甲状腺肿瘤10年1862例临床分析

目的:探讨甲状腺肿瘤的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析1995年2004年十年间1862例甲状腺肿瘤(1524例甲状腺良性肿瘤,338例的甲状腺癌)的临床资料及随访结果。结果:外科手术操作技术一律采用包膜解剖技术(除峡部外),即常规显露喉返神经及逐一结扎进人甲状腺的三级血管分支,既避免损伤喉返神经,又保留了甲状旁腺血供。局限于一侧的良性肿瘤以甲状腺腺叶切除,双侧甲状腺良性肿瘤,以较大一侧的甲状腺腺叶切除加对侧肿块切除术;T1-T3期分化性甲状腺癌,行一侧的甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除,对T4期分化性甲状腺癌,则进行全甲状腺切除或近全甲状腺切除术;对甲状腺髓样癌行全甲切除+功能性颈清术;临床NO分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除+中央区淋巴结清扫术。手术并发症包括术后出血2例(0.1%),乳糜漏1例(0.05%)2例暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,无喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状腺功能低下。结论:严格掌握甲状腺肿瘤外科的治疗原则及熟悉包膜解剖技术是甲状腺外科手术的关键。     

甲状腺全切及近全切术中甲状旁腺的原位保护

目的：探讨甲状腺全切及近全切木中甲状旁腺及其功能的保护。方法：对131例行甲状腺全切、近全切木及甲状腺腺叶及峡部切除术患者在术中显露甲状旁腺。必要时在显微镜下识别、结扎甲状腺下动脉第3级血管，原位保护甲状旁腺。观察术后甲状旁腺功能情况。结果：4例（3％）木后出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下；26例（20％）血钙明显降低无症状；73例（56％）术后3d内血钙水平较术前一过性降低；28例（21％）甲状腺腺叶加峡部切除或甲状腺腺叶加对侧部分切除患者，术后血钙均在正常范围。所有患者均未发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下，无死亡患者。结论：甲状腺全切及近全切术中辨认和保护甲状旁腺及其血液供应，术后对血钙明显降低者适量应用扩血管药物及补充钙剂，可有效防止术后永久性甲状旁腺功能低下的发生。     

甲状腺外科无喉返神经损伤的可能性

目的探讨甲状腺外科手术喉返神经(recurrenlaryngealnerve,RLN)零损伤的可能性。方法回顾性分析我科2001年3月～2005年3月659例甲状腺疾病的手术方式、术后RLN损伤、甲状旁腺功能低下、术后出血和术后复发等并发症的发生。术中常规解剖RLN,保护并勿过度解剖甲状旁腺及其供应的血管。结果甲状腺一侧腺叶加对侧腺叶部分切除376例、甲状腺一侧腺叶加峡部切除87例、甲状腺双侧腺叶次全切除76例、甲状腺全切除73例、颈部低位领式切口入路切除胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿47例。术后无一例发生RLN损伤。术后暂时性低钙血症发生率为1.67%(11/659)。无永久性低钙血症。术后出血需再手术止血和术后伤口血肿的发生率分别为0.60%(4/659)和0.45%(3/659)。甲状腺功能低下和术后复发的发生率分别为0.45%(3/659)和0.15%(1/659),无切口感染。结论甲状腺外科手术中熟悉RLN的解剖知识,常规紧贴甲状腺被膜外分离并全程解剖RLN及其分支可避免RLN的损伤。     

分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗的术式选择

目的 :探讨分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗术式的选择。方法 :对 6 6例分化型甲状腺癌病例行患侧腺叶、峡部加对侧次全切除术 49例 ,患侧腺叶及峡部切除术 7例 ,一侧腺叶次全切除及对侧部分切除术 6例 ,全甲状腺切除术 4例。行患侧功能性颈清扫术加对侧功能性颈清扫术 43例 ,双侧功能性颈清扫术 1例及患侧传统性颈清扫术 10例 ,患侧传统性颈清扫术 5例。结果 :3年生存率 96 % (2 5 /2 6 ) ,5年生存率 94% (17/18) ,1例死于白血病 ,1例失访。 4例行全甲状腺切除术的病例术后均出现甲状腺功能减退 ,其中 2例出现甲状旁腺功能减退(5 0 % ) ,其他病例均未发生甲状腺功能和甲状旁腺功能减退。无一例发生喉返神经麻痹。结论 :对分化型甲状腺癌 ,主张行患侧腺叶切除加对侧次全切除或大部切除 ;如术前发现颈淋巴结肿大 ,应同时行患侧淋巴结清扫术。而N0 患者 ,除了对高危组 (男 >41岁 ,女 >5 1岁 )患者腺体外乳头状瘤或明显侵犯包膜的滤泡型腺癌者应行功能性颈清扫术 ,其他随访容易的N0 患者可以不必常规行颈清扫术 ,并提倡长期密切随访。     

喉咽切除和咽-胃吻合术后甲状旁腺功能低下

作者为探讨头颈部大手术后甲状旁腺功能低下和低血钙的发生率,对三组病例作了回顾分性析。第1组17例,曾行全喉切除并保留或部分保留甲状腺;第2组6例,行全喉切除术后曾有气管造口处复发而行纵隔廓清术或全喉切除术同时行纵隔廓清术;第3组30例,曾行喉咽食管切除和咽-胃吻合术,其中3例加做纵隔廓清术。全邮患者术前血钙、磷、蛋白质均正常。全部53例中术后需补充钙剂和维生素D_2者24例,仅需补充钙剂者3例。总计27例术后持续性低血钙,平均甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率为51％。第1组:甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率最低(12％),17例中仅2例需同     

甲状腺外科手术操作与手术并发症的相关性

目的 了解甲状腺外科手术操作与手术并发症的相关性,探讨辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺的甲状腺切除术在治疗甲状腺肿物中的作用,以提高甲状腺肿物的手术治愈率,并减少手术并发症。方法 回顾分析甲状腺良性肿瘤或甲状腺癌患者152例临床资料,甲状腺切除采用"精细化被膜解剖"技术,术中辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺。结果 152例患者中,行喉返神经探查262侧,均成功辨认及保护;行喉上神经外支探查231侧,174例成功辨认(75.3%)。原位解剖保护甲状旁腺150例,行甲状旁腺移植术2例。术后发生单侧暂时性喉返神经麻痹1例,在术后3个月内恢复;无喉上神经外支功能障碍。术后发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下症13例,术后1周恢复9例, 4周后恢复3例, 5个月后恢复1例。无发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下症、永久性喉返神经损伤和永久性喉上神经外支损伤病例。结论 术中辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺技术行甲状腺肿物切除术是安全的甲状腺手术操作,有效避免了永久性甲状旁腺功能低下症、喉返神经和喉上神经外支损伤并发症的发生。最大限度地保存了喉功能和甲状旁腺功能,提高了甲状腺肿物的手术治愈率。     

全甲状腺切除治疗甲状腺癌

作者报道149例曾做过不彻底手术的甲状腺癌,再次行全甲状腺切除的结果。其中肿瘤剜除24例,一侧腺叶切除62例,甲状腺部分切除22例,原手术情况不明41例。对分化好的甲状腺癌(乳头状癌及滤泡状癌),再次手术的时间以初次术后2～3个月为宜,此时组织反应减轻,手术较容易。切除原手术瘢痕,常规分开带状肌,切除所有残留的腺体。应注意保留甲状旁腺,如旁腺不慎被切除,可把它切成薄片植入胸锁乳突肌内。气管前和颈内静脉、颈总动脉旁肿大的淋巴结均予摘除。术中解剖注意保护喉返神经。手术结果:全组57.7％有肿瘤残存。对侧腺叶癌的发生率27.05％,其     

甲状腺全切除术中甲状旁腺及其功能的保护

目的 探讨甲状腺全切除术中甲状旁腺的显露定位及其血供的保护方法.方法 回顾性分析辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科1990年2月至2009年12月期间296例甲状腺全切手术患者资料,术中显露并保护甲状旁腺及其血供,检测并对比术前、术后血清钙离子和甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)水平,对术后出现低钙症状和甲状旁腺功能低下者行支持治疗.结果 296例甲状腺全切手术中见上甲状旁腺共542枚,其中444枚(81.9%)位置恒定于甲状腺背面甲状软骨下缘水平;确切显露104枚上甲状旁腺的血管,其中71枚(68.3%)由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血.下甲状旁腺共467枚,位置变异较大,231枚(49.5%)位于甲状腺背面下1/3部分,116枚(24.8%)位于甲状腺侧叶最下端近甲状腺下动脉入腺体处;确切显露142枚下甲状旁腺的血管,其中114枚(80.3%)的血供来自甲状腺下动脉或最下动脉的分支.术后发生低钙血症13例,无一例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论 甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置有密切关系.甲状腺全切除及近全切除术中辨认和保护甲状旁腺及其血液供应,可有效防止术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生.     

超声加绘图技术在甲状旁腺定位中的应用

目的 探讨超声辅加绘图技术对甲状腺切除过程中甲状旁腺术前定位的效果,提高甲状旁腺辨认阳性率,有效保护甲状旁腺,降低术后低钙血症发生率。方法 将头颈外科拟行甲状腺手术的160例患者按甲状腺拟全切除、单侧叶切除及年龄段平均分为A、B两组,A组患者术前采用甲状旁腺超声定位辅加手绘图标记技术,B组未采用。术中记录A组定位甲状旁腺与术中位置符合率及漏诊率、两组术中辨认率,两组甲状旁腺误切情况;术后记录两组患者血钙、甲状旁腺素（PTH）实验室检查,分析比较两组术中辨认阳性率、甲状旁腺误切率、术后第1天与术前实验室检查指标。结果 A组术前定位甲状旁腺176枚,与术中位置符合率为92.63%（176/190）,另有14枚旁腺超声未检测到,漏诊率7.37%（14/190）;A组术中辨认阳性率86.36%（190/220）,B组术中辨认阳性率77.27%（170/220）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组中有2枚甲状旁腺误切除,B组中有9枚甲状旁腺误切除,A组误切率低于B组（P<0.05）;术后第1天与术前血钙及PTH实验室检查两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 甲状腺切除术前实施超声辅加绘图技术定位甲状旁腺,对甲状腺外科手术中寻找并保留甲状旁腺及降低术后低钙血症方面有一定的临床应用价值。     

甲状旁腺原位保护技术在甲状腺全切除术中的应用

目的 评估甲状腺全切术中甲状旁腺原位保护对术后甲状旁腺功能的意义.方法 同一医疗手术组连续实施的1019例甲状腺全切除术患者,术中在解剖游离甲状腺的过程中注意原位保护甲状旁腺,包括:正确辨认甲状旁腺,精确解剖甲状腺被膜,最大限度保护甲状旁腺血供,并记录保留甲状旁腺数目.检测并对比术前、术后24～48 h的血清钙离子和甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平,对术后出现低钙血症以及甲状旁腺功能低下者进行1～6个月的支持治疗及随访.结果 1019例接受甲状腺全切除术的患者均原位保护至少1枚甲状旁腺.术后出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下者89例(8.7%),出现有症状低钙血症者42例(4.1%);治疗及随访6个月～2年甲状旁腺激素以及血钙水平均恢复正常.原位保护甲状旁腺3和4枚的患者术后出现PTH降低者(69/999)较保护1和2枚的患者(20/20)显著减少,低钙血症症状的发生比率也显著减少(分别为25/999和17/20),差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 甲状旁腺的原位保护是预防术后永久性甲状旁腺功能低下的有效手段.     

Contact endoscopy for intraoperative parathyroid identification

Experienced thyroid surgeons are often able to identify the parathyroid glands, but sometimes it is difficult to differentiate them from other contiguous tissues. Contact endoscopy was introduced in otolaryngology for the characterization of normal and pathological epithelia. Our objective was to analyze contact endoscopy as an auxiliary method for identification of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. Five total thyroidectomies and 5 hemithyroidectomies were performed in September 2001. After surgical exposure, contact endoscopy was performed. A total of 15 peritracheal regions were studied. Superior and inferior parathyroid tissues were identified on the basis of color, size, and probable location. Contact endoscopy was performed before and after use of methylene blue stain. Contact endoscopy was also used in neighboring areas. We compared the visual impression to the contact endoscopy findings. Two structures were visually supposed to be the superior and inferior parathyroid glands in each case. From 30 visually supposed glands, 25 were confirmed by telescope. Of the other 5 structures initially supposed to be parathyroid tissue, 3 were adipose tissue and 2 were thyroid parenchyma. In the 5 cases in which the identification of one of the glands was not confirmed, an additional contact examination enabled us to further identify parathyroid glands in 3 cases in which structures were initially identified as adipose tissue. Contact endoscopy is an efficient auxiliary method for the identification of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery that poses little risk of morbidity to the patient.     

Methylene blue infusion for intraoperative identification of the parathyroid glands

Identifying the parathyroid glands is of fundamental importance in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. We found that intravenous infusion of methylene blue was beneficial in intraoperative identification of the parathyroid glands in patients undergoing surgery for hyperparathyroidism as well as total and bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy. The technique is safe and easy to use, and it clearly reduces the operative time. We suggest that it be used routinely in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.     

Thyroid and parathyroid surgery in pregnancy

The consideration of surgery during pregnancy requires weighing the benefit of urgent surgery against the risk to mother and fetus. Surgery during pregnancy involves an increase in both maternal and fetal risks. Thyroid and parathyroid surgery involves physiological risks to both mother and fetus specific to the disease and function of these endocrine glands. Evaluation of a thyroid mass is similar in pregnant patients with ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy providing the most important information, while the use of radiographic imaging is severely constrained except when specifically required. In general, thyroid surgery can be delayed until after delivery except in cases of airway compromise or aggressive cancer. In contrast, parathyroid surgery is recommended during pregnancy to avoid adverse effects to the neonate.     

Complications of thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Retrospective study and review of the literature

The number of ORL surgeons performing thyroid and parathyroid glands interventions is increasing more. Most of these surgeries are successful for us and our patients specially. However, this kind of operation can result in complications such as hypocalcemia and recurrential palsy, transitory or permanent, that it is necessary to know and avoid as far as possible. We are reporting a retrospective study of 12 years, based on our personal experience, where the real complications are analysed in 615 operated patients (500 with thyroid pathology and other 115 with parathyroid affectation) and after a comparation between both groups. The percentages of hypocalcemias were 25.6% and 24.3%, respectively. While in thyroid surgery (TS) the recurrential palsies showed a 6.6%, in parathyroid surgery (PS) were 0.8% only. The anatomical-embriologic knowledge, meticulousness and experience are three main qualities that are able to reduce the number of complications in the surgery of thyroid and parathyroid glands.     

Surgical strategy in thyroid disease

Over the past 8 years, 311 patients have undergone surgical treatment by the senior authors for thyroid disease. Over 80% of the cases were performed by the head and neck surgical service at Olive View County Hospital, Sylmar, Calif, with the remainder performed at UCLA-affiliated institutions. This service is an important source of thyroid surgical training for UCLA head and neck residents who rotate through this major affiliate. The purpose of this communication is to review our experience with these cases; to describe our overall surgical strategy; and to detail the specifics of our surgical procedure, which we have developed to safely train residents in the treatment of these challenging cases. This article deals with the specific problems of preservation of the recurrent nerve, the parathyroid glands, and the techniques for reimplantation of injured parathyroid glands; the management of larger, substernal thyroid glands; and our techniques for partial thyroid surgery. In addition, the difficult decisions in the management of thyroid cancer, such as completion thyroidectomy; the management of lymph node mestastases; and how tracheal, esophageal, or laryngeal invasion should be managed are discussed. An initial section describing the general preoperative examination of these patients is also included, so that the proper surgical strategy can be developed prior to entering the operating room.     

The anatomical basis for preserving the blood supply to the parathyroids during thyroid surgery,and a review of current technologic advances

BackgroundDevascularization of the parathyroid glands is generally accepted as the most common mechanism for iatrogenic hypocalcemia, a frequently seen complication of both total and completion thyroidectomy procedures. Much has been written about iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism, but few papers have precisely delineated the arterial supply of the parathyroid glands and the common anatomical variations that may impact parathyroid preservation during thyroid surgery.MethodsWe offer an illustrated review and discussion of the only two anatomic studies published in the medical literature focusing on parathyroid vasculature. In addition, we examine current techniques of parathyroid identification, preservation, and classification.FindingsA surgical technique that preserves the parathyroid arteries is vital to preserving the viability of the parathyroid gland(s) during thyroid surgery. In 1907, Halsted and Evans described a technique of ligating the distal branches of the thyroid arteries beyond the origin of the parathyroid arteries, a technique termed ultra-ligation. In 1982, Flament et al.. reported three distinct anatomical variations of the parathyroid arteries which place the parathyroid blood supply at risk for devascularization during thyroid surgery. Our review also highlights novel techniques that aid surgeons in identification and assessment of the parathyroid glands.ConclusionsRecognition of the variations of parathyroid anatomy and their potential to lead to devascularization aids thyroid surgeons in their pursuit of parathyroid preservation. An awareness of the variety of novel parathyroid identification and preservation techniques can assist surgeons to achieve this goal.     

无注气甲状腺内镜外科手术

目的 初步评价无注气的内镜甲状腺外科手术的可行性。方法 对16例甲状腺肿物的患者分别采用颈前悬吊方法和胸骨柄上方2-3 cm水平切口进行甲状腺内镜外科手术,年龄23-62岁,其中甲状腺瘤6例,结节性甲状腺肿10例。2例采用锁骨下入路,14例采用胸骨柄上小切口入路,全部内镜下完成甲状腺手术,其中甲状腺腺叶切除术8例,甲状腺次全切除术7例,峡部加双侧腺叶部分切除术1例。结果 内镜下利于显露和识别喉返神经和甲状旁腺,手术时间为1.1-4.0 h,无并发症,术后的美观效果好。结论 无注气内镜下甲状腺外科手术技术是可行和安全的,可作为甲状腺外科的一种新术式。