“新医科”背景下《药理学》课程教学实践中提升学生创新能力探索

“新医科”对医学生的创新能力提出了更高的要求。在教学过程中潜移默化地培养学生的科研思维和创新能力，是实现培育提升医学生创新能力的有益探索。《药理学》是医药院校学生重要的专业基础课之一，在《药理学》教学过程中，采取转变教学观念、整合思政元素及进行多样化的科研活动等方式，以期调动学生的研究兴趣，训练学生的科研思维，培养学生的创新能力，最终培养出能够服务于国家“健康中国”发展战略和生命健康事业的创新型医药类本科人才。     

改革实验教学培养创新能力

实验教学是培养学生创新能力的重要方面，但目前实验教学还存在着许多与创新教育不相适应的地方。这就要求加强实验教学改革，提高教师队伍的教学创新能力。从教育观念、教学内容、教学模式等方面对实验教学进行改革，探索出一条通过实验教学培养创新能力的新路子。     

在教学中如何培养学生创新思维和创新能力

“创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，是国家兴旺发达的不竭动力”，创新时代迫切需要创新能力，而创新能力的提高首先要开创新思维，人的创造力是受创新思维分配的，创新思维是智慧的源泉，是创造的火花，没有创造思维就不可能有创新能力。本人介绍如何培养学生的这种能力。     

加强药学研究生创新能力的培养

江泽民总书记指出：“创新是一个民族的灵魂，是国家兴旺发达的不竭的动力。”创新意味着生存，创新意味着发展，创新性品质已成为衡量人才、企业、产品优劣的标准，创新能力也成为现代企业和现代人才在竞争中获胜的必要条件。如何加强药学研究生创新能力的培养，笔认为应从下述几方面着手。     

外科临床研究生科研素质培养的思考

科研素质是素质结构中较高层面的综合性素质，它是建筑在思想品德素质、身心素质、人文素质、专业素质、审美素质基础之上的高层素质。其核心是创新能力。创新能力是人们根据特定的目标和需要，运用已知的一切信息产生出某些新颖、独特而又有社会或个人价值的思维产品或物质产品的能力。     

如何通过数学教学提高医学生的创新能力

当今社会需要的是具有较高素质．具有创新意识的人才，作为一名即将从事救死扶伤职业的医学生来说．除了具备必要的医学知识外，还需要具备逻辑、推理、判断、创新等综合能力。笔曾任教医学生的基础课程：数学的教学工作．感觉可以通过数学教学使医学生各方面的能力，特别是创新能力得到提高。科学家认为：数学课是培养学生创造性思维的最合适的学科之一。因此。在数学教学中培养学生的创新能力是十分重要和切实可行的。     

药学生创新能力的培养

结合我国入世以后新药研发面临的严峻形势，“科教兴药”战略的实施和21世纪医药事业的发展对药学高等教育提出的更高要求，对目前我国药学高等教育有关环节存在的不利于药学生创新能力培养的若干因素进行总结分析，提出药学研究型人才和应用型人才都必须具备创新，革新，创业的意识和能力，而创新能力的培养是一项系统的长效的工程，药学高等院校要以深远的眼光，针对专业狭窄，理分驰，信息单一，手段陈旧等弊端，加强科技开发，推进教学改革，完善学生教育管理体制，并重视对药学创新教育的研究，着力培养药学生的创新思维和创新能力。     

构建民族医药企业的核心竞争力

创新就是民族医药行业核心竞争力的主要体现。医药企业核心竞争力形成与企业的管理能力、营销能力和创新能力都有一定的关系。营销能力是企业核心竞争力的中心能力，它上承管理能力所形成的成本优势，使之变成利润优势，下载创新能力形成的产品和技术优势，使之成为保持和增长利润的优势。 构筑民族药业核心竞争力必须遵循远景规划原则、注重学习原则、顾客满意原则、绩效考评原则和持续改进原则。目前，构建民族医药企业核心竞争力主要有三种方法，它们分别是演化法、孵化法和收购法。企业核心竞争力、战略管理及运营管理的关系十分密切。     

我校促进研究生创新能力培养的作法与体会

在研究生教育的多年实践中，第三军医大学紧紧围绕研究生创新能力培养，狠抓学科建设、课程体系改革、导师队伍建设、科学研究、培养质量监控体系、学术环境与化氛围等关键工作环节，大力促进研究生创新能力的培养。     

大学生创新精神和实际能力培养的研究——基于药学创新人才培养的思考

21世纪，正在迎接知识经济的到来，在“科教兴国”和“素质教育”的大背景下，把培养学生的创新能力及培养创新人才摆到了突出的位置，并已成为整个教育领域的热门话题。创新对于我们民族具有特殊的意义。江泽民同志多次讲到：“创新是一个民族的灵魂，是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。”“一个没有创新能力的民族难以屹立于先进民族之林”。[第一段]     

娃儿藤生物碱及其类似物的抗肿瘤构效关系研究进展

娃儿藤生物碱因其显著的抑制肿瘤生长活性及新的抗癌作用机制而受到化学和药学研究者的广泛关注。该文对自 2002 年以来关于娃儿藤生物碱和基于该类生物碱设计的类似物的分子结构与抗肿瘤作用的构效关系以及该类化合物抗肿瘤作用机制的最新研究成果进行综述,并对其研发前景加以展望。     

Eph家族蛋白研究进展

Eph家族蛋白包括Eph受体和Ephrin配体,是蛋白酪氨酸激酶家族中的最大成员。由于其具有独特的受体-配体复合物的结构特点及其受体与配体间特有的相互作用模式,所以它们极有可能成为疾病治疗的药物靶标,故该蛋白家族的相关领域研究日益受到重视。该文首先从Eph家族蛋白的分类、表达特点、结构和受体-配体相互作用特点以及其在神经系统中的功能等几个方面简要综述了其相关领域的最新研究进展,进而从结构、作用模式、功能几方面对Eph家族蛋白在神经系统疾患防治中的潜在价值和未来的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

Young People's Experience of Illegal Drug Use in the Family

This paper is about ten to twelve year olds' experience of illegal drug use in their family. We look at children's knowledge of their relatives illegal drug use, how children became aware of illegal drug use in their family and their reactions to illegal drug use on the part of relatives. We show that young people had a variety of concerns about family drug use: they were worried about the impact of the drug use on their relative; the impact on their wider family; and the reactions of other people in the event that their relative's drug use became known outside of their family. We consider a range of ways in which children exposed to family drug use may be better supported including the possible benefit of peer support initiatives and greater support from class teachers and other staff. We recognize, however, that there are likely to be substantial barriers to children disclosing the details of their relative's drug use to peers and teachers even where this is causing them considerable concern.     

Reporting of errors by healthcare professionals

The realisation that an error has been committed, and the courage to discuss it openly, opens the way to a constructive process to improve one's professional practices, in interaction with healthcare organisations. Reporting errors to adverse events programmes is influenced by the impact of errors on healthcare professionals and their fears about the outcome and disclosure.The low rate of spontaneous reporting results from the obstacles encountered by healthcare professionals and reflects their attitudes towards their own errors. The way in which individuals make errors and handle adverse events reveals a lot about their personality and how they view themselves as professionals. It is not easy to report errors and it depends on the individuals concerned. Healthcare professionals' "reflexivity" (their ability to reflect on their own actions) is an integral part of their professional skills; it is an essential resource for analysing errors and improving quality of care. Reporting an error to a programme such as Prescrire's Preventing the Preventable is a conscious, professional act. It is both lucid and responsible, and part of a commitment to improving professional practice and skills, at the individual and institutional level. Learning from errors in order to prevent them from happening again supports the development of a quality and safety culture that should be encouraged among healthcare professionals.     

Street prostitution in Scotland: The views of working women

At the present time in Europe a range of countries are considering their prostitution laws and looking at whether these should be updated in a number of ways including the possible provision of prostitute tolerance zones. While this is an issue that is subject to heated political debate, and considerable divergence within Europe, it is not one where there has been much research evidence to date. One reason for this is the concentration in much prostitution research on sexual rather than work-related matters. This paper considers the issue of prostitute tolerance zones within the context of an ethnography of street prostitution in Scotland. In particular, the paper describes street-working women's views of their work, their reasons for working, their views as to the impact of their work on their lives, and whether it would be beneficial to provide tolerance zones to enable them to work without fear of prosecution.     

Quinone bioreductive prodrugs as delivery agents

Quinone bioreductive prodrugs were developed to target the hypoxic or the reductase- rich population of solid tumours. The mechanism of their selective activation is based on their ability to convert the quinone sub-structure to their activated semiquinone or hydroquinone species affording the active species. Recent studies on their biochemical activation process have resulted in their development as delivery agents that can effectively release a potent (but not necessarily a cytotoxic) agent under hypoxic/reductive conditions. This technology platform is currently being used to design/identify, and synthesise novel quinone bioreductive delivery agents to target cancer and other diseases where hypoxia and/or reductive enzymes play a major pathophysiological role.     

Immunoaffinity Extraction and Alternative Approaches for the Analysis of Toxins in Environmental,Food or Biological Matrices

The evolution of instrumentation in terms of separation and detection allowed a real improvement of the sensitivity and analysis time. However, the analysis of ultra-traces of toxins in complex samples requires often a step of purification and even preconcentration before their chromatographic analysis. Therefore, immunoaffinity sorbents based on specific antibodies thus providing a molecular recognition mechanism appear as powerful tools for the selective extraction of a target molecule and its structural analogs to obtain more reliable and sensitive quantitative analysis in environmental, food or biological matrices. This review focuses on immunosorbents that have proven their efficiency in selectively extracting various types of toxins of various sizes (from small mycotoxins to large proteins) and physicochemical properties. Immunosorbents are now commercially available, and their use has been validated for numerous applications. The wide variety of samples to be analyzed, as well as extraction conditions and their impact on extraction yields, is discussed. In addition, their potential for purification and thus suppression of matrix effects, responsible for quantification problems especially in mass spectrometry, is presented. Due to their similar properties, molecularly imprinted polymers and aptamer-based sorbents that appear to be an interesting alternative to antibodies are also briefly addressed by comparing their potential with that of immunosorbents.     

Trusting and misleading. Parents’ and children’s communication and negotiation about alcohol as described by teenagers

Background: Typically, research on parents’ and children’s interactions around alcohol issues focuses on how parenting styles and parents’ examples affect teenager’s drinking habits. In this paper, we approach the theme from the youngsters’ perspective. We ask how teenagers describe the interaction on alcohol-related issues with their parents and how they would like their parents to act during these interactions.

Data and methods: The article applies the concept of trust, which is seen as a feature connecting all kinds of communities, and especially families. We pay attention to whether alcohol issues challenge trustful relations and give rise to contradictions and complications in the interactions between parents and children.

Results: The analysis shows the ways how trust is maintained and challenged in teenagers? accounts of communication regarding alcohol with their parents. It also shows that although trust is tested in several ways, it is essential for teenagers. Even though teenagers tell how they can mislead their parents by using strategies that challenge trust, they nevertheless highlight the importance of trusting ties with parents. Teenagers do not exclude their parents from alcohol-related discussion but expect rules, communication and authority from them. Our data suggest that teenagers also want to protect their parents from disappointments caused by their own actions.

Conclusions: A trusting parent–child relationship, based on dialog rather than opposition, seems to play a significant role in guiding teenagers’ alcohol-related attitudes and practices.     

Studying plant-derived coumarins for their pharmacological and therapeutic properties as potential anticancer drugs

Coumarins have attracted intense interest in recent years because of their diverse pharmacological properties. Among these properties, their anticancer effect was most extensively examined. In this review, their broad range of effects on the tumours as shown by various in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as clinical investigations is discussed. Studies have indicated that coumarins elicit inhibitory effects on cell growth of various carcinoma cell lines and may be potential candidates for cancer therapy. These natural compounds have served as valuable leads for further design and synthesis of more active analogues. In view of the relative simplicity of the coumarin compounds and their mechanism of action, the coumarin pharmacophore may serve as an important model on which to develop new patterns in cancer chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to examine in detail the properties of the title compounds as anticancer agents. In view of their comparatively low toxicity, relative cheapness, presence in the diet and occurrence in various herbal remedies, it appears important to evaluate their anticancer potentialities. Moreover their synergistic activity in combination therapy with other well-known anticancer drugs could be the basis for the development of rational approaches to new forms of cancer chemotherapy.     

Lipid nanocapsule functionalization by lipopeptides derived from human papillomavirus type-16 capsid for nucleic acid delivery into cancer cells

Plasmid DNA (pDNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are very useful tools for the treatment of cancer. However, pDNA and siRNAs efficacy is restricted by their negative charge and susceptibility to degradation by endonucleases that prevent them penetrating tissue and cellular barriers such as the plasma and endolysosomal membranes. Viral vectors have some advantages but their use is largely limited by their immunogenicity. On the other hand, synthetic nanoparticles have advantage of being relatively non-immunogenic but their ability to deliver nucleic acids remains less efficient than their viral counterparts. The present study is focussed on the development and evaluation of biomimetic lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) functionalized with a L1 papillomavirus type-16 capsid-derived lipopeptide on their surface, for transfection of U87MG glioma cells and Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells with pDNA or siRNAs. Since the L1-peptide has been described as a nuclear localization signal able to complex with nucleic acids and bind to heparan sulfate on the cell surface, the structure and function of L1-peptide bound to LNCs (L1-LNCs) were investigated. Although L1-LNCs were shown to complex with both pDNA and siRNAs, the pDNA-L1-LNC complexes showed only weak transfection efficiency. In contrast, siRNA-L1-LNC complexes appeared as effective repressors of targeted messengers.