Drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV in Ukraine: a threatening convergence of two epidemics?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance rates in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, and to explore the association between the epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). METHODS: All consecutive newly diagnosed and previously treated patients with sputum smear-positive TB presenting to all TB units in Donetsk Oblast over 12 months were invited to take part in the study. A total of 1293 and 203 patients with TB were tested for HIV and MDR-TB in the civilian and penitentiary sectors, respectively. RESULTS: Of those enrolled for the study, 307 were HIV-positive, 379 had MDR-TB, and 97 had MDR-TB and HIV co-infection. MDR-TB rates in the civilian sector were respectively 15.5% (95%CI 13.1-17.8) and 41.5% (95%CI 36.4-46.5) in newly diagnosed and previously treated TB patients. Among prisoners, MDR-TB rates were 21.8% (95%CI 12.4-31.2) in new cases and 52.8% (95%CI 43.9-61.7) in previously treated TB cases. HIV status was significantly associated with MDR-TB (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.3-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: High MDR-TB rates and a positive association between MDR-TB and HIV epidemics were found in Donetsk Oblast. Urgent measures to improve HIV prevention, control of drug-resistant TB and collaboration between HIV and TB control activities need to be implemented without further delay.     

黑龙江省耐药监测项目中肺结核治疗失败的原因分析

目的分析耐药监测项目中肺结核治疗失败的主要影响因素,为黑龙江省结核病患者的治疗管理提供参考依据。方法对2004年黑龙江省按WHO/IUATLD《结核病耐药监测指南》发现的肺结核患者的指南耐药监测信息和短程督导化疗后的治疗转归信息进行整理分析。结（1）1995例菌阳肺结核中,初治1574例（78.9%）;复治421例（21.1%）。肺结核病患者的耐药情况差异有统计学意义(P)差异有统计学意义（P<0.001);(2)治疗失败患者的影响因素分析中,除复治是一个主要的影响因素外,初治病例中影响治疗失败的主要因素为居住地（P<0.05调整OR0.36,95%CI[0.17-0.76])、耐多药（MDR-TB)(P<0.05调整OR4.70,95%CI[1.76-12.51])和痰涂片载量（P<0.05调整OR5.52.95%CI[1.84-16.61]);(3)复治患者中影响治疗失败的主要因素为耐多药（P<0.05调整OR5.58,95%CI[1.44—21.69])以及复治的次数（P<0.05调整OR3.34,95%CI[1.31—8.5])。结论初复治患者间的耐药差异表明在选择治疗方案时应根据药敏试验选择敏感性药物;采用基于一线药的治疗方案在治疗耐药肺结核病方面存在不足,尤其是耐多药患者,确定一个病例耐药之后应根据其药敏结果尽快调整其治疗方案;同时应关注影响治疗失败的危险因素,采取相应措施,减少治疗失败和耐药的产生。     

Trend of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Korea, 1994-2004.

SETTING: The 245 health centres through which the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) is implemented in Korea and the TB Laboratory Network of the Korean National Tuberculosis Association. OBJECTIVE: To observe the trend of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Korea from 1994 to 2004 and possible related factors. DESIGN: All tuberculosis (TB) patients registered for treatment at the health centres for a given period were assessed. RESULTS: Of 2636 new smear-positive patients from the 2004 survey, 338 cases (12.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 11.5-14.1) showed resistance to any of the first-line drugs: 261 with isoniazid (INH) resistance (9.9%, 95%CI 8.8-11.0) and 71 with multidrug resistance (MDR) (2.7%, 95%CI 2.1-3.3). Compared with previous surveys, a statistically significant increase in MDR (P=0.00675), any drug resistance (P=0.03779), any INH resistance (P=0.00313) and any rifampicin resistance (P = 0.00176) has been observed among new cases since 1994. Any resistance to second-line drugs ranged from 0.1% (capreomycin) to 1.1% (para-aminosalicylic acid) among new cases and from 1.1% to 3.6% among retreatment cases. Resistance to kanamycin and ofloxacin was found in 1.4% and 2.6%, respectively, of new and previously treated MDR-TB cases. CONCLUSION: A statistically significant increase in drug resistance was noticed among new cases.     

High prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, Republic of Lithuania, 2002.

BACKGROUND: Nations of the former Soviet Union have the world's highest reported levels of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. We conducted the first national survey of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Lithuania. METHODS: We tested Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from all incident culture-positive pulmonary TB patients registered in 2002. New patients were those treated for <1 month with any first-line anti-tuberculosis drug (isoniazid [INH], rifampin [RMP], ethambutol, or streptomycin); previously treated patients were those treated for > or =1 month. RESULTS: Of 1163 isolates, 475 (41%) were resistant to at least one first-line drug, and 263 (23%) were resistant to at least INH and RMP (MDR); this included 76/818 (9.3%) from new patients and 187/345 (54%) from previously treated patients. Of 52 MDR isolates randomly selected for extended testing at an international reference laboratory, 27 (51%, 95%CI 38-66) had resistance to pyrazinamide, 21 (40%, 95%CI 27-55) to kanamycin, and 9 (17%, 95%CI 8-30) to ofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MDR-TB in Lithuania is among the world's highest. Among MDR-TB isolates, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone resistance were common. To combat drug-resistant TB, Lithuania has implemented the WHO global TB control strategy (DOTS), and is developing an MDR-TB treatment program (DOTS-Plus).     

Tolerability of anti-tuberculosis treatment and HIV serostatus.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) is frequent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, but its treatment is hampered by adverse events and paradoxical reactions. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of HIV infection and other factors on the risk and spectrum of adverse events related to anti-tuberculosis treatment in a prospective cohort study conducted between January 2003 and August 2004. RESULTS: Of 105 patients treated for TB, 30 were HIV-infected. The overall incidence of adverse events was 122.5 +/- 18.5 per 100 patient-years (py) and the incidence of severe adverse events was 45.2 +/- 11.3/100 py. Age >50 years (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.01-4.8, P = 0.046) and HIV infection (OR 3.9, 95%CI 2.1-7.5, P < 0.001) were independently associated with a higher risk of adverse events. Hepatitis (30.5/100 py) and neuropathy (28.6/100 py) were the most frequent adverse events. Hepatitis C virus infection was associated with hepatitis (OR 4.2, 95%CI 1.2-15.0, P = 0.028) and neuropathy with HIV infection (OR 3.8, 95%CI 1.1-13.7, P = 0.040). CONCLUSION: Adverse reactions to anti-tuberculosis drugs are frequent. HIV infection and age >50 years are factors associated with such reactions, while hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for hepatitis.     

HIV testing among tuberculosis patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a population-based study in Brazil.

SETTING: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a city with 29862 cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported between January 1995 and June 1998. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the counseling and testing practices for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among TB patients, and to identify the patient characteristics associated with HIV screening as antiretroviral therapy was introduced. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of patients with TB who were reported to the health department and who initiated anti-TB treatment. The main outcome measure was screened versus not screened for HIV. RESULTS: The proportion of TB patients who received HIV screening increased from January 1995 through June 1998 (P < 0.001). Among young adults aged 20-49 years with TB, the independent predictors of HIV screening were a diagnosis of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-2.8); TB meningitis (OR = 13.5, 95%CI 6.5-31.5); disseminated TB (OR = 8.2, 95%CI 5.3-12.9); lymphatic TB (OR = 5.6, 95%CI 4.7-6.6); and male sex (OR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.3-1.6). Patients with newly diagnosed TB who were women, lived in a low income neighborhood (OR = 0.7, 95%CI, 0.6-0.7), and sought TB treatment in their own residential neighborhood (OR = 0.3, 95%CI 0.3-0.4) were less likely to receive HIV counseling and testing. CONCLUSION: Health care providers in Rio de Janeiro selectively offered HIV counseling and testing to persons they perceived to be at risk for HIV and those with advanced stages of TB. HIV counseling and testing should be expanded and offered to all TB patients.     

The risk of MDR-TB and polyresistant tuberculosis among the civilian population of Tomsk city, Siberia, 1999.

SETTING: Tomsk, Siberia, Russian Federation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between TB susceptibility patterns and risk factors among a civilian cohort of new cases in Tomsk city in 1999. DESIGN: Population-based study. The association between MDR-TB or PROMDR-TB, defined as resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin (MDR) or to isoniazid, ethambutol, and streptomycin (rifampicin mono-sensitive), and hypothesized risk factors was determined. Univariable analysis with and without stratification for history of incarceration and stepwise logistic regression modeling were used. RESULTS: Overall, 49.6% of participants were infected with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain resistant to at least one prescribed anti-tuberculosis medication. PROMDR-TB and MDR-TB were prevalent in 17.2% and 13.1% of participants, respectively. Logistic regression modeling indicated that good residence (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.4-6.9), treatment default (OR 4.4, 95%CI 2.1-9.3) and psychological disorder (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.0-10.9) were associated with PROMDR-TB. Both good residence (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.1-6.0) and treatment default (OR 5.3, 95%CI 2.4-11.6) were associated with MDR-TB. History of incarceration was not found to be significant. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that drug-resistant disease among the Tomsk city population is not directly linked to history of incarceration, nor is it an extension of drug resistance in prisons. Rather, drug resistance in the civil sector reflects problems specific to the sector itself.     

Defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment in a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

SETTING: Few studies have investigated factors associated with defaulting from anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy in hospital settings. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with defaulting from treatment among TB in-patients in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: All study participants initiated anti-tuberculosis treatment in a teaching hospital. A defaulting case was defined as a person who did not return for anti-tuberculosis medications after 60 days. Cases and controls were interviewed by a trained health care worker using a standardized form. RESULTS: From 1 January to 31 December 1997, 228 TB cases were registered. After a review of the medical records, 39 were excluded. Household visits were performed in 189 patients; 46 subjects were identified as cases and 117 as controls. Defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment was observed in 66 cases (28.9%) before and in 46 (20.2%) after a home visit. After multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors of defaulting from treatment were: 1) returning card not provided (OR 0.099; 95%CI 0.008-1.2; P = 0.07), 2) not feeling comfortable with a doctor (OR 0.16; 95%CI 0.33-0.015; P = 0.001), and 3) blood pressure not measured (OR 0.072; 95%CI 0.036-0.79; P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: In this hospital, the factors associated with defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment highlight the necessity for a structured TB Control Program. It is expected that the implementation of such a program, pursuing specific approaches, should enhance completion of anti-tuberculosis treatment and cure.     

广西壮族自治区肺结核耐药性调查及复治患者耐药相关因素分析

目的 了解广西壮族自治区（简称“广西”）肺结核耐药现状,探讨影响复治患者耐药产生的因素。 方法2010年8月至2011年7月在广西开展结核病耐药性监测,对14个市采取整群分层抽样方法随机抽取30个结核病防治（简称“结防”）机构门诊为监测点,每个监测点纳入新发涂阳肺结核患者41例、复治涂阳肺结核患者22例。收集复治患者社会和既往临床诊疗信息。收集痰标本培养,培养阳性菌株采用比例法进行异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素、卡那霉素、氧氟沙星药敏试验。对硝基苯甲酸(PNB)培养法鉴定结核分枝杆菌复合群。对复治患者社会经济以及既往诊疗因素对耐药的影响进行单因素统计分析。 结果 监测收集到1545例结核分枝杆菌复合群阳性患者,总耐药率17.22%（266/1545）;其中新发涂阳患者耐药率为11.97%（142/1186）,复治涂阳患者耐药率为34.54%（124/359）,复治患者总耐药率高于新发患者（χ²=98.473,P=0.000）。耐多药率为6.28%(97/1545);其中新发涂阳患者耐多药率为2.45%（29/1186）,复治患者耐多药率为18.94%（68/359）,复治患者耐多药率高于新发患者（χ²=127.450,P=0.000）;广泛耐多药率为0.19%（3/1545）,全部为复治患者,复治患者广泛耐多药率0.84%（3/359）。复治患者耐药单因素分析表明,女性患者耐药率高于男性（OR=2.009,95%CI:1.145～3.523, χ²=6.062,P=0.014）;壮族患者耐药率高于汉族（OR=1.609,95%CI:1.024～2.529,χ²=4.289, P=0.038）;首次诊疗机构为综合医院的患者耐药率高于到结防机构或专科医院诊疗的患者（OR=1.967,95%CI:1.210～3.198,χ²=7.565, P=0.006）;既往治疗次数2次及以上的患者耐药率高于仅接受过1次治疗的患者（OR=4.128,95%CI:2.506～6.801,χ²=33.160, P=0.000）;非联合用药患者耐药率高于联合用药者（OR=3.419,95%CI:1.952～5.988,χ²=19.775, P=0.000）;低收入家庭患者耐多药率高于高收入患者（OR=4.777,95%CI: 1.117～20.435,χ²=5.336, P=0.021）。 结论 当前广西耐药肺结核疫情仍处于全国较低水平。女性、壮族、低收入、不到定点结防机构诊治、反复多次治疗、不联合用药等可能是导致复治患者耐药的危险因素。     

Characteristics of drug resistance and HIV among tuberculosis patients in Mozambique.

SETTING: The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence among tuberculosis patients varies between 2% and 53% in Mozambique, depending on the region. Drug resistance surveillance has been performed in only a few cities in Mozambique. OBJECTIVES: To establish the extent of drug resistance in areas of Mozambique with different levels of HIV prevalence, to estimate the prevalence of HIV among tuberculosis (TB) patients, and to examine the association between drug resistance and HIV infection. DESIGN: All tuberculosis patients diagnosed at randomly selected health facilities over 9 months (September 1998 to June 1999) were enrolled in the study. Sputum was collected, smeared and cultured, and drug susceptibility tests were performed. Blood was tested for HIV in the respective provinces, and patients received pre-test and post-test counselling. RESULTS: Of 709 culture-positive cases, 25.5% were HIV-positive. HIV-positive patients were significantly more likely to have a prior history of treatment (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.9-3.6) and resistance to both isoniazid and streptomycin (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3, 4.5). In patients with no history of prior tuberculosis treatment, the multidrug resistance rate was 3.4% and resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin (HS) was 5.2%. Any drug resistance was significantly more common among those with a history of prior treatment (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.1-4.7), particularly resistance to HS (OR 4.5; 95% CI 2.6-7.9). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates substantial levels of drug resistance in Mozambique. Differences in drug resistance between high and low HIV prevalence areas may be related to prior treatment.     

Impact of extensive drug resistance on treatment outcomes in non-HIV-infected patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, serious concerns about extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), which shows resistance to second-line anti-TB drugs in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin, have been raised. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of extensive drug resistance on treatment outcomes in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). METHODS: Patients who received the diagnosis of and treatment as having MDR-TB at Seoul National University Hospital (Seoul, Republic of Korea) between January 1996 and December 2005 were included. The definition of XDR-TB was TB caused by bacilli showing resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin and also showing resistance to any fluoroquinolone and to at least 1 of the following 3 injectable anti-TB drugs: capreomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin. To identify the impact of extensive drug resistance on treatment outcomes, univariate comparison and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: A total of 211 non-HIV-infected patients with MDR-TB were included in the final analysis. Among them, 43 patients (20.4%) had XDR-TB. Treatment failure was observed in 19 patients (44.2%) with XDR-TB, whereas treatment of 46 patients (27.4%) with non-XDR-TB failed (P=.057). The presence of extensive drug resistance (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-14.74) and underlying comorbidity (adjusted OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.00-6.87) were independent risk factors for treatment failure. However, a higher level of albumin was inversely associated with treatment failure (adjusted OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.97). CONCLUSION: The presence of extensive drug resistance, the presence of comorbidity, and hypoalbuminemia were independent poor prognostic factors in non-HIV-infected patients with MDR-TB.     

Impact of drug-resistant tuberculosis on the survival of HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) on the survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients in an area with a high prevalence of TB. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. RESULTS: Of 225 HIV-TB patients with a mean age of 35.8 years, 72.4% were male. The median CD4 cell count at TB diagnosis was 44 cells/mm3. Sixty per cent presented with extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). Sixty-three (28%) patients were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to at least one drug; respectively 16.4%, 9.3%, 5.3% and 12.9% were resistant to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ethambutol and streptomycin, and 14 (6.2%) had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). During a median follow-up of 11.5 months, 4% died. From Kaplan-Meier analysis, INH resistance, RMP resistance and MDR-TB were associated with shorter survival (log-rank test, P < 0.005). Cox's proportional hazard model showed that MDR-TB (hazard ratio [HR] 11.7; 95% CI 2.1-64.9), not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) (HR 7.9; 95% CI 1.5-43.1) and EPTB (HR 5.1; 95% CI 1.9-25.9) were significant risk factors for death. CONCLUSION: MDR-TB and EPTB substantially reduce survival among patients co-infected with HIV and TB. Early detection and optimal treatment of MDR-TB are crucial. ART significantly prolongs survival and should be initiated in HIV-TB co-infected patients.     

Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in community and prison patients, Orel Oblast, Russian Federation.

SETTING: Orel Oblast, Russian Federation. OBJECTIVES: To determine baseline levels of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Orel Oblast. DESIGN: Drug susceptibility testing (DST) records from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000 for patients with sputum acid-fast bacilli smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were reviewed. Treatment and incarceration status were obtained from the tuberculosis register. Patients with 1 month or less of prior treatment were defined as new cases; those previously treated for more than 1 month were defined as retreatment cases. RESULTS: Of 246 smear-positive isolates, 212 (86%) had DST performed. Of these, 190 (90%) were from new and 22 (10%) from retreatment cases; 171 (81%) were from community and 41 (19%) were from prison patients. Any drug resistance was more common among prison than community patients (44% vs. 30%, P = 0.05). MDR-TB was found in 14 (6.6%) of 212 isolates, and was more prevalent in prison compared with community patients (12% vs. 5%, P = 0.05). Retreatment cases were more likely than new cases to have MDR-TB (prevalence ratio [PR] = 8.5, 95%CI = 3.3-22.3), although the PR was higher for prison than for community retreatment cases (10.0 vs. 5.8). CONCLUSIONS: New cases with MDR-TB were less prevalent in Orel Oblast compared with other survey sites in Russia. Any drug resistance and MDR-TB were associated with prior treatment, especially in the prison population. Continued monitoring of trends in drug resistance following DOTS implementation is needed.     

Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in an HIV endemic area in northern Thailand.

SETTING: Chiang Rai Province in Northern Thailand, where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been prevalent since the 1990s. OBJECTIVE: To observe the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and investigate the factors related to the level of drug resistance in an HIV endemic area. DESIGN: Population-based surveillance study covering the whole province. METHOD: Drug susceptibility testing was performed at the Thai Ministry of Public Health laboratory for all sputum smear-positive TB patients diagnosed in hospitals in Chiang Rai Province over a 25-month period in 1996-1998. Patient characteristics were obtained through interview by trained personnel. HIV testing was performed with informed consent. RESULTS: Among the 1077 incident patients without previous history of treatment, the proportion of patients with resistance to isoniazid was 13.2%, 10.8% to rifampicin, 15.6% to streptomycin, and 5.8% to ethambutol. Multidrug resistance (MDR), i.e., resistance to at least both isoniazid and rifampicin, was observed in 6.3%. Factors associated with primary MDR-TB were HIV positivity (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.3-3.9), age <50 years (OR 2.0), and treatment in the provincial hospital (OR 2.3), compared to patients treated in the community and private hospitals. Stratified analysis shows a significantly high prevalence of primary MDR-TB among HIV-positive patients treated in the provincial hospital against HIV-negative patients or HIV-positive patients in other hospitals. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of primary MDR-TB in this area was high. It is necessary to strengthen TB control activities in order to reduce the burden of MDR-TB.     

Contact screening and latent TB infection treatment in Singapore correctional facilities.

SETTING: Singapore, a city-state with a tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate of 47 per 100000 population in 2000. OBJECTIVES: 1) To report our experience with contact investigation and latent TB infection (LTBI) treatment in high-risk contacts with unknown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in correctional facilities (CFs) (prisons/drug rehabilitation centres); and 2) to compare the yield of contact screening in this setting with that in the community (household/family) setting. METHODS: The tuberculin skin test (TST) readings of 704 CF contacts screened from 1999 to 2001 were compared with those of 2729 household/family contacts who underwent screening in 2000. RESULTS: Respectively eight (1.1%) and 20 (0.7%) active TB cases were detected among the CF and community contacts. A significantly higher proportion of CF contacts had first (non-conversion) TST readings > or =15 mm (39% vs. 22%, OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.9-2.7; P < 0.001), and 10-14 mm (26% vs. 18%, OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.3-2.0; P < 0.001) and TST conversion (43% vs. 20%, OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.7-4.9; P < 0.001). LTBI treatment was started in 65% of the CF contacts screened; 87% completed treatment. CONCLUSION: We found a high LTBI rate among CF contacts, presenting an opportunity for intervention.     

116例耐多药肺结核治疗转归情况影响因素分析

目的 探讨现阶段广州市耐多药肺结核患者化疗效果及相关影响因素。方法 采用logistic回归分析法对2003年1月至2007年12月在广州市胸科医院和广州市结核病防治所接受二线抗结核药物个体化治疗的116例耐多药肺结核患者化疗效果的诸多影响因素进行回顾性分析。结果 116例耐多药肺结核患者中男性75例,占64.7%;女性41例,占35.3%。年龄在20～84岁之间,平均年龄（44.26±17.57）岁。116例耐多药肺结核患者治愈率55.2%（64/116）;失败率25.0%（29/116）;因结核病死亡8例,因其他疾病死亡5例,死亡率11.2%（13/116）。多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示：未规则治疗（OR=13.745;95%CI:3.147~60.034）、化疗方案不合理（OR=9.897;95%CI:2.528~38.747）、肺部空洞性病灶（OR=10.295;95%CI:2.002~52.949）是现阶段广州市耐多药肺结核患者治疗失败和病死的危险因素。结论 根据药敏结果和肺部空洞情况制定合理的治疗方案,强化对耐多药肺结核患者治疗督导管理,可以降低耐多药肺结核患者治疗失败率和病死率,控制耐多药肺结核的流行。     

Surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis and molecular evaluation of transmission of resistant strains in refugee and non-refugee populations in North-Eastern Kenya.

SETTING: Three refugee camp complex clinics and an adjacent non-refugee treatment centre in North-Eastern Kenya. OBJECTIVES: To use conventional and molecular epidemiology tools to determine: 1) the prevalence of drug resistance in newly diagnosed patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in refugee and non-refugee populations; 2) risk factors for resistance in the two populations; and 3) whether IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping showed similarities in DNA fingerprinting patterns of drug-resistant isolates that could infer transmission within and between the two populations. RESULTS: Of 241 isolates from the camps, 44 (18.3%) were resistant to one or more drugs, seven of which (2.9%) were multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Of 88 isolates from the non-refugees, five (5.7%) were resistant to one or more drugs without MDR-TB. Drug resistance was higher in the camps than in the non-refugee population (OR = 3.7; 95%CI 1.42-9.68; P < 0.007). Resistance was significantly higher in one camp compared with the other two, despite a comparable ethnic distribution. Unusually, females were more associated with drug resistance than their male counterparts in both populations (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.2-4.8; P = 0.008). There was evidence of transmission of streptomycin-resistant strains in the refugee population. DNA fingerprints of resistant strains from the non-refugee population were unique and different from those in the refugee camps. CONCLUSION: The observed high levels of drug resistance and MDR-TB, combined with evidence of transmission of strains resistant to streptomycin in the refugee population, suggest a need for strengthened TB control programmes in settings with a high risk of developing drug-resistant strains.     

Control of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Botswana.

SETTING: Botswana, where in 2000 the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among adults was 38%, and the tuberculosis (TB) rate was 591/100,000. A 1995-1996 survey demonstrated low levels of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: Because TB drug resistance may increase rapidly in HIV-infected populations, a second survey was undertaken in 1999 to determine any increase in anti-tuberculosis drug resistance. DESIGN: Sputum specimens positive for acid-fast bacilli from patients without prior TB treatment (new patients), and all sputum specimens from patients reporting prior TB treatment (retreatment patients) were collected nationwide. Specimens were cultured for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tested for resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and streptomycin. RESULTS: From January to May 1999, 783 patients were consecutively enrolled from all districts. Of these, 483 (61.7%) were male, the median age was 33 years, and 82% were new patients. Drug resistance occurred in 6.3% of new patients (95 % confidence interval [CI] 4.6-8.6) and 22.8% of retreatment patients (95% CI 16.5-30.1). Resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin was found in 0.5% of new (95% CI 0.1-1.3) and 9.0% of retreatment patients (95% CI 5.1-14.5). CONCLUSION: Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance remains relatively low in Botswana, probably as a result of a well-functioning TB program. Periodic surveys will be essential to adequately determine any significant trend.     

Infection and disease among household contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

SETTING: Urban public teaching and referral hospital in Espirito Santo, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether rates of infection and progression to active tuberculosis (TB) differed between household contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug susceptible (DS) pulmonary tuberculosis. DESIGN: Household contacts were assessed for evidence of TB infection and disease by purified protein derivative (PPD) skin testing, physical examination, chest X-ray, and sputum smear and culture. RESULTS: Among 133 close contacts of patients with MDR-TB, 44% were PPD-positive (> or =10 mm) compared to 37% of 231 contacts of the DS-TB cases (P = 0.18, chi2 test, OR 1.2, 95%CI 0.8-2). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, after allowance for between-household variation in PPD responses, PPD positivity among household contacts of patients with MDR-TB remained comparable to PPD positivity in contacts of patients with DS-TB (OR 2.1, 95%CI 0.7-6.5). Respectively six (4%) and 11 (4%) contacts of the MDR- and DS-TB cases were found to have active TB at the time of initial evaluation or during follow-up (P = 0.78, chi2 test). Five of six contacts of MDR-TB cases and nine of nine contacts of DS-TB cases who developed TB, and for whom drug susceptibility test results were available, had the same bacterial susceptibility profiles as their index cases. DNA fingerprinting analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates was identical between household contacts with active TB and the index MDR or DS-TB case for all 14 pairs compared. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the prevalence of tuberculous infection and progression to active TB among household contacts exposed to DS and MDR-TB cases is comparable, despite a longer duration of exposure of contacts to the index case in patients with MDR-TB.     

武汉市首次复治涂阳肺结核治疗结局及影响因素分析

目的 探讨武汉市首次复治涂阳肺结核患者疗效影响因素,以便有针对性地采取措施提高复治肺结核疗效。 方法 采用整群抽样法,抽取武汉市2011年7月至2012年3月登记的全部首次复治涂阳患者（共232例）作为研究对象。面访式问卷调查,随访治疗结局。232份调查问卷中,219份合格,合格率94.4%。进行χ²检验及多因素逐步logistic回归分析疗效影响因素。 结果219例首次复治涂阳肺结核患者中,治疗成功156例,成功率为71.2%。伴发糖尿病患者治疗成功率为51.2%（21/41）,不伴发糖尿病患者治疗成功率为75.8%(135/178),差异有统计学意义(χ²=9.860, P=0.002);耐药者治疗成功率为55.0%(33/60),不耐药者治疗成功率为73.7%(87/118),差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.351, P=0.012);耐多药者治疗成功率为26.1%(6/23),非耐多药患者治疗成功率为73.5%(114/155),差异有统计学意义(χ²=20.538, P=0.000)。多因素逐步logistic回归分析显示,耐多药(OR=10.758, 95%CI=3.481～33.247)是治疗不成功的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);伴发糖尿病(OR=2.838, 95%CI=1.187～6.788)及未采用医生督导式管理(OR=1.678, 95%CI=1.087～2.588)是治疗不成功的危险因素,差异有统计学意义（P值均<0.05)。 结论 武汉市首次复治涂阳肺结核患者治疗成功率不高,耐多药、伴发糖尿病及未采用医生督导模式管理是影响复治涂阳肺结核疗效的主要因素。