中重度颅脑损伤患者脑脊液中可溶性神经趋化蛋白含量的变化及临床意义

目的 探讨中、重度颅脑损伤患者脑脊液中可溶性神经趋化蛋白(sFkn)含量变化及与预后的相关性.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选择本院收治的30例中、重度颅脑损伤患者,按格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)分为重度组(GCS 3～8分,11例)和中度组(GCS 9～12分,19例);按格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)分为预后良好组(Ⅳ～Ⅴ级,23例)和预后不良组(Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,7例).采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测伤后1、3、10 d患者脑脊液中sFkn含量.结果 在颅脑损伤中度、重度组及预后良好和不良组,脑脊液sFkn含量均随损伤时间的延长逐渐下降,伤后10d降至最低水平,与1d和3d比较差异有统计学意义.重度组各时间点脑脊液sFkn含量(ng/L)均较中度组明显升高(1 d:676.35±205.95比454.25±297.67,3 d:573.11±295.38比403.90±175.04,10d:359.37±186.07比103.62±78.33,均P＜0.05);预后不良组各时间点脑脊液sFkn含量均较预后良好组明显升高(1 d:702.41±276.80比585.34±217.26,3 d:697.58±164.41比431.23±220.70,10d:563.27±225.71比166.54±80.97,P＜ 0.05或P＜0.01);尤以伤后10 d差异较大(均P＜0.01).结论 sFkn作为前炎症因子参与了颅脑损伤的病理生理过程,脑脊液sFkn含量与颅脑损伤严重程度及患者预后密切相关,可以作为创伤后炎症反应的标志物.     

外科手术患者C反应蛋白动态监测的意义

目的探讨血清C反应蛋白(CRP)动态监测在评估外科手术患者术后感染中的价值。方法检测98例外科手术患者术前、术后1、3、7、9、11d的血清CRP水平,并以40例健康体检者作为对照。结果手术组在术前血清CRP水平明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与术前相比,手术组在术后1dCRP明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。98例手术患者术后有25例出现了不同程度的感染,未感染组在术后3dCRP达到峰值,此后开始缓慢下降;在术后11d基本降至术前水平。与末感染组相比,并发感染组在术后3d血清CRP明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在术后第5天,CRP升高至峰值,此后开始下降;在术后第7天,CRP仍高于未感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在术后11d基本降至术前水平。结论血清CRP动态监测可用于评估外科手术患者术后是否并发感染,对患者术后病情观察具有重要价值。     

重型颅脑外伤患者早期TF、TFPI-1的变化

目的:探讨重型颅脑外伤患者早期组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物-1(TFPI-1)的变化及其与预后的关系。方法:选择重型颅脑外伤患者53例为观察组(根据伤后60 d的格拉斯哥预后评分分为预后良好亚组、预后不良亚组和死亡亚组),同期健康体检者30例为对照组,采用ELISA法分别检测观察组入院第1、2、3、5、7天和对照组的血浆TF、TFPI-1水平。结果:观察组的TF在受伤后第1~2天明显升高,至伤后第5天达到峰值,此后下降,伤后第1、2、3、5、7天与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);TFPI-1在伤后第1天即开始降低,随时间延长进一步下降,至第7天又升高至接近正常。死亡亚组的TF水平高于预后不良亚组,预后不良亚组的TF水平高于预后良好亚组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);死亡亚组的TFPI-1水平低于预后不良亚组,预后不良亚组的TFPI-1水平低于预后良好亚组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:重型颅脑外伤后早期存在凝血功能异常,动态检测血浆中TF、TFPI-1水平对早期判断病情和处理、评估疾病发展趋势和预后具有重要的临床意义。     

急性颅脑损伤患者血清CKMB、cTnI和EKG异常改变的临床意义

目的探讨颅脑损伤患者早期血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CKMB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和心电图(EKG)异常改变与病情严重程度及早期预后关系。方法选择92例颅脑损伤患者,进行动态格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS),将患者分为重型颅脑损伤组(GCS3～8分,34例),中型颅脑损伤组(GCS9～12分,19例)和轻型颅脑损伤组(GCS13～15分,39例);入院24h内、72h、7d和15d抽晨血测定CKMB、cTnI,并行EKG检查;住院治疗2周时进行早期预后评分(GOS),分为死亡或植物生存组(GOS1～2分,23例)、残疾组(GOS3～4分,18例)和预后良好组(GOS5分,51例)。研究颅脑损伤患者不同发病时间CKMB、cTnI、EKG的异常变化以及发病早期血清CKMB、cTnI和EKG异常与GCS评分和GOS评分的关系。结果急性颅脑损伤患者在发病24h内血清CKMB、cTnI和EKG异常率分别为35.9%、50.0%和51.1%,72h异常率达到高峰,分别为54.5%、55.7%和68.2%,以后逐渐下降。重型颅脑损伤组血清CKMB、cTnI和EKG异常率高于中型和轻型颅脑损伤组(P均<0.05),中型颅脑损伤组血清cTnI和EKG异常率高于轻型颅脑损伤组(P均<0.05)。死亡或植物生存组血清CKMB异常率高于预后良好组和残疾组(P均<0.05),cTnI和EKG异常率高于预后良好组(P均<0.05);残疾组血清CKMB、cTnI异常率高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论颅脑损伤患者早期普遍存在血清CKMB、cTnI异常升高和EKG异常,其异常与病情严重程度及预后有关,对颅脑损伤患者早期进行血清CKMB、cTnI监测和EKG检查对判断病情的严重程度和预后有重要的临床意义。     

颅脑损伤患者血清可溶性E-选择素变化及其意义

目的研究颅脑损伤后E-选择素的变化和意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对30例重型颅脑损伤(GCS3~8分)和25例轻-中型颅脑损伤(GCS9~15分)患者连续测定伤后12、24、48、72、96h血清可溶性E-选择素和预后评分(GOS)。观察可溶性E-选择素与GOS之间的关系。结果重型颅脑损伤组在伤后12h可溶性E-选择素水平最高,连续96h高于正常(P<0.05),升高水平明显高于轻-中型颅脑损伤组。伤后12h可溶性E-选择素>60μg/L的患者预后明显不良(P<0.05)。结论可溶性E-选择素水平在颅脑损伤后明显升高,而且与预后相关。     

血清PCT、CRP水平对颅脑外伤术后合并肺部感染预后的评价

目的探讨血清PCT、CRP水平对颅脑外伤术后合并肺部感染预后的判断价值。方法选取2015年1月-2017年12月我院收治的重型颅脑损伤患者114例为研究对象,根据术后有无肺部感染及感染严重程度,分为普通感染组、重症感染组、对照组,同时,根据术后30d的转归情况分为生存组和死亡组,对比各组患者血清PCT、CRP水平,采用受着工作曲线(ROC曲线)评估其对于颅脑外伤术后合并肺部感染预后的判断价值。结果肺部感染患者血清PCT、CRP水平均较对照组显著升高,重症感染组患者血清PCT、CRP水平均较普通感染组显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);生存组患者血清PCT、CRP水平较死亡组患者显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);血清PCT、CRP水平分别为1.74ng/ml、75.6mg/L时ROC曲线下面积最大,AUC分别为0.812、0.756,PCT+CRP联合检测的AUC为0.865。结论血清PCT、CRP可反映颅脑外伤术后合并肺部感染的严重程度,PCT1.74ng/ml、CRP75.6mg/L可作为患者预后不良的临床指标,联合检测可提高诊断的敏感度和特异度。     

血清神经丝蛋白轻链多肽水平预测急性颅脑损伤患者临床预后的研究

目的:探讨血清神经丝蛋白轻链多肽(NF-L)水平预测急性颅脑损伤患者临床预后应用价值。方法:选取100例急性颅脑损伤患者和50例健康人群分别作为观察组和对照组,检查并且比较2组患者入院后1～12 d血清NF-L水平和S100B水平,对观察组进行CT分级并分析CT分级和血清NF-L、S100B水平的相关性,根据观察组1年后生存和预后情况分为生存亚组和非生存亚组,预后良好亚组和预后不良亚组,比较亚组间血清NF-L水平,采用Spearman相关性分析软件分析血清NF-L水平和GOS评分相关性,并分析血清NF-L水平预测急性颅脑损伤预后的ROC曲线。结果:观察组受伤后D0、D1、D2、D3、D4、D6、D8-9和D10-12血清NF-L平均显著高于对照组(均P0.05),对照组仅D0、D1、D2、D3和D4血清S100B水平均显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。相关分析显示观察组受伤后D0血清NF-L水平与CT分级呈显著正相关(r=0.386,P=0.001)。非生存亚组受伤后24 h和1～12 d血清NF-L水平均显著高于生存亚组(P0.05);预后不良亚组受伤后24 h血清NF-L平显著高于预后良好亚组(P0.05);相关分析显示血清NF-L水平和患者1年后GOS评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.367,P=0.008)。入院当天血清NF-L预测急性颅脑损伤的AUC为0.99,且在入院后6 d AUC上升到1.00;入院当天血清NF-L预测急性颅脑损伤生存的最佳截断值为412 pg/mL,灵敏度和特异度分别为71%和88%;入院24 h血清NF-L预测急性颅脑损伤预后的最佳截断值为217 pg/mL,灵敏度和特异度分别为86%和56%。结论:血清NF-L水平与急性颅脑损伤患者临床预后呈显著负相关,检测血清NF-L水平有利于敏感预测急性颅脑损伤后神经元损伤的严重程度。     

手辅助腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜右半结肠切除术对机体免疫功能影响的对比研究

目的对比分析临床应用手辅助腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜右半结肠切除术对机体免疫功能的影响。方法采用前瞻性研究方法将2014年9月至2016年3月行右半结肠切除术的110例患者按多中心随机对照组试验方法分为对照组和观察组,各55例,分别给予传统腹腔镜和手辅助腹腔镜手术治疗,对比分析两种方法对机体细胞免疫指标及血清C反应蛋白(CRP)和白介素-6(IL-6)水平的影响。结果术后两组患者各细胞免疫指标均明显下降(P0.05),CD8~+于术后3 d恢复至术前水平,其余各指标也均于术后5 d恢复,两组间术后各时间段细胞免疫检测指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1 d两组CRP、IL-6水平均明显升高(P0.05),于术后3 d时达到顶峰,随后开始下降,术后5 d时CRP、IL-6仍明显高于术前水平(P0.05),两组间术后各时间段CRP、IL-6水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床应用手辅助腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜右半结肠切除术同样对患者机体免疫状态具有良好的保护效果。     

出血性脑损伤病灶体积变化对出血性脑损伤患者预后的影响

随机选取我院2008年8月~2011年9月诊治的出血性脑损伤患者55例,随机分两组,非手术组25例,手术组30例;入院时及入院24h内进行CT检查监测病灶体积的变化,比较两组治疗6个月GOS评分。手术组初次CT病灶体积与体积增长速度均大于非手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);手术组6个月GOS评分低于非手术组,患者预后较差,差异有显著性(P0.05)。进行性脑出血患者伤后CT出血体积的增大将增加患者的手术治疗风险,患者预后较差。     

颅内压监测对重度颅脑外伤行开颅血肿清除术患者GCS评分、并发症及预后的影响

目的探讨颅内压监测对重度颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除术后患者GCS评分、并发症及预后的影响。方法选取重度颅脑外伤患者84例,将以上患者分成常规组和监测组。常规组患者行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术,监测组患者则在行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术的基础上联合术后颅内压监测。比较2组患者手术前后格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、颅内压变化、术后并发症发生情况以及预后。结果监测组患者术后3、7 d的颅内压下降值显著大于常规组(P0.05);2组患者术后28 d GCS评分均显著升高,且监测组患者GCS评分升高较常规组更显著(P0.05);与常规组相比,术后3个月的格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)提示监测组的预后较好(P0.05);术后6个月,常规组与监测组的电解质紊乱发生率分别为59.5%、33.3%(P0.05)。结论对重度颅脑外伤患者行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术联合术后颅内压监测的疗效较好。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

VEGF和NSE在良恶性嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨肿瘤标志物血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤组织中的表达,分析其可能的临床价值及病理学意义,为临床鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据。方法应用免疫组化（SP法）检测16例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤、18例良性嗜铬细胞瘤及17例正常肾上腺髓质组织中细胞因子VEGF和NSE表达情况,显微镜下判断组织切片的染色结果。结果①恶性嗜铬细胞瘤VEGF表达明显强于正常肾上腺髓质和良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。良性肿瘤和正常肾上腺髓质的VEGF表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率明显高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。②良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,良性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE的表达高于正常肾上腺髓质的NSE表达（P〈0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.05）。③VEGF和NSE共同阳性表达在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤之间差异有统计学意义（P=〈0.01）。结论临床上检测VEGF和NSE可能为鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据,共同检测VEGF和NSE可能提高良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别的敏感性。