青少年学生吸烟饮酒及其他药物使用的现状调查

目的了解青少年学生吸烟饮酒及其他药物使用的现状，为预防吸烟饮酒对青少年身体的危害提供数据。方法以菏泽市6所学校的1699名青少年学生为研究对象，采用修订的青少年危险行为调查问卷。结果51．4％的学生吸过烟，14．2％的学生近期内吸烟，8．0％的学生经常吸烟，12．8％的学生尝试过戒烟，15．5％的学生在13岁前就吸过1整支烟。76．5％的学生喝过酒，36．7％的学生近期内喝酒，27．7％的学生喝醉，37．1％的学生在13岁前饮酒。6．5％的人未经医生许可私自服用镇静安眠类药物，6．2％的人对服用过的药物有依赖。在吸烟、饮酒及其他药物使用的得分上，大学生高于高中生，高中生高于初中生。男生明显高于女生，农村学生普遍高于城市学生（P〈0．01）。结论青少年学生吸烟饮酒及其他药物使用的情况较为普遍，学校应针对青少年学生不同年龄阶段的特点，开展有针对性的健康教育，以减少吸烟饮酒对其的危害。     

吸烟饮酒行为与大学生人格及心理健康的关系

目的了解河南省高校大学生吸烟饮酒情况，探讨吸烟饮酒行为与大学生人格特征及心理健康的关系。方法采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ—RSC)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和大学生吸烟饮酒情况问卷。对河南省3所高校随机抽取的1100名大学生进行匿名问卷调查，并对有吸烟饮酒行为大学生的人格特征及心理健康水平进行比较分析。结果学生总吸烟率24．5％，其中女生吸烟率2．1％；总饮酒率50．6％。其中女生饮酒率13．4％。与不吸烟和不饮酒学生相比，吸烟和饮酒学生的人格P维度分显著偏高，经常吸烟男生的P和E维度分均偏高，差异有统计学意义；此外，吸烟饮酒学生SCL-90的多个因子分显著高于不吸烟和不饮酒学生。结论大学生吸烟饮酒行为的发生和发展与自身的人格特征和心理健康水平密切相关。     

广东工业大学814名学生健康危险行为分析

目的了解大学生健康危险行为特征,以便有针对性地开展高校健康教育。方法随机抽取广东工业大学814名工科大学生进行健康相关行为问卷调查。结果814名大学生总吸烟率为47.2%,饮酒率为92.9%。男生吸烟、饮酒、服食成瘾性药物及有性行为的比例明显高于女生。吸烟与饮酒、自杀意念、性行为呈正相关。结论应加强高校健康教育,学生健康责任感及自我保健意识是学校素质教育的重要内容。     

2006年龙岩市部分高中学生吸烟情况调查

[目的]了解龙岩市高中学生吸烟情况以及对控制吸烟的态度，为今后教育和干预措施提供科学理论依据。[方法]采取整群随机抽样方法，通过现场问卷的方式对两所中学4个高中班的221名学生进行调查。[结果]男生吸烟率14．1％，女生吸烟率3．7％。男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．05）。尝试吸第一口烟者占调查者总数的27．8％，半数以上小于10岁，尝试吸烟者成为当前吸烟者的比率为31．0％。说明尝试吸烟者近I／3成为当前吸烟者。[结论]个人认识与社会、家庭、学校影响成为影响青少年吸烟的主要因素，影响着青少年对控制吸烟的态度。应采取教育与行政干预相结合的办法，才能有效地改变学生的不健康行为，控制吸烟。     

大学生生活行为调查

目的对大学生生活行为作调查分析,使高校健康教育更具有针对性。方法整群随机抽取在昆不同专业十所院校的1～4年级4146名学生作生活行为调查分析。结果大学生总吸烟率54．32％,男生吸烟率77.97％,女生吸烟率14．71％,男女生饮酒率分别为92．49％、64.52％,男生烟酒使用、服用去痛片、赞成婚前同居、参加体育运动明显高于女生（P＜0．01）,不良行为有随年级升高趋势（r在0．4175～0．9948之间）,不健康行为之间作相关分析,r在0．1324～0．5525之间。结论大学生不健康行为发生率较高,行为之间有较高相关。因此,高校健康教育应侧重于学生健康生活行为的培养。     

四川省某医学院校学生吸烟行为及相关因素分析

目的了解医学院学生吸烟现状及影响因素。方法采用由中国控烟中心统一制作的问卷对四川某医学院校学生进行抽样调查。在描述性分析的基础上,采用χ2检验和Logistic回归探讨医学院校学生吸烟的影响因素。结果共调查176名大学生,其尝试吸烟率为32.39%,吸烟率为13.64%;男生吸烟率为30.56%,女生吸烟率为1.92%;吸烟者平均吸烟量为3.4支/天。单因素分析表明性别、学习成绩、饮酒对大学生尝试吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义,性别、饮酒对大学生吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析表明性别、饮酒对大学生尝试吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义,性别对大学生吸烟行为具有统计学意义。在烟草认知上有20%学生不知道吸烟对健康的危害。结论该校学生对烟草危害知识缺乏,控烟能力薄弱,开展控烟健康教育以提高控烟能力迫在眉睫。     

兰州市某高校新生吸烟现状及其相关知识、态度、行为

目的了解大学新生有关吸烟的知识、行为和态度，为学校开展控烟健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取兰州市某高校大学生735名进行问拳调查，内容包括吸烟情况、吸烟认知和态度行为。结果尝试吸烟率男生为57．87％．女生为15．23％；现吸烟率男生、女生分别为18．66％和2．65％。95．64％的新生知道吸烟有害健康，知道吸烟与肺癌、慢性支气管炎（分别占92．51％和93．87％）有关．但知道吸烟与消化性溃疡、膀胱癌疾病有关的仅占32、38％、17．06％。结论大学新生对吸烟与健康关系的认识不足、知识匮乏。很有必要加强大学生健康教育活动．新生入学教育之时开展健康教育有利于控制大学生吸烟．     

蒙古族与汉族大学生吸烟知信行现状调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生吸烟知、信、行的现状。方法按照民族、性别分层，以年级为单位，采用整群随机抽样，对兰州市西北民族大学271名蒙古族大学生和280名汉族大学生的吸烟行为、吸烟危害性认知和受教情况等问卷调查。结果蒙古族和汉族大学生吸第1支烟的时间以上中、小学时为最多，男大学生过去30d内吸烟率为50．36％，蒙古族高于汉族（P〈0．05）。52．81％的大学生支持公共场所禁烟，蒙古族低于汉族（P〈0．05）。45．92％的大学生在过去1年中，在学校未明确受到过吸烟危害性相关知识的教育，蒙古族高于汉族（P〈0．05）。结论蒙古族大学生的吸烟现象比汉族更为普遍，学校需要进一步开展健康教育，使吸烟的学生戒烟，不吸烟的学生继续保持，降低大学生特别是蒙古族大学生的吸烟率，提高他们的健康水平     

南通市青少年健康危险行为现状研究

目的了解南通市青少年健康危险行为吸烟及饮酒状况。方法采用SPSS 19. 0软件对健康危险行为调查结果进行统计分析。结果南通市青少年学生尝试吸烟率为13. 36%,13岁以下吸烟率为6. 62%,被动吸烟率为30. 48%,男生发生率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。尝试饮酒率46. 28%,现在饮酒率为21. 15%,过去12个月醉酒率为9. 44%,男生发生率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论应加强对青少年的健康教育,宣传吸烟、过量饮酒的危害。相关部门加大公共场所控烟工作力度,减少青少年被动吸烟暴露率。     

某高校大学生危害健康行为调查

[目的]了解大学生危害健康行为的流行病学特征及影响因素。[方法]对某大学505名一年级秆四阜级学生进行危害健康行为的问卷调查。[结果]危害健康行为在大学生中普遍存在，吸烟率41．85％，近30d饮酒塞31．99％．有11．07％的学生承认有过性行为，9．64％的学生报告网络成瘾，10．46％的学生承认使用过违禁药物。绝大多数危害健康行为的报告率男生高于女生。[结论]应对大学生危害健康行为加强干预，重视健康教育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.