±6.25)pg/ml](均P<0.05);GBS患者恢复期血清IL-18、IL-13水平仍高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);相关分析发现GBS病情与血清IL-18、IL-13水平呈正相关(r=0.116,0.078,均P<0.05)。结论GBS患儿血清IL-18、IL-13含量增加,其可能参与了GBS的发病机制。     

急性脑梗死患者血清白介素-18和组织因子水平变化及其与凝血功能的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清白介素(IL)-18和组织因子(TF)水平的变化及其与凝血功能关系.方法 79例ACI患者(ACI组)于入院次日、25名健康体检者(正常对照组)于体检当日早晨,分别检测血清IL-18、TF水平和凝血功能.结果 ACI组患者的血清IL-18、TF水平[(282.22±127.45)pg/ml,(2.10±1.23)ns/ml]明显高于正常对照组[(131.13±37.17)pg/ml,0.67±0.34)ng/ml](P<0.01～0.001):ACI组患者凝血功能指标中的部分凝血活酶时间及纤维蛋白原(Fib)水平显著高于正常对照组(均P<0.05);ACI组患者血清TF水平与凝血酶原时间及Fib水平呈正相关(r=0.376,r=0.473,P<0.05～0.01).结论 血清IL-18与TF水平异常增高是参与动脉粥样硬化相关性血栓形成的重要原因之一,抗凝及降纤治疗通过抑制TF水平逆转该病理过程.     

进展性脑梗死患者血清超敏C反应蛋白水平的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨进展性脑梗死患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的变化及其临床意义。方法检测63例脑梗死患者(25例进展性脑梗死、38例完全性脑梗死)和73名健康对照者(正常对照组)的血清hs-CRP含量。结果脑梗死患者的血清hs-CRP水平[(5.69±3.78)mg/L]明显高于正常对照组[(0.85±0.47)mg/L](P<0.01);进展性脑梗死组血清hs-CRP水平[(7.55±4.25)mg/L]明显高于完全性脑梗死组[(4.52±2.96)mg/L](P<0.01)。结论脑梗死患者血清hs-CRP水平明显升高,进展性脑梗死患者较完全性脑梗死患者血清hs-CRP水平升高更明显;提示hs-CRP参与了脑梗死的发生与发展过程。     

P-选择素、血管内皮生长因子在皮质下动脉硬化性脑病中的表达及意义

目的探讨皮质下动脉硬化性脑病(SAE)患者血P-选择素、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平及其与血糖、血脂和C反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性。方法测定54例SAE患者(SAE组)、57名健康老年人(健康对照组)血浆P-选择素、血清VEGF、血糖、血脂、CRP水平,并进行比较和相关分析。结果SAE组P-选择素[(17.61±5.63)ng/ml]、VEGF[(126.33±47.51)pg/ml]水平明显高于健康对照组[(14.72±3.89)ng/ml,(102.59±40.16)pg/ml](均P<0.01);P-选择素水平随痴呆程度加重而升高,痴呆中、重度组VEGF水平[(152.46±53.75)pg/ml、(150.52±55.94)pg/ml]明显高于轻度组[(126.79±44.83)pg/ml](P<0.01,P<0.05);中、重度组间差异无统计学意义。SAE组P-选择素与血糖、三酰甘油(TG)、CRP呈正相关(r=0.282、0.293、0.287,均P<0.05);VEGF与总胆固醇(TC)、CRP呈正相关(r=0.291、0.336,均P<0.05);P-选择素与VEGF呈正相关(r=0.295,P<0.05)。结论P-选择素、VEGF参与了SAE的血栓形成和组织修复过程;检测P-选择素、VEGF水平,指导抗血小板药物的应用,对预防SAE可能有重要意义。     

重症肌无力患者Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞与AChRAb、Titin-Ab的相关研究

目的探讨重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg)与乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChRAb)及连接素抗体(Titin-Ab)之间的关系,进一步揭示MG的发病机制。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测22例MG患者以及20名健康对照者血清AChRAb和Titin-Ab水平;采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测两组外周血中CD4~+CD25~+Treg的比例及其表达Foxp3的比例。结果 MG患者外周血CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例[(2.9±0.52)%]与健康对照组[(3.12±0.51)%]比较无统计学差异(P0.05);CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞Foxp3表达比例为(37.24±9.57)%,低于健康对照组[(58.60±4.91)%](P0.01)。MG组CD4~+CD25~+Treg表达Foxp3比例与AChRAb、Titin-Ab水平[分别为(0.232±0.060)和(0.170±0.035)pg/mL]均呈负相关(r=-0.449,P0.05;r=-0.691,P0.01)。结论 Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞数目减少导致机体免疫功能缺陷是MG发病的重要环节。     

首次躁狂发作未服药患者血清尿酸水平的研究

目的:探讨首次躁狂发作未用药患者血清尿酸(UA)水平及其临床影响因素。方法:检测105例首次躁狂发作未用药患者(患者组)和105名健康对照者(对照组)血清UA水平,同时采用杨氏躁狂量表(YMRS)评估躁狂症状严重程度。结果:患者组血清UA水平[(371.17±103.63)μmol/L]显著高于对照组[(301.10±78.40)μmol/L](P0.01);高尿酸血症(HUA)发生率(35.2%,37例)显著高于对照组(8.5%,9例)(P0.01);患者组男性[(399.20±99.35)μmol/L]和对照组男性[(329.62±76.34)μmol/L]之间、患者组女性[(333.80±100.71)μmol/L]与对照组女性[(263.06±64.23)μmol/L]之间血清UA水平差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。相关分析显示血清UA水平与YMRS评分无相关(P0.05)。结论:首次躁狂发作未用药患者血清UA水平升高,但其与躁狂病情无关。     

同型半胱氨酸、叶酸和维生素B12与精神分裂症的关系

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者血浆同型半胱氨酸、血清叶酸和维牛素B12水平的改变及其可能的意义.方法 采用病例对照研究,精神分裂症患者组122例,正常对照组122例.循环酶法测定两组血浆同型半胱氨酸水平;电化学发光仪测定叶酸和维生素B12水平.结果 ①精神分裂症患者组血浆间型半胱氨酸水平[(27.23±21.41)I.Lmob/L]明显高于正常对照组[(14.34±7.45)tunol/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);②精神分裂症患者组维牛素B12水平[(328.93±157.52)pg/mL]明显低于正常对照组[(464.02±166.29)pg/mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③血浆同型半胱氩酸水平与叶酸水平(r=-0.44,P<0.001)和维生素Bi2水平(r=-0.36,P<0.001)均呈负相关;④Ligistic回归分析结果 显示,同型半胱氨酸与精神分裂症有关(P<0.001),其优势比(OR)为1.14(95%CI:1.08-1.21).结论 血浆同型半胱氨酸水平增高可能是精神分裂症的危险因素;叶酸和维生素B12缺乏与精神分裂症患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平增高有关.     

新发病重症肌无力患者外周血单个核细胞糖皮质激素受体水平与糖皮质激素疗效的研究

目的探讨外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)糖皮质激素受体(GR)水平对预测糖皮质激素(GC)治疗(但未经其他免疫治疗)新发病重症肌无力(新发病MG)患者疗效的价值。方法收集100例新发病MG患者,用3H-地塞米松放射配体法测定PBMC中的GR数量,用ELISA法检测血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChR-Ab)水平。肌无力严重程度和临床疗效判定采用临床绝对和相对记分法。结果(1)100例新发病MG患者,免疫治疗前PBMC GR数量[(3633±1711.2)位点/细胞]明显低于健康对照组[(5563±1232.6)位点/细胞],其血清AChR-Ab水平[(3.79±0.74)nmol/L]明显高于健康对照组(<2.996 nmol/L)(均P<0.01)。(2)20例新发病MG患者仅经GC治疗,治疗至少1个月后其PBMC GR水平和血清AChR-Ab水平均下调,分别为(1928.97±1025.47)位点/细胞和(3.05±0.78)nmol/L。(3)治疗前GR数量与临床相对评分呈正相关(r=0.41,P<0.05),GR数量下调与AChR-Ab下调呈正相关(r=0.478,P<0.05)。结论(1)新发病MG患者PBMC GR数量低于正常。(2)可用MG患者治疗前PBMC GR数量预测GC疗效,且治疗前PBMC GR数量高者疗效好。     

胸腺瘤患者胸腺淋巴细胞Fas表达与重症肌无力的相关性

目的 探讨胸腺瘤患者发生重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的机制及Fas基因在MG发病中的作用.方法 收集131例胸腺瘤患者,按是否合并MG分为合并MG组(70例)和不合并MG组(61例)两组.应用免疫组织化学、蛋白电泳、聚合酶链反应和酶联免疫吸附等方法检测两组患者胸腺淋巴细胞Fas蛋白表达和血清可溶性Fas(sFas)水平,应用DNA测序技术检测Fas基因结构变异.结果 胸腺瘤合并MG组患者胸腺淋巴细胞Fas表达水平明显低于胸腺瘤不合并MG组,sFas含量[(3879.06±706.51) pg/mL]明显高于胸腺瘤不合并MG组[(1868.18±391.46) pg/mL] (P＜0.01);胸腺瘤合并MG组胸腺淋巴细胞Fas基因第6外显子16和21位点T→G置换突变发生率分别为65％和75％,明显高于胸腺瘤不合并MG组(两位点均为5％)(P＜0.05).结论 胸腺淋巴细胞Fas基因外显子6某些位点发生突变,所编码的Fas蛋白跨膜区变异或缺乏跨膜区而导致Fas结构和功能的改变可能是MG发生的主要原因.     

慢性精神分裂症患者血清IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平及与精神症状的相关性

目的探讨慢性精神分裂症患者血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)和白细胞介素10(IL-10)的水平变化及其与精神症状的相关性。方法于2012年12月-2013年10月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院采用抽签法选取符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的40例慢性精神分裂症住院患者为患者组,同期通过广告招募64例健康对照者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测两组血清IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者组的精神症状。结果患者组血清IL-2水平高于对照组[(25.85±6.06)pg/m L vs.(12.63±1.90)pg/m L],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组血清IL-4水平[(7.36±1.54)pg/m L vs.(8.76±3.13)pg/m L]和IL-10水平[(4.29±0.87)pg/m L vs.(3.76±1.17)pg/m L]比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);患者组血清IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平与病程、住院时长、抗精神病药治疗剂量及PANSS评分均无线性相关(P均0.05)。结论慢性精神分裂症患者的血清IL-2水平高于健康对照者,IL-4和IL-10水平与对照者比较未见差异;IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平与患者的精神症状未见线性相关性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.