三峡库区血吸虫病潜在流行因素与监测指标研究

[目的]研究三峡建坝后血吸虫病潜在传播的危险因素,为制定三峡库区血吸虫病监测和预防方案提供依据. [方法]2005～2006年,调查三峡建坝后生态环境变化、自血吸虫病疫区引进的植物情况;流动人口和引进的动物的血吸虫病感染情况(血清HHA检测);建坝后社会经济发展变化对血吸虫病传播的潜在影响因素. [结果]三峡库区存在适宜钉螺孳生的环境、从血吸虫病疫区引进大量植物,未发现钉螺;调查流动人口552人,曾感染血吸虫病患病率为2.17%,血清抗体阳性率为1.45%;流动人员的血防知晓率(19.02%)显著高于当地居民(4.85%);从疫区引进大量牲畜,未发现感染血吸虫动物.社会经济发展可能增加血吸虫病传染源传入库区的危险;当地居民生活生产习惯有利于血吸虫感染.监测指标包括引进疫区植物数量、钉螺监测、血清抗体阳性率、粪检阳性率、血防知识知晓率等.[结论]三峡库区存在血吸虫病潜在传播的危险因素,应加强植物引进、流动人员和动物的传染源输入的监测和预防.     

镜湖湿地公园血吸虫病存在危险性与防治对策

目的:探讨镜湖湿地公园血吸虫病传播流行的潜在危险因素,为完善血吸虫病防治监测方案和应急预案提供依据.方法:在镜湖公园进行钉螺模拟生存试验,并调查辖区内引进的外来生物、家畜以及往返于湖南、湖北、江西等血吸虫尚未达到控制标准县和疫情回升县的流动人口等血吸虫病传染源等潜在危险因素.找出血吸虫病监测的重点.结果:镜湖公园适宜钉螺孳生;血吸虫病传染源主要是往返于流行区的流动人口;从血吸虫病流行区引进的外来生物、家畜是血吸虫病流行的潜在危险因素;镜湖公园已成为血吸虫病的潜在流行区.结论:镜湖湿地公园环境非常适宜血吸虫是间宿主钉螺生长繁殖,一旦有外来生物携带钉螺,就会存在孳生的风险.加强输入性传染源的监测与预警,建立多部门联防联控机制,及时发现并处置输入性血吸虫疫情是巩固血吸虫病防治效果的重要保障.     

西溪国家湿地公园血吸虫病传播的潜在危险性研究

摘要：目的　了解西溪国家湿地公园人群血吸虫病感染情况和血吸虫病防治知识（简称血防知识）知晓情
况,掌握血吸虫病传播的潜在危险因素。方法　在西溪国家湿地公园内随机选择６～６５岁的来自湖南、湖
北、江西等传播未阻断省份的１５００名调查对象作为疫区组,按年龄相差不超过５岁的匹配原则选择１５００
名非上述省份人员作为对照。对所有调查对象开展问卷调查和血清学初筛,阳性者再以尼龙绢袋集卵孵化
法进行粪检。应用χ
２ 检验、非条件ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归法进行数据分析,以犘＜０．０５为差异有统计学意义。结果
　有效调查问卷３００６份,疫区组和非疫区组各１５０３人,平均年龄（３０．２６±６．３８）岁。血吸虫血清学检验
阳性率为０．６３％ （１９／３００６）,疫区组阳性率（１．００％）高于非疫区组（０．２７％）。对阳性者进行尼龙袋绢
集卵孵化法粪检,均为阴性。居民血防知识知晓率为５６．０２％,单因素分析,性别、年龄、文化程度、职
业、在杭州居住时间对知晓率的影响差异有统计学意义（χ
２ ＝４．６２３、１６．６１８、１１０．２７９、９．６５３,犘均＜
０．０５）,来源地与知晓率无关（χ
２＝０．００５,犘＞０．０５）。经多因素分析,年龄在３０岁以上（３０～４０岁犗犚＝
１．８１７,４０～５０岁犗犚＝２．１４２,５０～岁犗犚＝２．８３９）、文化程度越高（初中犗犚＝３．４５５,高中犗犚＝５．３９６,
大专及以上犗犚＝１２．１４２）、非农业工作者（犗犚＝１．３５５）的知晓率较高。结论　外来输入性传染源和相对
低水平的血防知识掌握程度是西溪湿地血吸虫病潜在流行的主要隐患。
关键词：血吸虫病;传播;潜在危险
中图分类号：Ｒ１８３．５　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１４）０８ ０７２０ ０４     

米易县前进渠水系血吸虫病监测报告

目的调查前进渠灌区钉螺的分布情况及影响因素,为血吸虫病防治工作提供科学依据。方法选择性的对前进渠德昌段的螺情分布进行调查,并根据调查情况对当地流动人口、常住人口及耕牛感染血吸虫情况进行检查。结果穿过血吸虫病疫区(有螺、有病)的中型灌溉渠道前进渠德昌段有钉螺分布,杂草和农作物、秸杆、树枝等漂浮物顺水流入米易县境内,但未监测到钉螺,人群监测未发现患者。结论钉螺生长繁殖的条件依然存在,邻县钉螺经水体输入的可能性极大,水体被病原体污染的机会很多,存在血吸虫病流行的潜在危险。     

龙海市1989--2010年血吸虫病监测情况分析

目的分析龙海市消灭血吸虫病后22年来的监测情况,为今后防控提供依据。方法建立血吸虫病监测系统,在原疫区对钉螺和传染源进行同步监测。结果1989-2010年共查钉螺面积6611524mz,累计发现残余钉±5447只。2010年仅残存1个螺点,面积250m2。检查流动人口573人,抗体阳性率2．8％,调查7～14岁人群345人,皮试阳性率2．3％;阳性者经粪检复查未发现急性血吸虫病人。检查〈3岁牛1058头、〈3岁羊310头、剖检田目296只,均未发现血吸虫虫卵。结论龙海市血吸虫病防治成果巩固,但仍须加强监测,特别是输入性传染源及钉女的监测。     

三峡库区可能传播血吸虫病的危险因素及其防制对策

目的 掌握三峡库区可能传播血吸虫病的危险因素并提出相应的防制对策。方法 采用流行病学、免疫学和现场调查相结合的方法,调查三峡库区流动人口、库区移民和家畜血吸虫病传染源可能输入库区的潜在危险因素。运用钉螺生态学的方法,观察钉螺在模拟环境中的生存繁殖状况,并提出防止血吸虫病传染源和钉螺可能输入库区的对策和措施。结果 从库区流动人口来自血吸虫病疫区的175人中,查出1例间接血凝试验(IHA)和环卵沉淀试验(COPT)均阳性者。通过2个年度的观察,肋壳钉螺和光壳钉螺都能在模拟环境中生存、繁殖。结论 血吸虫病传染源已扩散到库区,一旦钉螺输入到库区,将会构成血吸虫病在库区流行。为及早杜绝隐患,提出了相应的防范措施和对策。     

城市血吸虫病流行形成因素及控制策略

目的探索城市血吸虫病流行的形成因素,结合近年的防治效果,针对性地提出进一步的控制策略。方法通过对疫区及周围的钉螺调查,观察钉螺扩散分布情况;对流动人群进行血吸虫病监测,了解其感染情况;对居民、学生和流动人群进行血防知识行为问卷调查,了解其卫生习惯、血防知识知晓率、健康行为形成率;对防治措施产生的效果进行分析和评价。结果流行区钉螺无扩散,但从湖区流入市场的鱼虾中有钉螺发现;水上流动人群血吸虫感染率为3.13%,疫区民工中也存在感染者;流动人群血防知识及格率66.40%,主要血防行为判断正确率26.40%;采取人群、家畜化疗,环改灭螺、健康教育等主要控制措施后,人群家畜感染率下降为0,钉螺面积下降了53.90%。结论株洲市血吸虫病流行的形成因素主要为流动人群中血吸虫病人的输入,钉螺输入,流动人群卫生意识习惯较差等。对城市山丘型流行区,在达血吸虫病传播控制标准后,需加强输入性病例的监测、钉螺扩散的监测及采取环境改造消灭钉螺的策略。     

上海市嘉定区2个镇外来流动人口血吸虫病感染率调查

[目的]了解上海市嘉定区外来流动人口的血吸虫病感染情况,评估其潜在传播危险程度。[方法]对嘉定区马陆镇、黄渡镇来自血吸虫病流行省的外来流动人员1 477人进行血吸虫病感染情况调查。[结果]1 477例外来流动人员的血清学阳性率为4.54%;病原学监测阳性1例,阳性率为1.49%。不同年龄段中30～40岁人群的血清阳性率最高(7.38%);不同教育程度人群的血清阳性率以小学学历者最高(5.48%);来沪前为农民者血清阳性率最高(7.60%);来自湖北省的流动人员血清阳性率最高(7.47%)。[结论]血吸虫病流行地区的外来流动人口大量进入,对嘉定区血吸虫病传播带来潜在威胁,应继续加强对外来流动人员特别是来自血吸虫病未控制地区人员的血吸虫病监测工作。     

株洲市山丘型血吸虫病疫区成因及防治对策效果分析

目的初步探明株洲市山丘型血吸虫病疫区成因及防治对策效果,为制定控制血吸虫病疫区扩散的对策提供科学依据。方法调查自然环境是否适宜钉螺孳生;常规法查螺查病评估血吸虫病疫区的防治效果;调查血吸虫病疫区流动人群、家畜及物流等。结果在疫区农贸市场活鱼虾中查获活钉螺16个;经常有病人和病畜进入疫区,流动人群中血吸虫病阳性率为15.76%;在株洲市范围内各县(市)、区自然环境均适合钉螺生长;居民血吸虫病感染率由1998年的17.97%下降到2005年的1.89%(U=26.06,P<0.001)。家畜感染率由13.45%下降到3.75%(U=20.26,P<0.05);活螺平均密度由1998年的2.19只/0.11 m2下降到2005年的0.12只/0.11 m2,钉螺阳性率下降了85.7%。结论株洲市血吸虫病经过几年来的防治取得了明显效果,但尚未达到传播阻断标准,仍有向周边扩散的可能,因株洲市血吸虫病流行区和非流行区自然环境和居民生产生活习惯相似。疫区成因,钉螺夹带输入可能性较大,传染源可能与进入本地的病人、病畜相关。     

四川省山丘地区人工生态湿地血吸虫病风险因素监测

目的监测四川省山丘地区人工生态湿地血吸虫病风险因素,为制定防控对策和干预措施提供依据。方法选取四川省人工生态湿地环境,收集相关资料,开展常规钉螺调查、人群病情调查、钉螺漂浮扩散试验、疫水测定和问卷调查。结果梅湾水库上、下游活螺平均密度分别为0. 003 1只/0. 1 m~2和2. 033 9只/0. 1 m~2,金雁湖湿地公园活螺密度0. 08只/0. 1 m~2。监测沟渠漂浮物网捞法未见钉螺,诱螺试验捕获钉螺5只。钉螺模拟漂浮扩散试验最远漂移距离2 km。水体感染性监测中共解剖哨鼠677只未见阳性。湿地周边人群知晓血吸虫病相关知识者仅占58. 00%,接触湿地水者占53. 00%。结论本调查证实四川省部分人工湿地有钉螺分布,随水系漂浮输入的可能性存在;湿地游客接触湿地水体普遍且人群血防知识欠缺。建议湿地建设时彻底消灭钉螺,实施防螺输入措施,开展长期系统监测,让湿地建设与血防共同长远发展。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.