血液净化联合内科常规治疗与单纯药物治疗64例重症毒蕈中毒效果比较

目的评价群发性重症毒蕈中毒患者血液净化联合内科常规治疗与单纯药物治疗的疗效比较。方法比较采用血液净化（包括分子吸附再循环系统、血浆置换、血液透析、血液滤过、血液灌流等技术）联合内科常规治疗与单纯药物治疗对64例重症毒蕈中毒患者的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗效果及预后进行回顾性分析。结果毒蕈中毒常有肝、肾、呼吸、循环、神经系统、消化道、凝血等多脏器、多系统损害,急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分系统显示（APACHEII评分）,随分值增加,病死率递增。40例联合治疗组在内科常规治疗的基础上加用血液净化,治愈率为75％（30／40）;24例药物治疗组给予单纯药物治疗,治愈率仅为25％（6／24）,联合治疗组治愈率明显高于药物治疗组（P=0．000）。两组患者治疗后血液Au、、AST、TBil、DBil、GLB、Bun、HBDH、PT较治疗前有明显改善（P均〈0．05）,而治疗后ALB、TD、Cr、CK、CKMB等指标虽有下降,但差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论重症毒蕈中毒患者随脏器损害增多,病死率递增,血液净化治疗对抢救重症毒蕈中毒有肯定的疗效,能较好的清除毒蕈毒素,减少毒素吸收,减轻肝、肾功能损害,改善凝血功能,帮助患者度过危险期,根据病情需要及早行血液净化治疗能明显改善预后,提高生存率,降低病死率。     

血浆置换联合CRRT和血液灌流在急性毒蕈中毒中的疗效分析

目的探讨血浆置换(PE)联合连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)、血液灌流(HP)在急性毒蕈中毒中的疗效。方法 6例急性毒蕈中毒在内科常规综合治疗基础上同时进行PE、CRRT和HP治疗。结果 6例患者死亡2例,治愈4例。结论 PE联合CRRT、HP对毒蕈中毒疗效肯定,但对中毒时间长、肝功能严重受损及出现神经精神症状的毒蕈中毒者疗效欠佳。     

不同血液净化模式对维持性血透终末期糖尿病肾病胰岛素抵抗及微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨不同血液净化模式对维持性血透终末期糖尿病肾病胰岛素抵抗及微炎症状态的影响。方法选择终末期糖尿病肾病患者100例,并随机分成对照组(50例)和实验组(50例);两组患者分别采用序贯血液透析滤过治疗和序贯血液透析滤过联合血液灌流治疗。结果治疗后两组患者的各项临床观察指标比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者的不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在终末期糖尿病肾病患者的维持性血透中,采用序贯血液透析滤过联合血液灌流治疗,能对患者的胰岛素抵抗和微炎症状态进行有效改善,不良反应发生率低,值得推广。     

血液净化技术在中毒患者治疗中的应用

中毒是我国最突出的公共卫生问题之一,严重患者需行体外血液净化治疗。中毒常用血液净化治疗的方式包括:血液透析、持续低效透析、间歇性血液滤过、血液透析滤过、连续性肾脏替代治疗、血液灌流、血浆置换、全血置换、腹膜透析、白蛋白透析、脑脊液置换、体外多器官功能支持等。本文就血液净化治疗方式的选择,不同治疗方式的适应征及局限性进行综述。     

血液净化治疗四亚甲基二砜四胺中毒的临床研究

目的 :探讨血液净化治疗急性毒鼠强中毒的疗效 ,并比较血浆置换和血液灌流治疗急性毒鼠强中毒的疗效差异。方法 :回顾性分析 2 3例血液净化方法治疗急性毒鼠强中毒病例的临床资料 ,比较血液净化治疗后患者APACHEⅢ评分、脑电图评分、血中毒鼠强浓度的变化 ;同时比较血浆置换组和血液灌流组治疗后血中毒鼠强浓度下降值、病人神志清醒时间、抽搐停止时间及脑电图恢复正常时间的差异。结果 :治疗前APACHEⅢ评分、脑电图评分、血中毒鼠强浓度 ,与治疗后比较差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。血液灌流治疗后血中毒鼠强浓度下降值、病人神志清醒时间、抽搐停止时间、脑电图恢复正常时间 ,与血浆置换组治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :血液净化确实能较快清除血中的毒鼠强 ,而血液灌流比血浆置换能更有效地清除血中的毒鼠强 ,临床血液净化治疗急性毒鼠强中毒时 ,宜以血液灌流为首选。     

百草枯中毒患者肝功能损害及血液净化治疗对预后的影响

目的:观察百草枯中毒患者出现肝功能损害的程度与预后的关系及血液净化:血液灌流(hemoperfusio,HP)、连续性血液透析滤过(continuous venovenous hem odiafiltration,CVVHDF)、血浆置换(plasma exchange,PE)治疗方案对肝功能恢复及预后的影响.方法:对2009-01/2012-10本科室重症监护病房收治的55例百草枯中毒患者进行回顾性分析,根据预后分为存活组和死亡组,分别于中毒后第1、4、7、14天行丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DBIL)检测,并对两组患者行血液净化治疗的情况进行比较.另外根据是否行CVVHDF治疗分组,比较该方法对肝功能变化的影响.结果:存活组与死亡组相比,肝功能各项指标在各时间点均有显著统计学差异(P<0.05);所有患者均行HP治疗,2例行PE治疗患者均死亡,行CVVHDF治疗的患者中,死亡率为66.7%(16/24),明显高于未行CVVHDF治疗组(P<0.01);比较有无行CVVHDF治疗的两组患者,所有检测项目在两组间均无统计学差异.结论:百草枯中毒同样能够引起肝功能损害,且损害程度与死亡率呈正比.以胆红素升高为主要表现的肝功能损伤患者预后差.血液净化治疗尤其是CVVHDF并不能改善既存的肝功能损害,也不能明显降低死亡率.     

人工肝联合护肝药物治疗毒蕈中毒性肝炎3例报告

目的回顾毒蕈中毒性肝炎的综合救治经验。方法3例重度毒蕈中毒致中毒性肝炎患者在应用血液灌流、血浆置换及还原型谷胱甘肽治疗的基础上，加用复方甘草酸苷静脉滴注，每日一次，共用4周。结果3例患者均痊愈出院。结论人工肝联合护肝药物治疗毒蕈中毒性肝炎的效果好。     

血液灌流与血浆置换联合抢救老年重度有机磷中毒的疗效

目的 探讨血液灌流与血浆置换联合抢救老年重度有机磷中毒的疗效.方法 对该院收治的老年有机磷中毒患者根据其治疗方法分为三组,其中灌流组30例采用血液灌流治疗,置换组30例采用血浆置换治疗,联合组30例采用血液灌流与血浆置换联合治疗.观察三组患者临床疗效、并发症发生率以及血清胆碱酯酶(h-CHE)、B－型钠尿肽(BNP)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平.结果 联合组患者治疗有效例数为27例,高于灌流组的21例以及置换组的23例,联合组患者住院时间、昏迷时间等均短于置换组以及灌流组(P＜0.05);联合组各项生化指标以及并发症发生率低于其他两组(P＜0.05).结论 血液灌流联合血浆置换对抢救老年重度有机磷中毒有良好疗效,可有效降低患者并发症发生率,提高患者预后.     

序贯消化道净化联合血液灌流治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒疗效观察

目的 回顾性分析序贯消化道净化联合血液灌流治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效.方法 从2009年1月～2011年12月收治的中毒病例中筛选64例急性有机磷农药重度中毒患者,分为实验组和对照组各32例.两组均采用电动洗胃机导泻、清洁局部皮肤、毛发,常规使用抗胆碱药阿托品、胆碱酯酶复能剂氯解磷定及并发症防治等措施.实验组在常规治疗的基础上进行持续胃灌洗、导泻,并联合床旁血液灌流治疗.观察两组患者胆碱酯酶恢复至50％以上所需时间、住院天数、阿托品总量、氯解磷定总量、中间综合征例数、多脏器功能衰竭例数、机械通气发生率及机械通气时间、治愈率.结果 实验组胆碱酯酶恢复至50％以上所需时间、住院天数明显缩短,阿托品总量和氯解磷定总量减少,中间综合征、多脏器功能衰竭例数明显减少,机械通气发生率明显减少,机械通气时间明显缩短,治愈率明显升高（P＜0.05）.结论 序贯消化道净化联合血液灌流治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒疗效明显.     

血液净化治疗横纹肌溶解症致急性肾功能衰竭19例临床分析

目的探讨多种血液净化方式治疗横纹肌溶解症并发急性肾功能衰竭的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院收治的19例横纹肌溶解症并发急性肾功能衰竭患者临床表现及多种血液净化的治疗效果及转归。结果建筑物崩塌4例、车祸8例,酒精中毒3例、一氧化碳中毒后僵卧2例,体能考试2例。19例患者均出现包括急性肾功能衰竭在内的2个以上器官损害。尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸、血磷、磷酸肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶均明显升高。所有患者在补液、碱化尿液、利尿、维持循环功能等综合治疗的基础上行血液净化治疗,其中7例单纯血液透析(HD)治疗;6例血液透析滤过(HDF);2例行血浆置换(PE);3例血液透析串联血液灌流;1例行床边持续血液透析滤过治疗。痊愈13例,好转1例,进入替代治疗1例,死亡2例,失访2例。结论针对不同的合并症选择不同的血液净化方式利于减少并发症,提高生存率。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.