紫外分光光度法测定乐乐霜中丁香酚含量

乐乐霜对治疗皮肤疥癣等疾病具显著效果 ,而丁香酚的含量对治疗效果尤为重要。因此 ,寻找一种精确简便测定方法很有必要。本文采用紫外分光光度法 ,对丁香酚进行含量测定 ,方法准确、简便易行。1仪器、试药1 1仪器　岛津ＵＶ - 2 2 0 1型紫外分光光度计。1 2试药　乙醇 (分析纯 ) ;丁香酚对照品 (中国药品生物制品检定所 ) ;乐乐霜及基质 (青岛第四制药厂 )。2 实验方法2 1对照品溶液的配制　精密称取丁香酚对照品约 1ｇ ,置 10 0ｍｌ容量瓶中 ,加乙醇至刻度 ,摇匀 ,精密吸取 10ｍｌ置 10 0ｍｌ容量瓶中 ,加乙醇至刻度。对照品溶液浓度 :0…     

麻地滴鼻剂中盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠的系数倍率法测定

麻地滴鼻剂是我院正在试制的制剂 ,组分为地塞米松磷酸钠 (1 )和盐酸麻黄碱 (2 ) ,主要用于治疗急慢性和过敏性鼻炎[1] 。为控制其质量 ,我们采用系数倍率法[2 ,3 ] ,不经分离同时测定麻地滴鼻剂中 1和2的含量 ,方法简便 ,结果满意。1　仪器与试药　　75 6型紫外可见分光光度计 (上海第三分析仪器厂 )。1和 2对照品 (中国药品生物制品检定所 ) ;麻地滴鼻剂(自制 ) ;1原药 (天津药业公司 ,批号 96 0 10 3) ;2原药 (赤峰制药厂 ,批号 42 0 0 0 3)。2　实验方法与结果2 .1　标准贮备液的制备精密称取 1对照品约 0 .0 5g,置 1 0 0 ml量瓶中 ,加…     

初匀速法估算法考察达克罗宁溶液的稳定性

达克罗宁溶液为表面麻醉剂 ,对局部有止痛、抑菌作用 ,可用于某些皮肤瘙痒症。其 1%溶液用于皮肤涂擦 ,为医院制剂[1] 。考察该溶液稳定性 ,为制定保存期提供依据 ,本文采用初匀速法估算法[2 ] 考察其稳定性。1　仪器与药品75 2型紫外分光光度计 (山东高密分析仪器厂 ) ;电热恒温水温箱 (北京医疗设备厂 ) ;1%盐酸达克罗宁溶液 (自制 )。2　方法与结果2 .1　含量测定方法达克罗宁在 2 82nm波长处有最大吸收 ,E1%1cm 为 5 80nm[3 ] 。精密量取样品 2ml加水稀释至 5 0ml,精密量取稀释液 2ml加水再稀释至 10 0ml,取上液在 2 82nm波长处测定吸…     

用 HPLC 法测定复方酮康唑霜中酮康唑含量

复方酮康唑霜是我院应用多年的外用抗真菌药（主要由酮康唑、特美肤等成分组成），疗效确切。为保证制剂质量和疗效均衡性，采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对处方中主药酮康哇进行了含量测定。1试药与仪器1．1试药：二氯甲烷、乙醚均为分析纯，酮康唑对照品系英国进口（符合BP标准）。复方酮康唑霜，由我院制剂室提供。1．1．1酮康唑对照品溶液制备：精密称取80℃减压干燥至恒重的酮康唑对照品适量，加甲醇溶解，使之成为01mg／ml。1．1．2供试品溶液的制备：复方酮康唑霜约1g，精密称量置分液漏斗中，加二氯甲烷-乙醚（2：1）混合液40ml，…     

阿斯匹林肠溶片中游离水杨酸检测方法的改进

阿斯匹林肠溶片为解热、消炎、镇痛类药。由于结构不甚稳定而较易水解为游离水杨酸和醋酸 ,因此中国药典规定了阿斯匹林肠溶片中游离水杨酸的含量限度[1] 。笔者采用紫外分光光度法测定游离水杨酸的含量从而控制其限度 ,结果准确可靠。该方法可减免检验者的主观误差 ,提高检测的准确度和灵敏度。1　仪器与试药UV- 2 5 0 1 :日本岛津 ;试剂均为分析纯 ;水杨酸对照品 (中国药品生物制品检定所 ) ;辅料 (由清江药业有限公司提供 ) ;样品为淮安药检所留样检品。2　方法与结果2 .1　水杨酸溶液的配制精密称取水杨酸对照品 5 0 mg,加水适量溶解并…     

关于中国药典与英国药典(2005年版)尼群地平原料和片剂中有关物质检查HPLC方法的比较与讨论

尼群地平(Nitrendipine)为第二代二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂。中国药典2005年版二部[1]和BP2005年版[2]有收载。尼群地平易见光分解,形成nitrophenylpyridine衍生物。BP2005年版称之为杂质A。分子式如下:一、试药与对照品本文采用大连弘丰制药有限公司提供的尼群地平(批号为:060403)和尼群地平杂质A,对中国药典2005年版尼群地平有关物质检查的色谱条件进行了考察。二、方法与结果1.溶液的配制供试品溶液的配制:精密量取尼群地平适量,加甲醇制成每1ml中约含尼群地平1mg/ml的溶液。系统适用性试验的溶液配制:取尼群地平和杂质A适量,用甲醇溶解并…     

四逆汤质量标准探讨

四逆汤是《中国药典》2 0 0 0年版收载的品种 ,由附子、甘草、生姜三味药材组成 ,具有温中祛寒、回阳救逆之功效。为了有效控制产品质量、保证用药安全 ,本文对该产品的质量标准进行了探讨 ,建立了其毒性成分乌头碱的含量测定方法 ,并对甘草进行了鉴别。1 仪器与试药　TU - 190 1双光束紫外分光光度计 (北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司 )。乌头碱对照品、甘草酸铵对照品 (中国药品生物制品检定所 ) ,四逆汤 (本厂生产 )。2 试验方法与结果2 1乌头碱的含量测定2 1 1对照品溶液的制备 :精密称取经 10 5℃干燥至恒重的乌头碱对照品 10mg ,置 …     

复方氨酚葡锌片溶出度测定法的改进

按《卫生部药品标准》[1] 对复方氨酚葡锌片进行溶出度检查 ,发现供试液的吸收度在 0 9以上 ,而对照液吸收度在 0 5左右 ,且二者浓度相差也较大 ,分别为 12 5μｇ/ｍｌ和 8μｇ/ｍｌ。根据用紫外分光光度法测定一般供试品溶液的吸收度 ,读数以在0 3～ 0 7之间的误差较小 ,及用对照品比较法测定溶液吸收度 ,对照品溶液中所含被测成分的量应为供试品溶液中被测成分标示量的 ( 10 0± 10 ) % [2 ] 这一原则 ,笔者对其进行了如下实验。1　仪器与试药ＲＣ -Ⅲ型药物溶出度测定仪 (天津第四光学仪器厂 ) ;岛津ＵＶ - 2 10 0型分光光度计 ;复…     

高效液相色谱法测定肝乐中芍药苷的含量

肝乐为一种新药 ,具有保肝、护肝之功效。为保证其质量 ,我们建立了高效液相色谱法测定其芍药苷的含量。1 仪器与试药　ＳＰ880 0高效液相色谱仪 ,ＳＰ84 5 0紫外检测器 ,ＳＰ4 2 90数据处理机 (美国光谱物理公司 ) ;ＳＢ2 2 0 0超声波清洗器 (上海必能信超声有限公司 ) ;甲醇为色谱专用 ,水为二次重蒸水 ,其它试剂均为分析纯 ;芍药苷对照品 (中国药品生物制品检定所 ) ;肝乐 (中国科学院海洋研究所研制生产 )。2 方法与结果2 1对照品溶液的制备　精密称取芍药苷对照品 10ｍｇ ,置 10ｍｌ容量瓶中 ,加甲醇稀释至刻度 ,摇匀。精密量取 0 5…     

关于氨酚待因片(Ⅱ)药典溶出度测定方法的讨论

《中国药典》2 0 0 0年版二部氨酚待因片 (Ⅱ )检查项下规定对其处方中主药磷酸可待因、对乙酰氨基酚进行溶出度检查[1] ,标准中规定对照品溶液同含量测定项下对照品溶液的制备方法。但笔者在实际操作中发现按此方法测定 ,由于该对照品溶液浓度约为供试品溶液浓度的 3倍多 ,因此 ,按此浓度计算所得的每片溶出量的结果不很合理 ,笔者对此方法进行了改进 ,提请同行探讨。1　仪器与试药ＺＢＳ - 6型溶出测定仪 (天津大学无线电厂 ) ;高效液相色谱仪ＴＳＰ -ＰＣ10 0 0系统 ;氨酚待因片 (Ⅱ )(汕头特区鱼它滨制药厂 ,0 0 10 0 1、0 0 10 0 2 ) ;…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.