不同人乳头瘤病毒亚型感染与宫颈上皮内瘤变程度的相关性研究

目的探究不同人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)亚型感染与宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)程度的相关性。方法收集2009年3月-2014年9月期间武汉市商业职工医院妇产科就诊并住院治疗的324例HPV患者为研究对象,对其HPV感染情况、HPV亚型分布情况和病变程度进行分析与探究。结果高危型HPV感染率前三种亚型依次为HPV16、HPV58、HPV52型,感染率依次为26.79%、21.46%、19.13%;低危型HPV感染率前三种亚型依次为HPV11、HPV53和CP8304,感染率依次为19.63%、8.65%和4.33%;CINⅠ患者中感染HPV前3位依次为HPV16(25.00%)、HPV58(20.83%)、HPV52(14.58%),感染CINⅡ与CINⅢ亚型前3位亚型依次为HPV16(56.60%)、HPV58(18.87%)和HPV33(11.32%);低危型HPV亚型感染较高危型HPV感染(A组或C组)或混合HPV感染(B组),宫颈病变的构成比比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);HPV16亚型(OR=7.321,P0.05)与HPV52(OR=5.47,P0.05)是HPV感染患者发生高瘤变的危险因素。结论高危型HPV感染患者CIN病情较严重,HPV16、HPV58、HPV52是导致CINⅠ患者的主要因素,HPV16、HPV58和HPV33是导致CINⅡ、CINⅢ的主要因素;HPV16亚型与HPV52感染是患者发生高瘤变的危险因素。     

不同型别人乳头状瘤病毒感染与宫颈病变程度的关系

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染患者的各HPV型别分布,及各型别HPV感染与宫颈不同程度病变的关系。方法采用核酸分子快速导流杂交基因微阵列分型检测技术,分析740例女性HPV感染者的HPV型别,同时检测宫颈病变程度。结果在740例HPV感染者中常见的21种亚型均被检出,排在前3位的亚型分别为16、58、52;高危型HPV混合低危型HPV的混合感染与单一高危型HPV感染和多种高危型HPV混合感染之间,宫颈不同程度病变差异无统计学意义,而以上几种感染类型与低危HPV感染相比,宫颈病变程度差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01),多元logistic回归分析显示,感染16型HPV(OR=3.56,P<0.01),58型HPV(OR=1.29,P<0.05)使宫颈癌患病风险大大增加;把宫颈上皮内瘤变分为低等级(CINⅠ)和高等级(CINⅡ、CINⅢ)病变,以不同程度的宫颈上皮内瘤变作为分析因素进行二元logistic回归,显示6型HPV(OR=6.99,P<0.01)、11型HPV(OR=5.92,P<0.01)感染将使感染者宫颈上皮内瘤变CINⅠ的风险大大升高。结论相对于低危型HPV,感染高危型HPV是宫颈病变加重的重要因素;高危型的16、18型HPV感染引起宫颈癌的患病风险增加,低危型的6型、11型HPV感染则更易引低级别的宫颈上皮内瘤变的发生。     

北京密云地区妇女宫颈病变与人乳头瘤病毒感染相关性研究

目的 探讨本地区宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)患者人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)亚型分布情况,及不同亚型与高级别CIN病变的相关性.方法 选择2007年10月至2009年2月在北京市密云县妇幼保健院妇产科门诊就诊,宫颈细胞学阳性并同时进行HPV-DNA检测及组织病理学检查病例155例,对其HPV感染状况、病毒亚型及病理学结果进行分析.结果 155例患者中,宫颈HPV总体感染率78.7%(122/155).宫颈慢性炎及CIN I107例,占69.0%(107/155),HPV感染率75.7%(81/107),检出HPV亚型16种,常见亚型为HPV16、33、58、18、52、;CINⅡ、Ⅲ43例,占27.7%(43/155),HPV感染率86.0%(37/43),检出HPV亚型10种,常见亚型为HPV16、58、33、31、18;宫颈癌5例,占3.2%(5/155),HPV感染率80.0%(4/5),只检测到16型及16/33复合型.Logistic回归分析16型、33型与CINⅡ、Ⅲ密切相关( OR=4.285、3.469;95%CI:1.950~9.413、1.040~11.569),均具有统计学意义.结论 本地区宫颈病变常见HPV亚型是HPV16、58、33、31、18,HPV16、33是CINⅡ、Ⅲ的主要致病亚型.     

高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染与宫颈病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒( HR-HPV)感染与宫颈病变的相关性.方法 对32例宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ、45例CINⅡ、53例CIN Ⅲ及68例浸润性宫颈癌患者的HR-HPV进行检测,并应用多因素条件Logistic回归分析HR-HPV各亚型与宫颈病变的相关性.结果 CIN Ⅰ患者HR-HPV阳性率为75.00％(24/32),CIN Ⅱ患者HR-HPV阳性率为80.00％(36/45),CIN Ⅲ患者HR-HPV阳性率为84.91％(45/53),浸润性宫颈癌患者HR-HPV阳性率为89.71％(61/68).不同级别CIN患者与浸润性宫颈癌患者HR-HPV阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).人乳头瘤病毒(HPV) 16分布频率按CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CIN Ⅲ的顺序递增[15.6％ (5/32)、22.2％(10/45)、28.3％( 15/53)],OR值也呈递增趋势(3.23、5.34、6.23).结论 HPV16感染与宫颈病变的严重程度密切相关.     

人乳头瘤病毒感染亚型与宫颈肿瘤关系的临床分析

目的:探讨人乳头瘤病毒感染亚型及多重感染与宫颈肿瘤的关系。方法:回顾性分析90例经阴道镜检查、病理诊断为宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及浸润癌患者HPV感染的临床资料。结果:90例宫颈肿瘤患者中HPV感染阳性率分别为:CINⅠ83.35%(15/18),CINⅡ90.63%(29/32),CINⅢ100.00%(17/17),浸润癌(鳞癌、腺癌)100.00%(23/23)。HPV单重感染在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ及浸润癌中分别为77.78%(14/18)、70.37%(19/27)、94.12%(16/17)、77.27%(17/22);HPV二重感染在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ及浸润癌中分别为5.56%(1/18)、29.63%(8/27)、0(0/17)、17.39%(4/23);三重HPV感染在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ及浸润癌中分别为0、7.41%(2/27)、5.88%(1/17)、0,CINII及以上宫颈肿瘤级别中HPV感染的优势亚型依次递减为16、58、52、33、18,其中HPV16为宫颈鳞癌主导感染亚型,HPV18为宫颈腺癌主要感染亚型。结论:随着宫颈肿瘤级别的升高,HPV感染率逐渐升高。高危单重感染及高危二重感染是宫颈肿瘤中的主要感染型。有效预防及控制HPV16、58、52、33、18感染,将大大降低许昌地区CINⅢ及浸润癌的发生率。     

宫颈病变人乳头瘤病毒感染的型别分布

目的:探讨不同级别宫颈病变人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染的型别分布及HPV不同亚型感染的致癌性。方法:选择宫颈病变患者436例,按组织病理学结果分为典型HPV感染改变者58例、CINⅠ69例、CINⅡ134例、CINⅢ129例、宫颈癌46例。低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)包括HPV感染改变者和CINⅠ;高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)包括CINⅡ和CINⅢ。采用核酸分子快速导流杂交基因芯片技术(Hybrimax)对所有患者宫颈脱落细胞进行HPV分型,计算不同宫颈病变HPV不同亚型的检出率。结果:436例宫颈病变中常见的HPV亚型(检出率>5.0%)从高到低依次为HPV16(55.73%)、HPV58(18.58%)、HPV33(11.70%)、HPV31(10.78%)、HPV52(7.80%)、HPV53(7.57%)。宫颈癌组依次为HPV16、18、39;HSIL组依次为HPV16、58、33、31、53、52;LSIL组依次为HPV16、58、52、31、53/33、11、68、cp8304、18。HPV16与宫颈病变的级别呈正相关(P=0.000)。结论:沈阳地区宫颈病变常见的HPV亚型是HPV16、58、33、31、52、53型,HPV16致癌性最强。     

宫颈上皮内瘤变患者高危型人乳头状瘤病毒感染亚型分布与宫颈糜烂的关系研究

目的研究与观察宫颈上皮内瘤变患者高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染亚型分布与宫颈糜烂的关系,为宫颈糜烂的预防控制提供参考依据。方法选取2014年6月-2016年5月医院诊治450例宫颈上皮内瘤变患者,将其中高危型HPV感染亚型分布进行检测与统计,比较不同CIN分级患者HPV感染率,并比较不同HPV感染者宫颈糜烂发生率。结果 450例宫颈上皮内瘤变患者中高危型HPV感染者143例,感染率为31.78%,其中HPV16、HPV18及HPV33为主要HPV亚型,较高CIN分级患者HPV感染率高于较低CIN分级者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且不同HPV感染亚型患者宫颈糜烂发生率均高于未感染者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论宫颈上皮内瘤变患者高危型HPV感染率较高,其亚型主要以HPV16、HPV18及HPV33为主,不同CIN分级者感染率有一定差异,且感染对宫颈糜烂的发生影响较大。     

衢州市女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染与宫颈癌前病变相关性分析

目的探讨衢州市女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒(Hr-HPV)感染与宫颈癌前病变相关性。方法选取衢州市人民医院收治的746例宫颈不典型增生患者作为研究对象,宫颈上皮内瘤样病变CINⅠ323例,CINⅡ142例,CINⅢ281例为疾病组,正常体检女性120例作为正常对照组,比较宫颈癌前病变Hr-HPV阳性率、宫颈癌前病变不同分级Hr-HPV亚型阳性率、不同年龄组Hr-HPV感染率及不同亚型Hr-HPV感染与宫颈癌前病变的相关性。结果 CINⅠ、CINⅡ与CINⅢ组Hr-HPV阳性率明显高于正常对照组(χ~2=143. 463,P=0. 000;χ~2=137. 097,P=0. 000;χ~2=256. 740,P=0. 000),CINⅡ组Hr-HPV阳性率显著高于CINⅠ组(χ~2=6. 989,P=0. 008),CINⅢ组Hr-HPV阳性率显著高于CINⅡ组(χ~2=4. 709,P=0. 030);A9在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ的阳性率分别为41. 49%、52. 82%、71. 53%,A7在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ的阳性率分别为12. 07%、8. 45%、8. 90,A5/A6在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ的阳性率分别为19. 20%、14. 08%、16. 01%,其他亚型在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ的阳性率分别为9. 91%、15. 49%、0;在746例患者中Hr-HPV患者308例,感染率为41. 28%,25~29岁感染率为51. 82%,30-34岁感染率为42. 86%,40~44岁感染率为48. 31%,45~49岁感染率为46. 67%,各年龄组间Hr-HPV感染率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=18. 972,P=0. 025);通过Logistic回归分析显示,HPV16、HPV18、HPV33、HPV52、HPV58与宫颈癌前病变具有明显相关性,HPV16、HPV18随着病变程度的加重危险性升高。结论衢州市女性Hr-HPV感染与宫颈癌前病变有密切相关性,A9在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ都有较高阳性率,HPV16、HPV18随着癌前病变程度加重而危险性升高,HPV16、HPV18二价疫苗可在衢州市进行推广。     

修水地区人乳头瘤病毒感染与宫颈癌的研究

目的:调查妇女生殖道高危型人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)感染状况,研究高危型HPV感染与宫颈癌及癌前病变的关系。方法:应用第二代杂交捕获(hybrid capture,HC-Ⅱ)实验对30~49岁的已婚妇女进行高危型HPV DNA检测,采用多因素的非条件Logistic回归模型分析HPV感染与宫颈癌及宫颈上皮内病变(CIN)的关系。结果:调查人群高危型HPV DNA总检出率为18.7%,与正常组相比检出率随病变程度加重呈趋势性增高(χ2=444.04,P<0.001)。各年龄组宫颈HPV DNA的检出率几乎一样,无显著性差异(χ2=10.25,P>0.001)。非条件Logistic回归分析显示,HPV感染与宫颈上皮内高度病变(CINⅡ)及癌症的发生高度相关(OR=121.1)。结论:生殖道高危型HPV感染是当地宫颈癌及宫颈上皮内瘤变流行的主要危险因素,提示宫颈癌的防治重点应放在防止HPV感染、对HPV感染的筛查和密切监测已感染高危型HPV的对象。     

508例女性人乳头瘤病毒感染及相关因素分析

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染现状及感染相关因素,为预防和控制HPV感染提供理论依据。方法选取2009年1月至2010年12月于本院妇科门诊就诊的508例自愿接受宫颈HPV检查者为研究对象,取其宫颈脱落细胞标本,采用快速导流杂交技术HPVDNA检测法进行HPV基因型分型。并采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析,探讨HPV感染的相关因素,包括年龄、文化程度、初次性生活年龄、流产次数、性伴侣数、配偶伴侣数、吸烟史及避孕方式等(本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象的知情同意)。结果本组508例受试者HPV总感染率为22.05%(112/508),其中高危型HPV(HR-HPV)感染率为18.90%(95/508),低危型HPV(LR-HPV)感染率为2.17%(11/508),中国人常见感染基因型为1.18%%(6/508)。508例受试者中,感染率最高的5种HPV基因型分别为HPV-16(7.68%)-52(4.72%),-58(3.74%),-18(3.15%),-31(2.36%)。影响HPV感染的相关因素为:初次性生活年龄、性伴侣数、配偶性伴侣数、流产次数及吸烟史(χ2=105.539,5.092,37.158,5.076,13.824;P<0.05),进一步行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,初次性生活年龄(OR=13.036)、性伴侣数(OR=5.860)、配偶性伴侣数(OR=2.120)、吸烟史(OR=2.054)为影响HPV感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论不良的生活习惯及性行为是女性HPV感染的高危因素,改变不良生活习惯及性行为是预防HPV感染的有效手段。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.